Cardiac involvement (CI) in phosphomannomutase 2-congenital disorders of glycosylation (PMM2-CDG) is part of the multisystemic presentation contributing to high mortality rates. The most common cardiac manifestations are pericardial effusion, cardiomyopathy, and structural heart defects. A genotype-phenotype correlation with organ involvement has not yet been described. We analyzed clinical, biochemical, and molecular genetic data of 222 patients from eight European centers and characterized the natural course of patients with CI. Fifty-seven patients (45 children) presented with CI, of whom 24 died (median age 21 months, standard deviation 49.8). Pericardial effusion was the most frequent manifestation (55.4%), occurring mostly within the first 6 months of life. The most common pathogenic variants in patients with CI were p.(Arg141His) in 74%, followed by p.(Val231Met) in 36%, which is 3.5 times higher than in PMM2-CDG patients without CI (p < 0.0001). Twenty-one out of 36 patients with p.(Val231Met) had CI; among them, 15 died, compared to 33 out of 166 patients without p.(Val231Met) who had CI (p < 0.0001). Nine out of 33 patients died (p = 0.0015), indicating greater clinical severity. Furthermore, the p.(Val231Met) variant is predominant in Eastern Europe, suggesting a founder effect. Cardiac complications in PMM2-CDG patients are common and serious. The variant p.(Val231Met) profoundly influences the extent of CI and mortality rates. Therefore, we recommend cardiac surveillance be included in the follow-up protocols for PMM2-CDG.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- fenotyp * MeSH
- fosfotransferasy (fosfomutasy) * genetika nedostatek MeSH
- genetické asociační studie MeSH
- kardiomyopatie genetika MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
- vrozené poruchy glykosylace * genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
PMM2-CDG is the most prevalent type of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). It is caused by pathogenic variants in the gene encoding phosphomannomutase 2 (PMM2), which converts mannose-6-phosphate to mannose-1-phosphate and thus activates this saccharide for further glycosylation processes. Defective glycosylation can lead to an abnormal accumulation of unfolded proteins in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and cause its stress. The ER is a key compartment for glycosylation, and its connection and communication with mitochondria has been described extensively in literature. Their crosstalk is important for cell proliferation, calcium homeostasis, apoptosis, mitochondrial fission regulation, bioenergetics, autophagy, lipid metabolism, inflammasome formation and unfolded protein response. Therefore, in the present study we posed a question, whether defective glycosylation leads to bioenergetic disruption. Our data reveal possible chronic stress in ER and activated unfolded protein response via PERK pathway in PMM2-CDG fibroblasts. Presumably, it leads to bioenergetic reorganization and increased assembly of respiratory chain complexes into supercomplexes together with suppressed glycolysis in PMM2-CDG patient cells. These changes cause alterations in Krebs cycle, which is tightly connected to electron transport system in mitochondria. In summary, we present data showing metabolic adaptation of cells to glycosylation defect caused by various pathogenic variants in PMM2.
PMM2-CDG is the most common defect among the congenital disorders of glycosylation. In order to investigate the effect of hypoglycosylation on important cellular pathways, we performed extensive biochemical studies on skin fibroblasts of PMM2-CDG patients. Among others, acylcarnitines, amino acids, lysosomal proteins, organic acids and lipids were measured, which all revealed significant abnormalities. There was an increased expression of acylcarnitines and amino acids associated with increased amounts of calnexin, calreticulin and protein-disulfid-isomerase in combination with intensified amounts of ubiquitinylated proteins. Lysosomal enzyme activities were widely decreased as well as citrate and pyruvate levels indicating mitochondrial dysfunction. Main lipid classes such as phosphatidylethanolamine, cholesterol or alkyl-phosphatidylcholine, as well as minor lipid species like hexosylceramide, lysophosphatidylcholines or phosphatidylglycerol, were abnormal. Biotinidase and catalase activities were severely reduced. In this study we discuss the impact of metabolite abnormalities on the phenotype of PMM2-CDG. In addition, based on our data we propose new and easy-to-implement therapeutic approaches for PMM2-CDG patients.
- MeSH
- aminokyseliny metabolismus MeSH
- fosfotransferasy (fosfomutasy) * genetika MeSH
- glykosylace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipidy MeSH
- vrozené poruchy glykosylace * genetika terapie metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
PMM2-CDG is the most common congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) accounting for almost 65% of known CDG cases affecting N-glycosylation. Abnormalities in N-glycosylation could have a negative impact on many endocrine axes. There is very little known on the effect of impaired N-glycosylation on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and whether CDG patients are at risk of secondary adrenal insufficiency and decreased adrenal cortisol production. Cortisol and ACTH concentrations were simultaneously measured between 7:44 am to 1 pm in forty-three subjects (20 female, median age 12.8 years, range 0.1 to 48.6 years) participating in an ongoing international, multi-center Natural History study for PMM2-CDG (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03173300). Of the 43 subjects, 11 (25.6%) had cortisol below 5 μg/dl and low to normal ACTH levels, suggestive of secondary adrenal insufficiency. Two of the 11 subjects have confirmed central adrenal insufficiency and are on hydrocortisone replacement and/or stress dosing during illness; 3 had normal and 1 had subnormal cortisol response to ACTH low-dose stimulation test but has not yet been started on therapy; the remaining 5 have upcoming stimulation testing planned. Our findings suggest that patients with PMM2-CDG may be at risk for adrenal insufficiency. Monitoring of morning cortisol and ACTH levels should be part of the standard care in patients with PMM2-CDG.
- MeSH
- adrenální insuficience diagnóza etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fosfotransferasy (fosfomutasy) krev genetika MeSH
- glykosylace MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- systém hypofýza - nadledviny fyziologie MeSH
- vrozené poruchy glykosylace MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- pozorovací studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
Phosphomannomutase 2 (PMM2-CDG) is the most common congenital disorder of N-glycosylation and is caused by a deficient PMM2 activity. The clinical presentation and the onset of PMM2-CDG vary among affected individuals ranging from a severe antenatal presentation with multisystem involvement to mild adulthood presentation limited to minor neurological involvement. Management of affected patients requires a multidisciplinary approach. In this article, a systematic review of the literature on PMM2-CDG was conducted by a group of international experts in different aspects of CDG. Our managment guidelines were initiated based on the available evidence-based data and experts' opinions. This guideline mainly addresses the clinical evaluation of each system/organ involved in PMM2-CDG, and the recommended management approach. It is the first systematic review of current practices in PMM2-CDG and the first guidelines aiming at establishing a practical approach to the recognition, diagnosis and management of PMM2-CDG patients.
OBJECTIVE: Enzymatic fingerprinting of key enzymes of glucose metabolism is a valuable analysis tool in cell physiological phenotyping of plant samples. Yet, a similar approach for mammalian cell line samples is missing. In this study, we applied semi-high throughput enzyme activity assays that were originally designed for plant samples and tested their feasibility in extracts of six frequently used mammalian cell lines (Caco2, HaCaT, C2C12, HEK293, HepG2 and INS-1E). RESULTS: Enzyme activities for aldolase, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucoisomerase, phosphoglucomutase, phosphofructokinase could be detected in samples of one or more mammalian cell lines. We characterized effects of sample dilution, assay temperature and repeated freeze-thaw cycles causing potential biases. After careful selection of experimental parameters, the presented semi-high throughput methods could be established as useful tool for physiological phenotyping of cultured mammalian cells.
- MeSH
- aldolasa metabolismus MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- buňky Hep G2 MeSH
- Caco-2 buňky MeSH
- enzymatické testy metody MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- fosfofruktokinasy metabolismus MeSH
- fosfoglukomutasa metabolismus MeSH
- fosfotransferasy s alkoholovou skupinou jako akceptorem metabolismus MeSH
- glukosa-6-fosfátdehydrogenasa metabolismus MeSH
- glukosa metabolismus MeSH
- glykolýza * MeSH
- HEK293 buňky MeSH
- hexokinasa metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metabolismus sacharidů * MeSH
- myši MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- studie proveditelnosti MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
PURPOSE: PMM2-CDG is the most common congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG), which presents with either a neurologic or multisystem phenotype. Little is known about the longitudinal evolution. METHODS: We performed data analysis on PMM2-CDG patients' clinical features according to the Nijmegen CDG severity score and laboratory data. Seventy-five patients (28 males) were followed up from 11.0 ± 6.91 years for an average of 7.4 ± 4.5 years. RESULTS: On a group level, there was no significant evolution in overall clinical severity. There was some improvement in mobility and communication, liver and endocrine function, and strabismus and eye movements. Educational achievement and thyroid function worsened in some patients. Overall, the current clinical function, the system-specific involvement, and the current clinical assessment remained unchanged. On follow-up there was improvement of biochemical variables with (near) normalization of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), factor XI, protein C, antithrombin, thyroid stimulating hormone, and liver transaminases. CONCLUSION: PMM2-CDG patients show a spontaneous biochemical improvement and stable clinical course based on the Nijmegen CDG severity score. This information is crucial for the definition of endpoints in clinical trials.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- fosfotransferasy (fosfomutasy) nedostatek MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- následné studie MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- progrese nemoci MeSH
- vrozené poruchy glykosylace epidemiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM1) encodes the metabolic enzyme that interconverts glucose-6-P and glucose-1-P. Mutations in PGM1 cause impairment in glycogen metabolism and glycosylation, the latter manifesting as a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG). This unique metabolic defect leads to abnormal N-glycan synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus (GA). On the basis of the decreased galactosylation in glycan chains, galactose was administered to individuals with PGM1-CDG and was shown to markedly reverse most disease-related laboratory abnormalities. The disease and treatment mechanisms, however, have remained largely elusive. Here, we confirm the clinical benefit of galactose supplementation in PGM1-CDG-affected individuals and obtain significant insights into the functional and biochemical regulation of glycosylation. We report here that, by using tracer-based metabolomics, we found that galactose treatment of PGM1-CDG fibroblasts metabolically re-wires their sugar metabolism, and as such replenishes the depleted levels of galactose-1-P, as well as the levels of UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose, the nucleotide sugars that are required for ER- and GA-linked glycosylation, respectively. To this end, we further show that the galactose in UDP-galactose is incorporated into mature, de novo glycans. Our results also allude to the potential of monosaccharide therapy for several other CDG.
- MeSH
- fibroblasty účinky léků metabolismus patologie MeSH
- fosfoglukomutasa nedostatek MeSH
- galaktosa aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- glykosylace MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- uridindifosfátgalaktosa metabolismus MeSH
- uridindifosfátglukosa metabolismus MeSH
- vrozené poruchy glykosylace farmakoterapie metabolismus patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Úvod: Deficit fosfomanomutázy 2 (PMM2-CDG) je nejčastějším typem poruch N-glykosylace s popsanými >900 pacienty. Onemocnění je autosomálně recesivně dědičné a biochemickou podstatou je porucha přeměny manóza-6-fosfátu na manóza-1-fosfát (M1P). Onemocnění se projevuje encefalopatií, neuropatií, typickou dysmorfií, atrofií mozečku a koagulopatií. Práce prezentuje výsledky klinických, biochemických a molekulárních vyšetření pacientů diagnostikovaných v ČR. Výsledky: Od roku 2002 bylo v ČR diagnostikováno 22 pacientů z 18 rodin. Dvě děti zemřely v kojeneckém věku. Věk žijících 20 pacientů je v rozpětí 9 měsíců až 29 let (medián 14 let). U všech pacientů je přítomný hypotonický a mozečkový syndrom, strabismus, deformity skeletu, koagulopatie a mentální retardace, která je v pásmu od lehkého až po hluboké postižení. U 94 % pacientů jsme prokázali atrofii mozečku. Typická dysmorfie (atypické rozložení tuku a vpáčení bradavek) byla zjištěna u 82 % dětí. U 9 pacientů se projevila epilepsie a 3 pacienti prodělali iktu podobné příhody. Isoelektrická fokusace transferinu v séru prokázala u všech pacientů zvýšené zastoupení nízkosialovaných forem. Diagnóza byla potvrzena enzymologicky detekcí snížené aktivity PMM2 v lymfocytech či fibroblastech a/nebo molekulárně-geneticky. V našem souboru pacientů bylo zastoupeno 10 mutací v genu PMM2, všichni pacienti jsou složení heterozygoti a 71 % mutovaných alel neslo jednu ze dvou prevalentních patogenních variant (c.422G>A, c.338C>T). Závěr: S ohledem na odhadovanou incidenci PMM2-CDG 1:20 000 se jedná o onemocnění v ČR poddiagnostikované. PMM2-CDG patří do diferenciální diagnostiky všech dětí s atrofií mozečku, a to i bez přítomnosti charakteristických dysmorfických rysů. V plánu je zařazení českých pacientů do prospektivní multicentrické mezinárodní studie hodnotící přirozený průběh onemocnění a eventuálně zařazení do klinické studie s novou experimentální léčebnou molekulou LipoM1P (manóza-1-fosfát inkorporovaná do liposomu).
Introduction: PMM2-CDG is the most common autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorder with more than 900 patients described worldwide. It is caused by a deficiency of the phosphomannomutase 2 enzyme (PMM2) which catalyzes the second step of the mannose pathway, namely the conversion of mannose-6-phosphate to mannose-1-phosphate. The clinical presentation is characterised by encephalopathy, neuropathy, typical dysmorphism, cerebellar atrophy and coagulopathy. We present the results of clinical, biochemical and molecular analyses in patients diagnosed in the Czech Republic. Results: Since 2002, a total of 22 Czech patients from 18 families with PMM2 deficiency have been diagnosed. The age range of the patients spans from 9 months to 29 years with a median of 14 years, except two patients who died during infancy. Muscle hypotonia, intellectual disability of varying severity, strabismus, ataxia, bone deformities, and coagulopathy were observed in all patients. Cerebellar atrophy was documented in 94% of the investigated patients. The characteristic dysmorphism (inverted nipples and atypical fat pads) were present in 82% of the patients. Nine patients suffered from seizures, and three patients showed transient neurological deterioration after stroke-like episodes. In all the patients, increased amount of hypoglycosylated transferrin was found by isoelectric focusing. The diagnosis of the PMM2-CDG was confirmed at enzymatic and/or at molecular levels. Molecular analyses revealed that all patients are compound heterozygotes for a total of 10 different mutations in PMM2, and that 71% of our patients´ alleles have one of the two most frequent genetic variants (c.422G>A, c.338C>T). Conclusion: The estimated incidence of PMM2-CDG is 1:20,000, suggesting that this disorder is underdiagnosed in the Czech Republic. PMM2-CDG must be considered in differential diagnosis of patients with cerebellar atrophy even if they do not manifest characteristic dysmorphism. We plan to include our patients in a longitudinal international multicenter observational study and potentially the upcoming clinical trial with LipoM1P (lipomised mannose-1-phosphate).
- Klíčová slova
- atrofie mozečku,
- MeSH
- dědičné koagulopatie diagnóza patologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fosfotransferasy (fosfomutasy) * nedostatek MeSH
- genetické techniky MeSH
- isoelektrická fokusace MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mozeček patologie MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- vrozené poruchy glykosylace * diagnóza komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
PurposePhosphoglucomutase-1 deficiency is a subtype of congenital disorders of glycosylation (PGM1-CDG). Previous casereports in PGM1-CDG patients receiving oral D-galactose (D-gal) showed clinical improvement. So far no systematic in vitro and clinical studies have assessed safety and benefits of D-gal supplementation. In a prospective pilot study, we evaluated the effects of oral D-gal in nine patients.MethodsD-gal supplementation was increased to 1.5 g/kg/day (maximum 50 g/day) in three increments over 18 weeks. Laboratory studies were performed before and during treatment to monitor safety and effect on serum transferrin-glycosylation, coagulation, and liver and endocrine function. Additionally, the effect of D-gal on cellular glycosylation was characterized in vitro.ResultsEight patients were compliant with D-gal supplementation. No adverse effects were reported. Abnormal baseline results (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, activated partial thromboplastin time) improved or normalized already using 1 g/kg/day D-gal. Antithrombin-III levels and transferrin-glycosylation showed significant improvement, and increase in galactosylation and whole glycan content. In vitro studies before treatment showed N-glycan hyposialylation, altered O-linked glycans, abnormal lipid-linked oligosaccharide profile, and abnormal nucleotide sugars in patient fibroblasts. Most cellular abnormalities improved or normalized following D-gal treatment. D-gal increased both UDP-Glc and UDP-Gal levels and improved lipid-linked oligosaccharide fractions in concert with improved glycosylation in PGM1-CDG.ConclusionOral D-gal supplementation is a safe and effective treatment for PGM1-CDG in this pilot study. Transferrin glycosylation and ATIII levels were useful trial end points. Larger, longer-duration trials are ongoing.
- MeSH
- aplikace orální MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- fosfoglukomutasa metabolismus MeSH
- galaktosa aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- glykogenóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- glykoproteiny metabolismus MeSH
- hemokoagulace MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kreatinkinasa krev MeSH
- krevní glukóza metabolismus MeSH
- kůže cytologie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- transferin metabolismus MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky MeSH
