In spring 2016, Greece reported an outbreak caused by a previously undescribed Salmonellaenterica subsp. enterica serotype (antigenic formula 11:z41:e,n,z15) via the Epidemic Intelligence Information System for Food- and Waterborne Diseases and Zoonoses (EPIS-FWD), with epidemiological evidence for sesame products as presumptive vehicle. Subsequently, Germany, Czech Republic, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom (UK) reported infections with this novel serotype via EPIS-FWD. Concerned countries in collaboration with the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) adopted a common outbreak case definition. An outbreak case was defined as a laboratory-confirmed notification of the novel Salmonella serotype. Between March 2016 and April 2017, 47 outbreak cases were notified (Greece: n = 22; Germany: n = 13; Czech Republic: n = 5; Luxembourg: n = 4; UK: n = 3). Whole genome sequencing revealed the very close genetic relatedness of isolates from all affected countries. Interviews focusing on sesame product consumption, suspicious food item testing and trace-back analysis following Salmonella spp. detection in food products identified a company in Greece where sesame seeds from different countries were processed. Through European collaboration, it was possible to identify and recall sesame spread as one contaminated food item serving as vehicle of infection and trace it back to its origin.

• MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• otrava salmonelou epidemiologie   MeSH
• Salmonella enterica klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelóza epidemiologie   MeSH
• sekvenování celého genomu MeSH
• séroskupina MeSH
• sérotypizace MeSH
• Sesamum mikrobiologie   MeSH
• surveillance populace metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Six hundred fourteen strains of Salmonella enterica were isolated from 16,926 samples of food of animal origin collected in southern Italy from 2003 to 2012. The isolates were identified, serotyped, and challenged against 15 antibiotics according to the protocol defined at national level for veterinary isolates of Salmonella (EnterVet surveillance network). Salmonella serotypes Typhimurium, Hadar, Enteritidis, Derby, and 4,[5],12:i:- were those most frequently isolated. The widest resistances were recorded towards sulfonamides (69 % of the isolates), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (52 % of the isolates), and tetracycline (51 % of the isolates). The rate of multidrug resistance of the isolates decreased significantly from the first 5 years of the study period (82.6 %) to the last 5 years (54.3 %).

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie * MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• Salmonella enterica klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• sérotypizace MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Itálie epidemiologie   MeSH

The aim of this study was to describe epidemiological and clinical characteristics of imported enteric fever in Czech travellers and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated strains. Retrospective descriptive study included adult patients treated with enteric fever at Hospital Na Bulovce during January 2004-December 2012. A case of typhoid or paratyphoid fever was defined as isolation of Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi from blood or stool. During the study period, there have been diagnosed 19 cases of enteric fever (12 males and 7 females) with age median of 30 years; 14 cases were caused by Salmonella Typhi and 5 cases by S. Paratyphi A. The infection has been acquired in South Asia (16 patients; 84.2 %), in Africa (Egypt, Angola) in two cases (10.5 %), and in Mexico (1; 5.3 %). Symptoms included fever (all patients), diarrhoea (16 cases; 84.2 %), headache (9; 47.4 %), and abdominal pain (7; 36.8 %). Seventeen patients (89.5 %) were treated with fluoroquinolones; however, the treatment failure was observed in seven of them (41.2 %). Decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility was detected in eight strains (66.7 %), and one strain (8.3 %) was multidrug resistant. Sequence analysis of quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of the gyrA gene revealed the presence of amino acid substitutions in all tested isolates with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers represent epidemiologically important diseases that may lead to potentially life-threatening complications. Major issue in the management of enteric fever represents the non-susceptibility of Salmonella strains to fluoroquinolones and other antimicrobials.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• břišní tyfus epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• cestování MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• paratyfus epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• Salmonella enterica klasifikace   účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Asie MeSH
• Česká republika MeSH
• Egypt MeSH
• Mexiko MeSH

Animals including food animals play a significant role in the epidemiology of Salmonella enterica. The control requires identification of sources and institution of targeted interventions. This study investigates the diversity of S. enterica serovars, antimicrobial susceptibility, and occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in pigs in Ibadan, Nigeria. Pooled fresh pen floor fecal samples of pigs collected from 31 pig farms were cultured; the Salmonella isolates were serotyped and their antimicrobial susceptibility was determined. PMQR genes were screened by polymerase chain reaction. The 229 Salmonella isolates were made of 50 serovars predominated by rare serovars Salmonella Give (n = 36; 15.7 %), Salmonella Brancaster (n = 17; 7.4 %), Salmonella Colindale (n = 15; 6.6 %), Salmonella Elisaberthville (n = 13; 5.7 %), Salmonella Hillingdon (n = 13; 5.7 %), and Salmonella Kingston (n = 13; 5.7 %). The most widely distributed serovars among the farms were Salmonella Give (six farms) and Salmonella Elisaberthville (six farms). Resistance to chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and tetracycline ranged from 11.6 % (n = 26) to 22.8 % (n = 51). Resistance ciprofloxacin and gentamicin was low (n = 2; 0.9 %). Multiply resistant isolates included Salmonella Kentucky, the most resistant serovar. qnrB19 was found in two isolates of Salmonella Corvallis and one isolate of Salmonella Larochelle, respectively, while qnrS1 was found in two isolates of Salmonella Derby. Other PMQR genes were not detected. Pigs constitute an important source of diverse Salmonella serovars in Ibadan. The isolates were more resistant to old antimicrobials with some multiple resistant. Control measures and regulation of antimicrobials are warranted.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• hospodářská zvířata MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• plazmidy MeSH
• prasata mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Salmonella enterica klasifikace   účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• sérotypizace * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nigérie MeSH

Abstract Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- has become the third most common serotype in Europe, including the Czech Republic. In this study, phenotypic and genotypic methods for a more detailed description of this serotype were used. Analysis of a limited number of isolates revealed that 76% of them belonged to phage type DT193. Also, rare phage types DT208 and U311 were identified. In total, 88.6% of the isolates were resistant to at least four antimicrobial agents. In this study, 24 multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis profiles were detected, and some of them matched with the profiles recently described in Europe.

• MeSH
• Charadriiformes mikrobiologie   MeSH
• fagotypizace MeSH
• flagelin genetika   MeSH
• kontaminace potravin analýza   MeSH
• minisatelitní repetice MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie MeSH
• Salmonella enterica klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• séroskupina * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

V roce 2012 bylo v laboratoři SZÚ Brno celkem vyšetřeno 143 humánních a 10 potravinových kmenů rodu Salmonella. Kmeny měly vztah ke zvýšenému výskytu salmonelóz v určitém místě, nebo se jednalo o zástupce vzácných sérotypů, které se v určitém období objevily ve zvýšeném počtu. Tyto kmeny byly zařazeny k 22 epidemickým výskytům na území České republiky. Typizace za použití fenotypových a genotypových metod odhalila, že většina epidemií (82 %) je způsobena sérotypem Enteritidis, ale začínají se objevovat i hromadné výskyty vyvolané pro Českou republiku vzácnými sérotypy (S. Mikawasima, S. 9,12:l,v:-, S. Indiana, S. Stanley).

In 2012, the Brno laboratory of the National Institute of Public Health investigated 143 human and 10 food-borne Salmonella strains. All strains were linked to salmonellosis outbreaks in various areas or represented rare serotypes that had emerged more often in some periods. These strains were matched to 22 outbreaks reported in the Czech Republic. Phenotyping and genotyping revealed that the cause of most outbreaks (82%) was the serotype Enteritidis, but other serotypes that are rare in the Czech Republic (S. Mikawasima, S. 9,12:l,v:-, S. Indiana, or S. Stanley) were also involved in some outbreaks.

• Klíčová slova
• epidemický výskyt, rezistence k antibiotikům, fágová typizace,
• MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• fagotypizace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• pulzní gelová elektroforéza MeSH
• Salmonella enterica * izolace a purifikace   klasifikace   MeSH
• Salmonella enteritidis izolace a purifikace   klasifikace   MeSH
• salmonelóza * epidemiologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• sérotypizace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Salmonellae are widely distributed but nomenclaturally controversial pathogens of both humans and animals. Despite elaborate studies, much still remain to be discovered about these organisms. Although Salmonella nomenclature has proved to be rather complex, in 2005, Salmonella enterica finally gained official approval as the type species of the genus Salmonella. In addition, one other species has been approved and recognised in the genus Salmonella, namely, Salmonella bongori. New serovars (serotypes) are continually being discovered each year and reported in the journal Research in Microbiology. Salmonella serovars and their antigenic formulae are listed in the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme and updated by the World Health Organization's Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella at the Pasteur Institute, Paris, France.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Salmonella enterica klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat mikrobiologie   MeSH
• salmonelóza mikrobiologie   MeSH
• směrnice jako téma MeSH
• terminologie jako téma MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

In this study we were interested in the serovars which are frequently isolated from pigs, i.e. S. Typhimurium, S. Derby and S. Infantis. First we collected different isolates of S. Infantis and S. Derby and compared them by macrorestriction analysis. In the second part of the study we infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) with representative strains of these serovars and S. Typhimurium and determined intracellular survival, cytotoxicity and cytokine response. In S. Derby, 17 different profiles in 51 isolates have been identified and in S. Infantis, 12 different profiles in 37 isolates have been identified. Four hours post-addition of bacteria to PAMs, higher numbers of intracellular S. Typhimurium than S. Derby or S. Infantis were observed. However, within next 24h, counts of S. Typhimurium did not change while S. Derby and S. Infantis increased their counts 10 and 5 times, respectively. The apparent inability of S. Typhimurium to multiply inside PAMs was caused by its higher cytotoxicity because PAMs infected with S. Typhimurium released LDH 24h post-infection to a significantly higher level than when infected with the other two serovars. The IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12p40, IL-23p19 and TNFα response to S. Derby and S. Infantis was always higher than to S. Typhimurium and the differences among the serovars were more significant at 4 than 24h post-infection. The lower cytokine signaling but higher cytotoxicity of S. Typhimurium for macrophages correlates with the higher virulence for pigs of this serotype when compared with S. Derby or S. Infantis.

• MeSH
• alveolární makrofágy mikrobiologie   MeSH
• bakteriální RNA genetika   MeSH
• cytokiny krev   MeSH
• nemoci prasat epidemiologie   imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí veterinární   MeSH
• prasata mikrobiologie   MeSH
• pulzní gelová elektroforéza veterinární   MeSH
• Salmonella enterica klasifikace   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• Salmonella typhimurium MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat epidemiologie   imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• sérotypizace veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• bacilární dyzentérie dějiny   epidemiologie   MeSH
• bakteriální infekce * epidemiologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• břišní tyfus dějiny   epidemiologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli MeSH
• gastroenteritida epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli epidemiologie   MeSH
• kampylobakterové infekce epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci střev * epidemiologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• Salmonella enterica klasifikace   MeSH
• salmonelóza epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• séroskupina MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH