From undisturbed Antarctic habitats (permafrost sediments 30-150 thousand years of age, water of Radok Lake) and superficial deposits contaminated with petroleum products, we isolated 14 and 9 strains of Penicillium fungi, respectively. Comparison of the fungal complexes showed them to differ by species composition; only two species-P. palitans and P. solitum-were in the species lists of both groups. The identified secondary metabolites in the investigated strains belonged to diketopiperazine (group of roquefortines, rugulosuvin B), benzodiazepine (anacin, cyclopenins), quinoline alkaloids (viridicatins), clavine ergot alkaloids (α-cyclopiazonic acid, festuclavine, fumigaclavines), polycyclic indole alkaloids (communesin B, chaetoglobosin A), amino acid derivatives (N-acetyltryptamine, chrysogins, penicillin G), polyketides (citreoviridin A, mycophenolic acid), and terpenes (andrastins, phomenone). Strains isolated from anthropogenically altered habitats produced a more complete and characteristic profile of exometabolites, as compared with strains isolated from undisturbed habitats. It is only from contaminated soils there were isolated fungi that produced more structurally diverse secondary metabolites pertaining to polycyclic indole alkaloids and terpenoids. The fungi isolated from contaminated samples can be used in biodegradation of oil spills and bioremediation of the environment, and also as producers of promising biologically active compounds.
- MeSH
- Alkaloids analysis classification MeSH
- Biodegradation, Environmental MeSH
- Ecosystem MeSH
- Lakes microbiology MeSH
- Penicillium chemistry MeSH
- Polyketides analysis MeSH
- Soil Microbiology * MeSH
- Secondary Metabolism * MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Antarctic Regions MeSH
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- Keywords
- drink spiking, date rape drugs, amorózní chování,
- MeSH
- Aphrodisiacs classification MeSH
- Alkaloids pharmacology classification MeSH
- Anesthetics pharmacology classification MeSH
- Benzodiazepines pharmacology classification MeSH
- Ethanol pharmacology MeSH
- Hydroxybutyrates pharmacology classification MeSH
- Ketamine pharmacology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Beverages MeSH
- Oxytocin pharmacology MeSH
- Substance-Related Disorders history MeSH
- Propofol pharmacology adverse effects MeSH
- Sexual Behavior * history drug effects MeSH
- Sex Offenses MeSH
- Famous Persons MeSH
- Crime classification prevention & control MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
Valerian is used to treat sleeping disorders, restlessness and anxiety, but it seemsonly to work when taken over long periods (several weeks). Some studies have demonstrated that valerian extracts interact with the GABA and benzodiazepine receptors. Valerian is also used traditionally to treat gastrointestinal pain and spastic colitis. There are no long term safety studies. Valerian contains over 150 chemical constituents and many of them are physiologically active, mainly pyridine alkaloids, some organic acids and terpenes, especially the so called valepotriates, esterified iridoid-monoterpenes. As valepotriates may be potential mutagens, valerian should only be used after consultation with a physician. Valerian medication is sometimes recommended as first line treatment when the benefit-risk relation requires it and is often indicated as transition medication during the discontinuation processes involving bromazepam, clonazepam and diazepam, among others.
- MeSH
- Alkaloids pharmacology classification therapeutic use MeSH
- Analgesics therapeutic use MeSH
- Anticonvulsants therapeutic use MeSH
- Anti-Anxiety Agents therapeutic use MeSH
- Animal Experimentation MeSH
- Hypnotics and Sedatives therapeutic use MeSH
- Iridoids chemistry MeSH
- Valerian chemistry MeSH
- Pentanoic Acids chemistry adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Plant Extracts chemistry MeSH
- Plant Preparations administration & dosage adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Valerianaceae chemistry classification MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Claviceps purpurea, C. grohii, C. zizaniae, C. cyperi, and C. nigricans are closely related ergot fungi and form a monophyletic clade inside the genus Claviceps. Analysis of alkaloid content in C. nigricans sclerotia using UPLC detected ergocristine (1), ergosine (2), alpha-ergocryptine (3), and ergocristam (4). Alkaloids 1, 3, and 4 were found in the sclerotia of C. grohii. The content of 4 in the mixture of alkaloids from C. nigricans and C. grohii (over 8% and over 20%, respectively) was unusually high. Submerged shaken cultures of C. nigricans produced no alkaloids, whereas C. grohii culture formed small amounts (15 mg L (-1)) of extracellular clavines and 1. In the previously used HPLC method the ergocristam degradation product could have been obscured by the ergosine peak. Therefore sclerotia of a C. purpurea habitat-specific population G2 with the dominant production of 1 and 2 have been reanalyzed, but no 4 was detected. The phylogeny of the C. purpurea-related species group is discussed with regard to alkaloid-specific nonribosomal peptide synthetase duplication leading to the production of two main ergopeptines instead of a single product.
- MeSH
- Alkaloids chemistry isolation & purification classification MeSH
- Claviceps genetics chemistry growth & development MeSH
- DNA analysis MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Molecular Structure MeSH
- Peptide Synthases metabolism MeSH
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
