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Most cancers occur with the same characteristic pattern of incidence. The simplicity of this pattern is in contrast to the perceived complexity of carcinogenesis. Therefore, age-onset statistics represent a tempting set of data and have provoked many bold but often misguided conclusions concerning the physiopathological mechanisms of cancer. Half a century has passed since the original multistage theory of Armitage and Doll. Although their basic notion of a healthy cell becoming malignant in several rate-limiting steps is still accepted, prevailing wisdom about the nature and number of these steps has never settled into a consensus. Why have we been unable to elucidate the quantitative dependence of cancer incidence on the molecular processes that feature in its aetiology? In this review we aim to provide answers for this question.

Článek

Znečištění v zemích bývalého Sovětského svazu
[Soviet union´s poluted land]

Suchardová, Ivana
Autor Autorita

The lancet oncology CZ. 2008 ; 7 (1) : 5.

ISSN 1213-9432
Medvik
Zdroj

MeSH
lidé MeSH
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lidé MeSH
Publikační typ
úvodníky MeSH
Geografické názvy
SSSR MeSH

Článek

12. světová konference o karcinomu plic, 2.-6. září 2007, Soul, Jižní Korea
[12th World conference on lung cancer, sept 2-6, 2007, Seoul, South Korea]

The lancet oncology CZ. 2008 ; 7 (1) : 27-28.

ISSN 1213-9432
Medvik
Zdroj

Publikační typ
kongresy MeSH

Článek

Účinky blokády ganglia stellata na návaly horka a noční probuzení u žen po karcinomu prsu: pilotní studie
[Effects of stellate-ganglion block on hot flushes and night awakenings in survivors of breast cancer: a pilot study]

The lancet oncology CZ. 2008 ; 7 (4) : 332-341.

ISSN 1213-9432
Medvik
Zdroj

Debilitating hot flushes and sleep dysfunction often affect survivors of breast cancer, most notably in those taking anti-oestrogen medications. Conventional treatments have been only partially effective in diminishing these issues, and some have serious risks. We did a pilot study to investigate our hypothesis that stellate-ganglion block can be a safe and effective treatment for hot flushes and sleep dysfunction in this patient population. METHODS: 13 survivors of breast cancer (in remission) with severe hot flushes and night awakenings were treated with stellate-ganglion block at the anterolateral aspect of the C6 vertebra on the right side under fluoroscopy. Patients recorded hot flushes in a daily diary by use of the Hot-Flash Score, devised by Sloan and colleagues, and night awakenings by use of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Both instruments were used 1 week before the procedure [A40] and then weekly after the procedure for 12 weeks. We used the generalised-estimating-equations method to analyse the longitudinal measurements of the number of hot flushes and night awakenings over time. This method is a popular approach to analysing datasets that have repeated measures from the same person, and is robust because it does not need the complete distribution of the outcomes to be specified. This trial is registered on the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number register (ISRCTN14318565). FINDINGS: There were no adverse events resulting from the stellate-ganglion block, although patients had temporary Horner's syndrome indicating the effectiveness of the block. Five patients had only one stellate-ganglion block and eight had two stellate-ganglion blocks. The total number of hot flushes decreased from a mean of 79.4 (SD 37.4) per week before the procedure to a mean of 49.9 (SD 39.9) per week during the first 2 weeks after the procedure (p=0.0002). The total number of hot flushes continued to decrease over the remaining follow-up period (weeks 3-12), and stabilised at a mean of 8.1 (SD 5.6) per week (p<0.0001). The number of very severe hot flushes was decreased to near zero by the end of the follow-up period (week 12; p<0.0001). Night awakenings decreased from a mean of 19.5 (SD 14.8) per week before the procedure to a mean of 7.3 (SD 7.1) per week during the first 2 weeks after the procedure (p<0.0001). The total number of night awakenings continued to decrease over the remaining follow-up period (weeks 3-12) and stabilised at a mean of 1.4 (SD 1.2) per week (p<0.0001). INTERPRETATION: The findings of this study suggest that stellate-ganglion block can provide survivors of breast cancer with relief from hot flushes and sleep dysfunction with few or no side-effects. Long-term relief of symptoms has the potential to improve overall quality of life and increase compliance with anti-oestrogen medications for breast cancer.

Článek

Terapeutické kmenové buňky v léčbě nádorových onemocnění: naděje a překážky v taktickém úsilí
[Therapeutic stem-cells for cancer treatment: hopes and hurdles in tactical warfare]

The lancet oncology CZ. 2008 ; 7 (3) : 278-287.

ISSN 1213-9432
Medvik
Zdroj

As our understanding of stem-cell behaviour rapidly increases, more and more reports suggest that use of stem-cell therapy will extend well beyond regenerative medicine in the near future. Due to their inherent tumoritropic migratory properties, stem cells can serve as vehicles for the delivery of effective, targeted treatment to isolated tumours and to metastatic disease. In vitro, stem cells can readily be engineered by inserting specifically tailored transgenes with antitumour effects to create tumour-seeking therapeutic vehicles. Transgene effects include direct tumour-cell killing, promotion of local immune responses, oncolytic virus production, and prodrug activation schemes. Many of these strategies have been validated in a wide range of studies assessing treatment feasibility or efficacy and establishing methods for real-time monitoring of stem-cell migration and fate in vivo. New insights into avenues for stem-cell sourcing have shortened the probable time to realisation of such treatments for patients. In this Review, we provide an outline of the rationale and status of stem-cell-based treatments for tumours, and we discuss prospects for clinical implementation and the factors crucial for maintaining momentum towards this goal.