An unusual reassortant rotavirus A (RVA) strain was isolated during RVA surveillance in two previously hospitalized children in 2018. G/P typing revealed uncommon G9P[4] genotypes, so the strains were further characterized by Illumina next-generation sequencing. Whole-genome typing showed that the two strains had a DS-1-like backbone except for NSP2: G9-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N1-T2-E2-H2. The two strains shared 99.9-100% nucleotide sequence identity in all genes.
- MeSH
- Phylogeny MeSH
- Genome, Viral MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Rotavirus Infections virology MeSH
- Rotavirus classification genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Base Sequence MeSH
- Whole Genome Sequencing MeSH
- Check Tag
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
Cílem tohoto článku je shrnout aktuální informace o rotavirech a jimi působených onemocněních. Dále se zmiňujeme o významu vakcinace a o možném vlivu vakcín na složení rotavirových genotypů přítomných v populaci.
This article aims to summarize up-to-date information on rotaviruses and diseases they cause. Next the authors mention theimportance of vaccination and the possible effect of vaccines on the different rotavirus genotypes present in the population.
- MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Gastroenteritis complications pathology therapy MeSH
- Central Nervous System Infections MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Rotavirus Infections * diagnosis classification therapy MeSH
- Rotavirus classification pathogenicity MeSH
- Rotavirus Vaccines therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
Cíl studie: Analyzovat etiologii střevních patogenů u dětí přijatých na Kliniku dětských infekčních nemocí Fakultní nemocnice Brno v letech 2015–2016 se zaměřením na rotavirové gastroenteritidy (RVGE). Metody: Retrospektivní studie hodnotí dětské pacienty ve věku 0–18 let s příznaky gastroenteritidy hospitalizované od 1. 1. 2015 do 31. 12. 2016. Všem pacientům byl odebrán výtěr z rekta na kultivaci obligátních střevních patogenů, v určitých případech také vzorek stolice na identifikaci virových antigenů a na průkaz Clostridium difficile. Výsledky: Pacientů s gastroenteritidou bylo hospitalizováno 1083 v roce 2015 a 988 v roce 2016. Virovou infekci jsme prokázali u 36,0 % a 29,0 % pacientů v letech 2015 a 2016. RVGE bylo 28,2 %, resp. 18,2 %. Adenovirových gastroenteritid jsme zaznamenali 3,2 %, resp. 5,0 %. Norovirových gastroenteritid bylo 4,6 %, resp. 5,8 %. Bakteriální infekci jsme prokázali u 14,6 % pacientů v obou letech, z nichž nejvíce bylo salmonelóz (9,3 %; 8,3 %), méně kampylobakterióz (4,2 %; 5,2 %), klostridiových kolitid (0,9 %; 0,7 %) a nejméně yersinióz (0,0 %; 0,4 %). Nikdo nebyl hospitalizován s infekcí způsobenou Shigella spp. Etiologie zůstala neobjasněna v 49,7 %, resp. 56,6 % případů. Maximum případů virových onemocnění se vyskytlo u dětí do 5 let (83,3 %; 82,5 %), konkrétně ve skupině 13–36 měsíců (44,6 %; 47,6 %). U pacientů s RVGE bylo nejvíce případů u dětí do 5 let (82,3 %; 80,6 %) a ve skupině 13–36 měsíců (41,0 %; 42,8 %). Maximum případů bakteriálních onemocnění bylo u dětí nad 5 let (54,4 %, 46,5 %). Nejvíce RVGE jsme zaregistrovali v dubnu 2015 a v březnu a dubnu 2016. Závěr: Pacienti s RVGE tvoří i v dnešní době dostupného očkování nezanedbatelnou část pacientů hospitalizovaných pro gastroenteritidu (23,4 %).
Objective: To analyze the etiology of intestinal pathogens in children hospitalised at the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Brno, in 2015–2016 with a focus on rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE). Methods: A retrospective study evaluates pediatric patients aged 0–18 with symptoms of gastroenteritis hospitalized from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2016. Rectal swabs for cultivation of the intestinal pathogens were collected from all patients and, in some cases, the stool samples for the identification of viral antigens and for the detection of Clostridium difficile. Results: Patients with gastroenteritis were hospitalized in a total of 1083 in 2015 and 988 in 2016. We proved a viral infection at 36.0% and 29,0% in 2015 and 2016, respectively. RVGE were confirmed in 28.2% and 18.2%, adenovirus gastroenteritis in 3.2% and 5.0%, norovirus gastroenteritis in 4.6% and 5.8%. Both years bacterial infections were confirmed in 14.6% of patients, most of them salmonellosis (9.3%, 8.3%), less campylobacteriosis (4.2%, 5.2%), the clostridial colitis (0.9%, 0.7%) and the least of all yersinioses (0.0%, 0.4%). No one was hospitalized with an infection caused by Shigella spp. Etiology remained unclear in 49.7% and 56.6% cases in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Maximum cases of viral diseases occurred in children under 5 years of age (83.3%, 82.5%), specifically in the age group 13–36 months (44.6%, 47.6%). The highest number of cases in patients with RVGE were also in children under 5 years of age (82.3%, 80.6%) and 13–36 months (41.0%, 42.8%). Maximum cases of bacterial diseases occured in children over 5 years of age (54.4%, 46.5%). Most RVGE were registered in April 2015 and in March and April 2016. Conclusion: Patients with RVGE, even at a time of available vaccination, form a significant proportion of patients treated for gastroenteritis (23.4%).
The surveillance study of rotavirus gastroenteritis at the University Teaching Hospital Trenčín area, Slovakia, during 2006-2011 confirmed that the genotype profile of circulating rotaviruses was not stable. While G1P[8] dominating genotype dropped from 75 to 7.3 % in the period 2009-2011, genotype G2P[4] that was not detected in 2009 raised to 45.1 % in 2011. Vaccination coverage rose from 4.4 to 22.1 % in the period 2008-2011. Among the community and hospital cases, we observed that the average age of patients with nosocomial infections was significantly less (10.6 months) than in the cases of community rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) cases. Compared to the nosocomial infection cases, the duration of the disease and the duration of hospitalization among the community cases were significantly longer by 0.22 and 3.63 days, respectively, during 2006-2011. Though the vaccination coverage was found to correlate with changes in the type of the circulating rotaviruses, the natural circulation in rotavirus genotypes may not be excluded as important factor contributing to the emergence of G2P[4] strain during the survey period.
- MeSH
- Gastroenteritis epidemiology virology MeSH
- Genotype MeSH
- Cross Infection epidemiology virology MeSH
- Community-Acquired Infections epidemiology virology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Molecular Epidemiology MeSH
- Rotavirus Infections epidemiology virology MeSH
- Rotavirus classification genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Slovakia MeSH
Rotavirus představuje významného původce gastroenteritid u lidí i zvířat. Mortalita dětí v důsledku rotavirové infekce je hlavně v rozvíjejících se zemích stále vysoká. Rotaviry způsobují také významné ekonomické ztráty v souvislosti s gastroenteritidami hospodářských zvířat, zvláště u telat a selat. Přibývající počty odlišných kmenů rotavirů ukazují na nutnost používat jednotnou nomenklaturu a podrobnou klasifikaci založenou na sekvenci celého genomu viru. Fylogenetická analýza genomu rotavirů poukazuje na časté prolínání vývoje lidských a zvířecích kmenů, pravděpodobně v důsledku mnohonásobných přenosů mezi různými živočišnými druhy. Mezidruhový přenos a následné přeskupení genů je jedním z mechanismů přispívajících k velké genetické rozmanitosti rotavirů, což představuje riziko vzniku nových patogenních kmenů.
Rotaviruses are significant enteric pathogens of humans and animals. Rotavirus-associated mortality is still high in children, especially in developing countries. Rotaviruses also account for important economic losses due to gastrointestinal disease of livestock animals, notably of young cattle and pigs. Increasing numbers of different rotavirus strains stress the necessity of their uniform nomenclature and detailed classification with the use of whole-genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses of the rotavirus genome reveal repeated intersections between the evolution of human and animal rotavirus strains which is probably a consequence of multiple events of transmission among various animal species. The interspecies transmission and subsequent gene reassortment are important mechanisms driving the diversity of rotaviruses and enabling the emergence of new pathogenic strains.
- Keywords
- zoonotický přenos, reasortment genů, mezidruhový přenos,
- MeSH
- Antigens, Viral MeSH
- Pets MeSH
- Gastroenteritis etiology MeSH
- Genetic Variation MeSH
- Genotype MeSH
- Animals, Domestic MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- RNA, Viral MeSH
- Rotavirus Infections * genetics transmission MeSH
- Rotavirus * genetics classification MeSH
- Sequence Analysis MeSH
- Zoonoses * MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
Rotavirus C (RVC) is a cause of gastroenteritis in swine and has a worldwide distribution. A total of 448 intestinal or faecal samples from pigs of all ages were tested for viruses causing gastroenteritis. RVC was detected in 118 samples (26.3%). To gain information on virus diversity, the complete coding nucleotide sequences of the VP7, VP4, VP6, NSP2, NSP4, and NSP5 genes of seven RVC strains were determined. Phylogenetic analysis of VP7 nucleotide sequence divided studied Czech strains into six G genotypes (G1, G3, G5-G7, and a newly described G10 genotype) based on an 85% identity cutoff value at the nucleotide level. Analysis of the VP4 gene revealed low nucleotide sequence identities between two Czech strains and other porcine (72.2-75.3%), bovine (74.1-74.6%), and human (69.1-69.3%) RVC strains. Thus, we propose that those two Czech porcine strains comprise a new RVC VP4 genotype, P8. Analysis of the VP6 gene showed 79.9-86.8% similarity at the nucleotide level between the Czech strains and other porcine RVC strains. According to the 87% identity cutoff value, we propose the existence of three new RVC VP6 genotypes, I8-I10. Analysis of the NSP4 gene divided porcine RVC strains into two clusters (the E1 genotype and the new E4 genotype, based on an 85% nucleotide sequence identity cutoff value). Our results indicate a degree of high genetic heterogeneity, not only in the variable VP7 and VP4 genes encoding the outer capsid proteins, but also in more-conserved genes encoding the inner capsid protein VP6 and the non-structural proteins NSP2, NSP4, and NSP5. This emphasizes the need for a whole-genome-sequence-based classification system.
- MeSH
- Phylogeny * MeSH
- Genetic Variation * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Molecular Sequence Data MeSH
- Swine Diseases virology MeSH
- Cattle Diseases virology MeSH
- Swine MeSH
- Rotavirus Infections veterinary virology MeSH
- Rotavirus chemistry classification genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Amino Acid Sequence MeSH
- Base Sequence MeSH
- Sequence Analysis, DNA MeSH
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid MeSH
- Cattle MeSH
- Viral Proteins chemistry genetics MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Cattle MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
Group C rotavirus (RVC) has been described to be a causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans and animals. In the current study, the presence of porcine RVC was confirmed in 25.6 % of 293 porcine faecal samples collected from seven Czech farms. A significantly larger (p < 0.05) number of RVC-positive samples was detected in groups of finisher pigs and post-weaning piglets (4-12 weeks of age). Phylogenetic analysis of nine RVC-positive Czech strains and their comparison with available sequence data for the gene encoding RVC group antigen VP6 revealed two separate lineages within porcine cluster I1.
- MeSH
- Antigens, Viral genetics MeSH
- Feces virology MeSH
- Phylogeny MeSH
- Genetic Variation MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Swine Diseases epidemiology virology MeSH
- Swine MeSH
- Prevalence MeSH
- Rotavirus Infections epidemiology veterinary virology MeSH
- Rotavirus classification MeSH
- Cluster Analysis MeSH
- Capsid Proteins genetics MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
Celosvětově je ročně přičítáno rotavirům okolo 125 milionů diagnóz gastroenteritid. Přes půl milionu těchto případů pak končí smrtí pacienta a většina zemřelých pochází z rozvojových zemí. Zdrojem rotavirové nákazy je člověk. Nejčastější cestou přenosu je fekálně-orální způsob. V zemích mírného pásu, kde nebylo dosud zavedeno plošné očkování, vykazuje infekce sezonní závislost s vrcholem v zimním období. V tropických zemích tento jev nebyl pozorován. Standardní hygienická a sanitární opatření nefungují stoprocentně. Vzhledem k tomu, že minimální infekční dávka viru je 10 virových částic, je očkování jedinou spolehlivou cestou, jak zamezit šíření rotavirových infekcí v populaci.
It is estimated that rotavirus causes approximately 125 million cases of gastroenteritis worldwide annually. More than half a million of these cases lead to death and the majority of the fatal cases occur in the developing world. Humans are the source of infection and the fecal-oral route is the predominant mode of transmission. The infection shows a seasonal pattern with a peak in winter months in the temperate climate countries where rotavirus vaccine has not yet been integrated into the routine immunization schedule. Such a trend has not been observed in tropical countries. Standard hygienic and preventive measures are not one hundred percent effective. Given that the minimum infective dose in humans is as low as 10 virus particles, vaccination is the only effective way to prevent the human-to-human transmission of the rotavirus.
- Keywords
- gastroenteritidy, rotaviry, očkovací kalendář,
- MeSH
- Dehydration complications MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Gastroenteritis etiology physiopathology prevention & control MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Infant, Newborn MeSH
- Immunization Schedule MeSH
- Disease Transmission, Infectious MeSH
- Diarrhea, Infantile MeSH
- Diarrhea MeSH
- RNA, Viral genetics MeSH
- RNA MeSH
- Rotavirus Infections etiology physiopathology prevention & control MeSH
- Rotavirus genetics classification pathogenicity MeSH
- Rotavirus Vaccines history pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Vaccination methods trends MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Infant, Newborn MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Feces virology MeSH
- Gastroenteritis virology MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Diarrhea virology MeSH
- Rotavirus Infections diagnosis epidemiology MeSH
- Rotavirus immunology isolation & purification classification MeSH
- Serotyping MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Geographicals
- Slovakia MeSH
