new approach to the segmentation of 3D CT images is proposed in an attempt to provide texture-based segmentation of organs or disease diagnosis. 3D extension of Haralick texture features was studied calculating co-occurrences of all voxels in a small cubic region around the voxel. RESULTS: For verification, the proposed method was tested on a set of abdominal 3D volumes of patients. Statistically, the improvement in segmentation was significant for most of the organs considered herein. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method has potential application in medical image segmentation, including diagnosis of diseases.

• MeSH
• Algorithms MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Tomography, X-Ray Computed methods   MeSH
• Radiography, Abdominal methods   MeSH
• Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted methods   MeSH
• Reproducibility of Results MeSH
• Pattern Recognition, Automated methods   MeSH
• Sensitivity and Specificity MeSH
• Artificial Intelligence MeSH
• Radiographic Image Enhancement methods   MeSH
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Počítačové 3D modely anatomie člověka jsou podkladem řady výukových materiálů a aplikací. Příspěvek uvede příklad konstrukce realistického 3D modelu vybraných částí anatomie z volně dostupných dat získaných z databáze BodyParts3D. Tato data opatřena texturou a případně upravena slouží jako podklad pro webovou aplikaci projektu "Simulátor Virtuálního Pacienta", který v anatomickém kontextu slouží pro výuku vy-braných fyziologických regulací.

• MeSH
• Models, Anatomic * MeSH
• Anatomy education   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Computer-Assisted Instruction MeSH
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

We propose a new approach to diagnostic evaluation of screening mammograms based on local statistical texture models. The local evaluation tool has the form of a multivariate probability density of gray levels in a suitably chosen search window. First, the density function in the form of Gaussian mixture is estimated from data obtained by scanning of the mammogram with the search window. Then we evaluate the estimated mixture at each position and display the corresponding log-likelihood value as a gray level at the window center. The resulting log-likelihood image closely correlates with the structural details of the original mammogram and emphasizes unusual places. We assume that, in parallel use, the log-likelihood image may provide additional information to facilitate the identification of malignant lesions as atypical locations of high novelty.

• MeSH
• Algorithms MeSH
• Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted methods   MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mammography MeSH
• Multivariate Analysis MeSH
• Breast Neoplasms diagnosis   prevention & control   MeSH
• Normal Distribution MeSH
• Image Processing, Computer-Assisted methods   MeSH
• Models, Statistical MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH

Recent advances in unmanned aerial technology have substantially lowered the cost associated with aerial imagery. As a result, forensic practitioners are today presented with easy low-cost access to aerial photographs at remote locations. The present paper aims to explore boundaries in which the low-end drone technology can operate as professional crime scene equipment, and to test the prospects of aerial 3D modeling in the forensic context. The study was based on recent forensic cases of falls from height admitted for postmortem examinations. Three mock outdoor forensic scenes featuring a dummy, skeletal remains and artificial blood were constructed at an abandoned quarry and subsequently documented using a commercial DJI Phantom 2 drone equipped with a GoPro HERO 4 digital camera. In two of the experiments, the purpose was to conduct aerial and ground-view photography and to process the acquired images with a photogrammetry protocol (using Agisoft PhotoScan® 1.2.6) in order to generate 3D textured models. The third experiment tested the employment of drone-based video recordings in mapping scattered body parts. The results show that drone-based aerial photography is capable of producing high-quality images, which are appropriate for building accurate large-scale 3D models of a forensic scene. If, however, high-resolution top-down three-dimensional scene documentation featuring details on a corpse or other physical evidence is required, we recommend building a multi-resolution model by processing aerial and ground-view imagery separately. The video survey showed that using an overview recording for seeking out scattered body parts was efficient. In contrast, the less easy-to-spot evidence, such as bloodstains, was detected only after having been marked properly with crime scene equipment.

• MeSH
• Video Recording instrumentation   MeSH
• Photography instrumentation   MeSH
• Photogrammetry MeSH
• Blood Stains MeSH
• Aircraft * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Computer Simulation MeSH
• Forensic Sciences instrumentation   MeSH
• Remote Sensing Technology * MeSH
• Body Remains MeSH
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

• Keywords
• informační technologie,
• MeSH
• Computer Graphics MeSH

• Conspectus
• Speciální počítačové metody. Počítačová grafika

This paper aims to address the segmentation and classification of lytic and sclerotic metastatic lesions that are difficult to define by using spinal 3D Computed Tomography (CT) images obtained from highly pathologically affected cases. As the lesions are ill-defined and consequently it is difficult to find relevant image features that would enable detection and classification of lesions by classical methods of texture and shape analysis, the problem is solved by automatic feature extraction provided by a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Our main contributions are: (i) individual CNN architecture, and pre-processing steps that are dependent on a patient data and a scan protocol - it enables work with different types of CT scans; (ii) medial axis transform (MAT) post-processing for shape simplification of segmented lesion candidates with Random Forest (RF) based meta-analysis; and (iii) usability of the proposed method on whole-spine CTs (cervical, thoracic, lumbar), which is not treated in other published methods (they work with thoracolumbar segments of spine only). Our proposed method has been tested on our own dataset annotated by two mutually independent radiologists and has been compared to other published methods. This work is part of the ongoing complex project dealing with spine analysis and spine lesion longitudinal studies.

• MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Spinal Neoplasms diagnostic imaging   secondary   MeSH
• Neural Networks, Computer * MeSH
• Tomography, X-Ray Computed * MeSH
• Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted methods   MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

• MeSH
• Anatomy, Regional methods   trends   MeSH
• Artifacts MeSH
• Diagnostic Imaging methods   trends   utilization   MeSH
• Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH
• Ultrasonography * methods   trends   utilization   MeSH
• Image Enhancement MeSH
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional * methods   utilization   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

A lot of insect families have physical structures created by evolution for coloration. These structures are a source of ideas for new bio-inspired materials. The aim of this study was to quantitatively characterize the micromorphology of butterfly wings scales using atomic force microscopy and multifractal analysis. Two types of butterflies, Euploea mulciber ("striped blue crow") and Morpho didius ("giant blue morpho"), were studied. The three-dimensional (3D) surface texture of the butterfly wings scales was investigated focusing on two areas: where the perceived colors strongly depend on and where they do not depend on the viewing angle. The results highlight a correlation between the surface coloration and 3D surface microtexture of butterfly wings scales.

• MeSH
• Models, Biological MeSH
• Fractals MeSH
• Wings, Animal ultrastructure   MeSH
• Mathematical Concepts MeSH
• Microscopy, Atomic Force MeSH
• Butterflies ultrastructure   MeSH
• Nanostructures ultrastructure   MeSH
• Pigmentation MeSH
• Surface Properties MeSH
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Animal Scales ultrastructure   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Creating digital replicas of unique biological findings or archeological artifacts has become a desirable task, which enables to spare original integrity and enhance accessibility of valuable objects to a wide range of experts as well as public. In recent years, specialized scanning devices have been challenged by performance of photogrammetry software tools capable of processing unstructured image sets and providing three-dimensional digital models in return. Simplicity, portability and affordability predetermine photogrammetry to be the method of choice if three-dimensional documentation is to be conducted at remote facilities and outdoor locations. The present paper tests technical limitations of two 3D documentation techniques – close range photogrammetry carried out in Agisoft PhotoScan software and laser scanning conducted with MicroScribe/MicroScan scanning unit while documenting pelvic bones and sacra from the Upper Paleolithic triple burial of Dolní Věstonice, Czech Republic. For photogrammetry, two different approaches to generate closed textured 3D models were confronted – alignment of partial polygonal meshes and joint processing of multiple image sets. Our results showed that photogrammetry provided high-resolution 3D models appended by photorealistic texture. In terms of depicted details, the photogrammetry-generated models were comparable to those of laser scanning. However, the robust performance of the employed algorithm was achieved at the expense of extensive time and labor demands, which for many experts may be difficult to justify. In conclusion, photogrammetry should be considered a suitable substitute for surface scanners only if conducted for occasional and/or out-of-lab documentation tasks.

• MeSH
• Photogrammetry * methods   instrumentation   MeSH
• Lasers MeSH
• Pelvic Bones MeSH
• Body Remains MeSH
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional methods   instrumentation   MeSH
• Publication type
• Comparative Study MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

The virtual approach in physical and forensic anthropology is increasingly used to further analyze human remains, but also to propose new didactic means for visualization and dissemination of scientific results. Computerized facial approximation (FA) offers an alternative to manual methods, but usually requires a complete facial skeleton to allow for the estimation of the facial appearance of an individual. This paper presents the case of Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer born during the XVIth century, whose remains were reanalyzed at the occasion of a short exhumation in 2010. Cranial remains of Brahe were poorly preserved, with only a partial facial skeleton, and virtual anthropology tools were used to estimate the missing parts of his skull. This 3D restoration was followed by a FA using TIVMI-AFA3D, subsequently textured with graphic tools. The result provided an interesting estimate that was compared with portraits of the astronomer. The impact of the missing data estimation was investigated by performing FAs on 10 complete test subjects and the same 10 subjects after cropping and estimating 50% of the landmarks (reproducing the preservation state of Tycho Brahe's cranial remains). The comparison between the FA based on the complete and incomplete skulls of the same subject produced a visual assessment of the estimation impact on FAs which is relatively low. This procedure is an alternative to manual methods and offers a reproducible estimate of a face based on incomplete cranial remains. Although the case report concerns a historical individual, the robust automatic estimation of missing landmarks followed by a FA has value for forensic caseworks as a support to the identification process.

• MeSH
• Anatomic Landmarks MeSH
• History, 16th Century MeSH
• History, 17th Century MeSH
• Skull anatomy & histology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Face anatomy & histology   MeSH
• Image Processing, Computer-Assisted * MeSH
• Software * MeSH
• Forensic Anthropology methods   MeSH
• Famous Persons MeSH
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional MeSH
• Check Tag
• History, 16th Century MeSH
• History, 17th Century MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Historical Article MeSH