The glycosphingolipid, α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer), when presented by CD1d on antigen-presenting cells, efficiently activates invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Thereby, it modulates immune responses against tumors, microbial and viral infections, and autoimmune diseases. Recently, the production of αGalCer by Bacteroidetes from the human gut microbiome was elucidated. Using hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to MS2, we screened murine intestinal tracts to identify and quantify αGalCers, and we investigated the αGalCer response to different dietary and physiologic conditions. In both the cecum and the colon of mice, we found 1-15 pmol of αGalCer per milligram of protein; in contrast, mice lacking microbiota (germ-free mice) and fed identical diet did not harbor αGalCer. The identified αGalCer contained a β(R)-hydroxylated hexadecanoyl chain N-linked to C18-sphinganine, which differed from what has been reported with Bacteroides fragilis Unlike β-anomeric structures, but similar to αGalCers from B. fragilis, the synthetic form of the murine αGalCer induced iNKT cell activation in vitro. Last, we observed a decrease in αGalCer production in mice exposed to conditions that alter the composition of the gut microbiota, including Western type diet, colitis, and influenza A virus infection. Collectively, this study suggests that αGalCer is produced by commensals in the mouse intestine and reveals that stressful conditions causing dysbiosis alter its synthesis. The consequences of this altered production on iNKT cell-mediated local and systemic immune responses are worthy of future studies.
- MeSH
- Bacteroides fragilis chemie imunologie MeSH
- dieta * MeSH
- galaktosylceramidy genetika imunologie MeSH
- inbrední kmeny myší MeSH
- myši MeSH
- tlusté střevo imunologie metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- zánět imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The diversity of the methanogenic archaea associated with the six segments of the horse and donkey hindgut (caecum, right ventral colon, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, right dorsal colon, and rectum) was analyzed using 16S rDNA gene clone library. A total of 641 positive clones, 321 from the horse and 320 from the donkey hindgut, were examined by the RFLP, revealing 9 different ribotypes, 8 in the horse and 5 in the donkey hindgut. In both the animals Methanobacteriales (Methanobrevibacter-like sequences) and Methanomicrobiales (Methanocorpusculum-like sequences) were detected as the dominant orders followed by the uncultured Methanomassiliicoccales. The composition of the equine archaeal community was found to be dependent on the gut region. In both the two animals no Methanobrevibacter-like clones were detected in the caeca, which were instead inhabited by the Methanocorpusculum-like archeons. The Methanosarcinales were found only in distal regions of the horse hindgut.
- MeSH
- Archaea klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- biodiverzita MeSH
- DNA archebakterií genetika MeSH
- Equidae mikrobiologie MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- koně mikrobiologie MeSH
- methan metabolismus MeSH
- ribozomální DNA genetika MeSH
- tlusté střevo mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Cíl práce: Pomocí prospektivní analýzy posoudit úspěšnost fekální bakterioterapie v léčbě klostridiové kolitidy. Analyzovat, zda některý z faktorů, podle kterých lze léčené pacienty kategorizovat, má statisticky významný vliv na hodnocení léčby z hlediska její úspěšnosti. Materiál a metodika: Ve sledovaném intervalu dvou let (2015 až 2016) bylo pomocí transplantace střevní mikroflóry léčeno 71 pacientů. Po léčbě byli pacienti osobně nebo telefonicky sledováni. Pokud do osmi týdnů nedošlo k rekurenci kolitidy, byla léčba hodnocena jako úspěšná. Výsledky: Celková úspěšnost fekální bakterioterapie ve studovaném období byla 76 %, přičemž vykazovala statisticky nevýznamný pokles u opakovaných rekurencí. Analýzou podskupin nebyl prokázán statisticky významný rozdíl v úspěšnosti v závislosti na aplikaci cestou nazoenterální sondy nebo rektálním nálevem. Statisticky signifikantní rozdíl v úspěšnosti nebyl pozorován ani v závislosti na předchozí antibiotické terapii, ani při aplikaci čerstvé nebo rozmrazené suspenze stolice. Ve sledovaném období nebyly pozorovány žádné neočekávané nežádoucí události ani letalita. Závěry: Fekální bakterioterapie je úspěšnou a bezpečnou terapeutickou alternativou pro rekurentní kolitidu vyvolanou Clostridium difficile.
Aim: Using a prospective analysis to assess the success of faecal bacteriotherapy (FBT) in antibiotic-associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile. To analyse whether any of the factors according to which the treated patients can be categorized has a statistically significant effect on the therapeutic outcome. Materials and methods: During the 2-year study period (2015-2016), 71 patients received FBT. After treatment, the patients were followed up by means of clinic visits or by phone. If colitis did not recur within eight weeks of follow-up, the treatment was considered successful. Results: The overall success rate was 76%, with statistically insignificant decline in recurrences. Subgroup analysis did not show any statistically significant difference in the success rate between the routes of administration, i.e. through a naso-enteral feeding tube and rectal enema. Likewise, there were no statistically significant differences in the success rate between the types of prior antibiotic therapy or between using fresh and cryo-stored stool suspension. No unexpected adverse event or lethality occurred during the study period. Conclusions: Faecal bacteriotherapy is a successful and safe therapeutic alternative for recurrent C. difficile infections.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- Clostridioides difficile patogenita MeSH
- fekální transplantace * metody MeSH
- gastrointestinální intubace MeSH
- klostridiové infekce * terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- průjem mikrobiologie terapie MeSH
- pseudomembranózní enterokolitida terapie MeSH
- tlusté střevo mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- transplantace metody MeSH
- výběr dárců MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The aim of our work was to evaluate effect of selected salicylamides on cell viability of sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio piger Vib-7 isolated from the human large intestine, as well as to assess antimicrobial activity and biological properties of these compounds. METHODS: Microbiological, biochemical, biophysical methods, and statistical processing of the results were used. RESULTS: An antimicrobial activity and biological properties of salicylamides against intestinal sulfate-reducing bacteria was studied. Primary in vitro screening of the synthesized selected salicylamides was performed against D. piger Vib-7. Adding 0.37-1.10 µmol.L(-1) (N-(4-bromophenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide, 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide, 5-chloro-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide, 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-(4-nitrophenyl)benzamide and 4-chloro-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide) caused decrease in biomass accumulation by 8-53, 64-66, 49-50, 82-90, 43-46% compared to control, respectively. The studied compounds completely inhibited the growth of D. piger Vib-7 under the effect of 30 µmol.L(-1). Moreover, addition of the compounds in the culture medium inhibited the process of dissimilation sulfate dose dependently. Treatment with salicylamides led to the bacterial growth inhibition which correlated with the level of inhibition of sulfate reduction. The data on relative survival of D. piger Vib-7 cells and cytotoxicity of salicylamides are consistent to our research in previous series of the biomass accumulation experiments. CONCLUSIONS: A significant cytotoxic activity under the influence of salicylamides was determined. These results are consistent with a data on bacterial growth and inhibition process of dissimilation sulfate. The strongest cytotoxic effect of the derivatives was observed in compounds of 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide and 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-(4-nitrophenyl)benzamide which showed low survival and high toxicity rates.
Střevní mikroflóra je tvořena mnoha různými druhy bakterií. Za nejprospěšnější se pokládají rody Lactobacillus a Bifidobacterium. Tyto rody jsou často obsaženy v probiotických preparátech a jsou nejčastěji ovlivňována prebiotiky. Užívání probiotik a prebiotik se projevuje ovlivněním rovnováhy střevní mikroflóry a posílením její funkce.
Intestinal microflora is represented by different kinds of bacteteries. The most beneficial are strains of bacterial genera Lactobacillus and tiimoDaaenum. These strains are components of probiotics and they are influenced by prebiotics. Usage of probiotics and prebiotics manifest changes in ballance of gut microflora and its build up functions of gut microflora.
Bifidobacteria (246 strains in total) were isolated from rectal samples of infants and adult humans and animals, and from intestinal samples of calves. Twenty-five strains grew well on mucin: 20 from infants, two from adults, and three from goatlings. Poor or no growth on mucin was observed in 156 bifidobacterial strains of animal origin. The difference between human and animal isolates in ability to grow on mucin was significant at p < 0.001. Nine human strains with the best growth on mucin were identified as Bifidobacterium bifidum. These strains produced extracellular, membrane-bound, and intracellular mucinases with activities of 0.11, 0.53, and 0.09 μmol/min of reducing sugars per milligram of protein, respectively. Membrane-bound mucinases were active between pH 5 and 10. The optimum pH of extracellular mucinases was 6-7. Fermentation patterns in cultures grown on mucin and glucose differed. On mucin, the acetate-to-lactate ratio was higher than in cultures grown on glucose (p = 0.012). We showed that the bifidobacteria belong to the mucin-fermenting bacteria in humans, but their significance in mucin degradation in animals seems to be limited.
- MeSH
- Bifidobacterium enzymologie genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fermentace MeSH
- glukosa metabolismus MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- kozy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- muciny metabolismus MeSH
- polysacharid-lyasy chemie metabolismus MeSH
- skot MeSH
- stabilita enzymů MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- tlusté střevo mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Antibiotická politika hraje důležitou roli v udržení účinnosti antibiotik. Na vzniku rezistence se podílí velikost spotřeby antibiotik, ale také kvalita výběru antibiotik z hlediska jejich vlastností, farmakokinetiky a farmakodynamiky. Strategie ATB léčby se tedy týká správné indikace, dávkování a délky léčby. Protože nejvyšší spotřeba antibiotik je u respiračních infekcí, je zde také nejvíce nesprávných indikací.
Antibiotic policy plays an important role in maintaining antibiotic efficacy. The amount of antibiotics consumed as well as the quality of choice of antibiotics concerning their properties, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, contribute to developing resistance. Thus, the strategy of antibiotic therapy involves correct indication, dosage, and duration of treatment. As the largest amounts of antibiotics are consumed with respiratory infections, the majority of incorrect indications occur with them.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky MeSH
- antibiotická rezistence MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- medikační omyly MeSH
- tlusté střevo mikrobiologie účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- eseje MeSH
- MeSH
- aerobní bakterie * klasifikace MeSH
- anaerobní bakterie * klasifikace MeSH
- bakteriální infekce a mykózy MeSH
- ezofágus mikrobiologie MeSH
- fyziologie bakterií MeSH
- Helicobacter pylori * patogenita MeSH
- infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli * epidemiologie etiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- infekce vyvolané Helicobacter pylori * epidemiologie etiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- kolorektální nádory mikrobiologie MeSH
- léčivé přípravky metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci trávicího systému * mikrobiologie MeSH
- syndromy imunologické nedostatečnosti MeSH
- tenké střevo mikrobiologie MeSH
- tlusté střevo fyziologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- trávicí systém * mikrobiologie MeSH
- žaludek mikrobiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
