"MH CZ - DRO (MMCI, 00209805)"
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BACKGROUND: The ATM kinase constitutes a master regulatory hub of DNA damage and activates the p53 response pathway by phosphorylating the MDM2 protein, which develops an affinity for the p53 mRNA secondary structure. Disruption of this interaction prevents the activation of the nascent p53. The link of the MDM2 protein-p53 mRNA interaction with the upstream DNA damage sensor ATM kinase and the role of the p53 mRNA in the DNA damage sensing mechanism, are still highly anticipated. METHODS: The proximity ligation assay (PLA) has been extensively used to reveal the sub-cellular localisation of the protein-mRNA and protein-protein interactions. ELISA and co-immunoprecipitation confirmed the interactions in vitro and in cells. RESULTS: This study provides a novel mechanism whereby the p53 mRNA interacts with the ATM kinase enzyme and shows that the L22L synonymous mutant, known to alter the secondary structure of the p53 mRNA, prevents the interaction. The relevant mechanistic roles in the DNA Damage Sensing pathway, which is linked to downstream DNA damage response, are explored. Following DNA damage (double-stranded DNA breaks activating ATM), activated MDMX protein competes the ATM-p53 mRNA interaction and prevents the association of the p53 mRNA with NBS1 (MRN complex). These data also reveal the binding domains and the phosphorylation events on ATM that regulate the interaction and the trafficking of the complex to the cytoplasm. CONCLUSION: The presented model shows a novel interaction of ATM with the p53 mRNA and describes the link between DNA Damage Sensing with the downstream p53 activation pathways; supporting the rising functional implications of synonymous mutations altering secondary mRNA structures.
Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease. Its intrinsic subtype classification for diagnosis and choice of therapy traditionally relies on the presence of characteristic receptors. Unfortunately, this classification is often not sufficient for precise prediction of disease prognosis and treatment efficacy. The N-glycan profiles of 145 tumors and 10 healthy breast tissues were determined using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. The tumor samples were classified into Mucinous, Lobular, No-Special-Type, Human Epidermal Growth Factor 2 + , and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer subtypes. Statistical analysis was conducted using the reproducibility-optimized test statistic software package in R, and the Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction. In total, 92 N-glycans were detected and quantified, with 59 consistently observed in over half of the samples. Significant variations in N-glycan signals were found among subtypes. Mucinous tumor samples exhibited the most distinct changes, with 28 significantly altered N-glycan signals. Increased levels of tri- and tetra-antennary N-glycans were notably present in this subtype. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer showed more N-glycans with additional mannose units, a factor associated with cancer progression. Individual N-glycans differentiated Human Epidermal Growth Factor 2 + , No-Special-Type, and Lobular cancers, whereas lower fucosylation and branching levels were found in N-glycans significantly increased in Luminal subtypes (Lobular and No-Special-Type tumors). Clinically normal breast tissues featured a higher abundance of signals corresponding to N-glycans with bisecting moiety. This research confirms that histologically distinct breast cancer subtypes have a quantitatively unique set of N-glycans linked to clinical parameters like tumor size, proliferative rate, lymphovascular invasion, and metastases to lymph nodes. The presented results provide novel information that N-glycan profiling could accurately classify human breast cancer samples, offer stratification of patients, and ongoing disease monitoring.
This prospective randomized open-label trial aimed to evaluate the role of acupuncture in the treatment of pain related to curative and adjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy of head and neck cancer. Patients in two arms (30 patients in each arm) underwent standard oncology therapy and standard supportive care with or without acupuncture. The stratification factors were the type of treatment and chemotherapy indication. The toxicity assessed was represented by pain rated on a 10-point pain scale and analgesic use. Average pain (AP) and the worst pain during the day (WP) were significantly lower in the acupuncture arm during radiotherapy (AP median 0.16 vs. 1.36, p < 0.001; WP median 0.90 vs. 1.96, p < 0.001) and three months after radiotherapy (AP median 0.07 vs. 0.50, p < 0.001; WP median 0.30 vs. 0.83, p = 0.002). The analgesic consumption between arms was statistically significantly different. A median of the proportion of days when the patients used analgesics was 8% and 32.5% during radiotherapy (p = 0.047) and 0% and 20.8% during three months after radiotherapy (p = 0.006) for the acupuncture and control arm, respectively. Results point out lower analgesic consumption and milder pain in acupuncture arm. Acupuncture consequently offers another alternative to standard treatment leading to a reduction in the toxicity of oncological treatment.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The tumor suppressor protein p53 orchestrates cellular responses to a vast number of stresses, with DNA damage and oncogenic activation being some of the best described. The capacity of p53 to control cellular events such as cell cycle progression, DNA repair, and apoptosis, to mention some, has been mostly linked to its role as a transcription factor. However, how p53 integrates different signaling cascades to promote a particular pathway remains an open question. One way to broaden its capacity to respond to different stimuli is by the expression of isoforms that can modulate the activities of the full-length protein. One of these isoforms is p47 (p53/47, Δ40p53, p53ΔN40), an alternative translation initiation variant whose expression is specifically induced by the PERK kinase during the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) following Endoplasmic Reticulum stress. Despite the increasing knowledge on the p53 pathway, its activity when the translation machinery is globally suppressed during the UPR remains poorly understood. Here, we focus on the expression of p47 and we propose that the alternative initiation of p53 mRNA translation offers a unique condition-dependent mechanism to differentiate p53 activity to control cell homeostasis during the UPR. We also discuss how the manipulation of these processes may influence cancer cell physiology in light of therapeutic approaches.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Tento článok je zameraný na génovú terapiu, špeciálne na adenovírusové vektory a ich vzťah k imunitnej odpovedi. Adenovírusové vektory patria k najviac využívaným nosičom genetického materiálu pri génovej terapii, štúdiu expresie génov či imunoterapii. Dôležitou otázkou pri in vivo používaní je ich vplyv na organizmus. Štúdium ich imunomodulačných vlastností je preto veľmi významná oblasť výskumu, vďaka ktorej je možné adenovírusové vektory progresívne upravovať a tak zefektívniť ich potenciál pre využitie v praxi.
This review is focused on gene therapy, especially adenovirus vectors and their relationship with the immune system response. Adenovirus vectors belong to the most used gene delivery vehicles in gene therapy, study of gene expression or immunotherapy. One of the most important questions concerning their use is their influence on organism in vivo. Study of immunomodulating properties of the adenovirus vectors opens a way for further manipulation and their more effective practical use. Key words: gene therapy – adenoviridae – immune system This study was supported by the European Regional Development Fund and the State Budget of the Czech Republic (RECAMO, CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0101), by the project MEYS – NPS I – LO1413 and by (MH CZ – DRO (MMCI, 00209805). The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers. Submitted: 2. 4. 2015 Accepted: 20. 7. 2015
- MeSH
- Adenoviridae MeSH
- genetická terapie * MeSH
- genetické vektory * terapeutické užití MeSH
- imunitní systém - jevy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory * terapie MeSH
- technika přenosu genů MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
PCR metoda se velmi krátce od svého objevení stala rutinní metodou molekulárně biologických výzkumných laboratoří a nepostradatelným nástrojem diagnostické medicíny. Za dobu svého využívání byla rozvinuta do řady variant, které specificky reagují na potřeby výzkumu a diagnostiky co do použitého vstupního materiálu a jeho množství, podmínek reakce a nově vyvinutých technologií. Předložená práce stručně shrnuje jednotlivé PCR přístupy s důrazem na jejich využití v onkologickém výzkumu a praxi.
Since its discovery, PCR has become a conventional method of molecular biology research laboratories and an indispensable tool in diagnostic medicine. Multiple variants of the PCR technique were developed, which enable the analysis of different biological materials at different amounts and reaction conditions. This article briefly summarizes the PCR approaches and points out their applications in oncological research and practice. Key words: polymerase chain reaction (PCR) – real‑time PCR – digital PCR – clinical oncology This work was supported by the European Regional Development Fund and the State Budget of the Czech Republic (RECAMO, CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0101), BBMRI_CZ (LM2010004), GACR 13-00956S and by MH CZ – DRO (MMCI, 00209805). The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers. Submitted: 10. 2. 2014 Accepted: 1. 4. 2014
- Klíčová slova
- digitální PCR,
- MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce * metody MeSH
- lékařská onkologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace genetika MeSH
- nádory * diagnóza genetika MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce * dějiny metody trendy MeSH
- polymorfismus genetický genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Technologie sekvenování DNA nové generace mají v současné době nezastupitelné místo ve výzkumu a postupně nacházejí cestu i do oblasti klinické praxe. Sekvenační přístroje produkují velké množství dat, jejichž analýza metodami bioinformatiky je nezbytná k získání relevantních výsledků. Sekvenování se tak bez pokročilého výpočetního zpracování specializovanými algoritmy naprosto neobejde. V tomto přehledu jsou představeny základní koncepty výpočetního zpracování sekvenačních dat s přihlédnutím ke specifickým aspektům oblasti onkologie. Rovněž jsou uvedeny nejčastější problémy a překážky komplikující zpracování a biologickou interpretaci výsledků.
Next-generation sequencing technologies are currently well‑established in the research field and progressively find their way towards clinical applications. Sequencers produce vast amounts of data and therefore bioinformatics methods are needed for processing. Without computational methods, sequencing would not be able to produce relevant biological information. In this review, we introduce the basics of common NGS‑related bioinformatics methods used in oncological research. We also state some of the common problems complicating data processing and interpretation of the results. Key words: bioinformatics – high‑throughput nucleotide sequencing – mutations – cancer research – clinical application This study was supported by the European Regional Development Fund and the State Budget of the Czech Republic (RECAMO, CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0101), by the project MEYS – NPS I – LO1413, MH CZ – DRO (MMCI, 00209805) and BBMRI_CZ (LM2010004). The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers. Submitted: 21. 4. 2015 Accepted: 26. 6. 2015
- Klíčová slova
- technologie masivně paralelního sekvenování, referenční genom,
- MeSH
- genom MeSH
- interpretace statistických dat MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory genetika MeSH
- výpočetní biologie * MeSH
- vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování * metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Fosforylácia proteínov má kľúčovú úlohu v regulácii bunkových signálnych dráh. Je zahrnutá vo väčšine bunkových dejov, v ktorých súhra medzi kinázami a fosfatázami prísne kontroluje bunkové deje ako napr. proliferáciu, diferenciáciu a apoptózu. Chybné alebo pozmenené signálne dráhy sa mnohokrát podieľajú na vzniku rôznych chorôb, čo iba zdôrazňuje dôležitosť štúdia fosfoproteómu. Abundancia fosfoproteínov je v proteóme často veľmi nízka a na ich analýzu sú potrebné vysoko citlivé a špecifické prístupy. Metódami kvantitatívnej proteomiky je možné analyzovať zmeny v abundancii jednotlivých proteínov a ich posttranslačných modifikáciách a následne i v signálnych dráhach buniek. V tomto článku sa venujeme kvantitatívno‑proteomickým metódam, ktoré je možné použiť pri štúdiu fosfoproteínov a ich zapojení do signálnych dráh.
Protein phosphorylation is a key regulator in cellular signaling pathways. It is involved in most cellular events in which interplay between phosphatases and kinases strictly controls biological processes, such as differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Altered or defective signaling pathways often result in various diseases, emphasizing the importance of studying the phosphoproteome. The abundance of phosphoproteins in the proteome is often very low, which requires specific and highly sensitive approaches. By using quantitative proteomics methods, we are able to analyze changes in abundance of proteins and their posttranslational modifications and then changes in signaling pathways. In this review, we describe quantitative proteomics methods, which could be used for study of phosphoproteins and their connection in signaling pathways. Key words: proteomics – phosphoproteins – signaling pathways This work was supported by the European Regional Development Fund and the State Budget of the Czech Republic (RECAMO, CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0101) and by MH CZ – DRO (MMCI, 00209805). The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers. Submitted: 30. 1. 2014 Accepted:14. 4. 2014
- MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- fosfopeptidy * analýza MeSH
- fosfoproteiny * analýza MeSH
- fosforylace MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie * MeSH
- izotopové značení MeSH
- metody pro přípravu analytických vzorků MeSH
- proteomika * metody MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Vývoj rekombinantních terapeutických protilátek je v poslední době jednou z nejrychleji se rozvíjejících disciplín aplikovaného biomedicínského výzkumu. Rekombinantní monoklonální protilátky nalézají stále větší uplatnění v biologické terapii řady závažných lidských chorob a jsou v současné době nenahraditelnou součástí komplexní protinádorové terapie. Terapeutické protilátky využívané v klinické praxi prošly značným vývojem. Z prvních protilátek produkovaných v myších, které jako vedlejší účinek indukovaly silnou imunitní odpověď, byly metodami rekombinantní DNA a genové manipulace vyvinuty plně lidské protilátky s výrazně omezenými vedlejšími účinky a zároveň se zvýšenou specifitou a efektivitou. V této práci jsou shrnuty základní poznatky o terapeutických monoklonálních protilátkách, jejich historický vývoj a přehled metodických přístupů vedoucích k vývoji účinnějších, ale také bezpečnějších protilátek.
Development of recombinant therapeutic antibodies is recently one of the fastest growing disciplines of applied biomedical research. Recombinant monoclonal antibodies are increasingly applied in biological therapy of many serious human diseases and are currently an irreplaceable part of a comprehensive cancer therapy. First mouse therapeutic antibodies had only limited applicability due to the strong immune response; however, technological advances enabled engineering of antibodies with increased specificity and efficacy, and on the other hand with reduced adverse effects due to lower antigenicity. This review provides a summary of knowledge about recombinant therapeutic antibodies, their mechanism of action and approaches how to improve their efficacy. Key words: antineoplastic agents – immunoglobulins – humanized monoclonal antibodies – therapeutic antibodies – recombinant antibodies This study was supported by the European Regional Development Fund and the State Budget of the Czech Republic (RECAMO, CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0101), MEYS – NPS I – LO1413 and MH CZ – DRO (MMCI, 00209805). The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers. Submitted: 20. 4. 2015 Accepted: 26. 6. 2015
- Klíčová slova
- terapeutické protilátky, protinádorová léčiva,
- MeSH
- farmaceutická chemie * MeSH
- humanizované monoklonální protilátky * chemie MeSH
- imunoglobuliny genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky dějiny chemie MeSH
- nádory farmakoterapie MeSH
- protilátky genetika MeSH
- protinádorové látky * MeSH
- rekombinantní DNA MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Rychlý rozvoj hmotnostní spektrometrie spolu s proteomickými přístupy umožňuje detailnější studium biologických systémů. Prvotní problémy hmotnostně spektrometrických analýz biologických makromolekulárních látek byly úspěšně překonány a dnes se běžně tato analytická metoda používá pro identifikaci, kvantifikaci a charakterizaci proteinů. Cílem článku je podat přehled o možnostech analýzy proteinů s využitím hmotnostní spektrometrie. Popisujeme různé typy ionizace a výběr analyzátorů pro hmotnostně spektrometrické měření proteinů, rovněž i on‑line či off‑line spojení analýzy se separačními technikami, jako je kapalinová chromatografie a elektroforéza. Zmiňujeme se i o přípravě proteinů a způsobech analýzy biologických makromolekulárních látek pomocí hmotnostních spektrometrů. Dále jsou uvedeny možnosti hmotnostně spektrometrických analýz vzorků a zpracování naměřených dat.
Recently, mass spectrometry has become a powerful tool in cancer research. Mass spectrometry represents the method that allows identification, quantification and characterization of proteins in biological samples. Nowadays, it is mainly used for biomarker discovery that can enable early detection of cancer. This article is focused on protein analysis by mass spectrometry. At first, mass spectrometry and its importance in proteomics are described. Subsequently ionization type and mass analyzers are discussed. This relates to the possibility of on‑line or off‑line analysis connection with separation techniques, such as liquid chromatography and electrophoresis. Different approaches for preparing proteins and methods of analysis of biomolecules using mass spectrometers are described. In addition, the possibility of mass spectrometric analyses of samples and data processing are discussed. Key words: mass spectrometry – liquid chromatography – electrophoresis – proteomics This work was supported by the European Regional Development Fund and the State Budget of the Czech Republic (RECAMO, CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0101) and by MH CZ – DRO (MMCI, 00209805). The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers. Submitted: 31. 1. 2014 Accepted: 25. 3. 2014