AXIN2 Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
AXIN2 gene plays a crucial role in morphogenesis of craniofacial area and is essential for tooth development. AXIN2 gene is one of the most studied genes associated with tooth agenesis, the most common defect of dentition in humans. Polymorphic variants in AXIN2 gene are discussed in relation to the occurrence of the tooth agenesis but also as an indication of the risk of cancer. Mutations in AXIN2 gene were found in patients with colorectal or hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, ovarium or lung cancer. These findings support the hypothesis that missing teeth may be a significant marker for predisposition for cancer.
- MeSH
- cytoskeletální proteiny genetika MeSH
- DNA vazebné proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- fosfoproteiny genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- protoonkogenní proteiny fyziologie MeSH
- transkripční faktory metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
Předmět sdělení: Ageneze zubu je nejčastější vývojovou poruchou dentice, kterou podle databáze Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) nacházíme přibližně u 20 % populace. Přestože se jedná o tak běžnou anomálii, její etiologie zatím není zcela objasněna. Vznik ageneze je ve většině případů podmíněn genetickou poruchou, pouze malé procento agenezí je zapříčiněno vlivem zevního prostředí. Mohou se uplatnit somatická onemocnění, jako rubeola, syfilis, spála, rachitis nebo nutriční poškození plodu během těhotenství a dětství. Chybění zubů může způsobit také ozařování kraniální oblasti v období raného vývoje organismu, poškození mateřského organismu ozářením, chemickými látkami a léky (thalidomid, cytostatika). Z místních příčin jsou nejčastější různé druhy traumat, dále nádory a osteomyelitis. Hypodoncie se může objevit jako izolovaná vývojová vada (nesyndromická hypodoncie) nebo jako symptom komplexních syndromů (syndromická hypodoncie). Dosud popsanými příčinami nesyndromické hypodoncie uvedenými v databázi OMIM jsou mutace v genech MSX1 (muscle segment homeobox gene 1), PAX9 (paired box gene 9), AXIN2 (axis inhibition protein 2), EDA (ectodysplasin A), WNT10A (Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 10A) a LTBP3 (latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 3). Publikovány byly také případy, kdy byla ageneze podmíněna mutacemi v genech EDARADD (EDAR-associated death domain), NEMO (nuclear factor-kappaB essential modulator), KRT17 (keratin 17) a TGFA (transforming growth factor-alfa). Jednotlivé geny se liší jak z hlediska počtu identifikovaných mutací, tak z hlediska počtu dokumentovaných pacientů. Tyto mutace vysvětlují vznik poruchy jen u části postižených jedinců, u většiny nebyly identifikovány žádné defekty v těchto genech. Cestou pro selekci dalších genů, které zodpovídají za nesyndromické formy hypodoncie, může být identifikace genů, které zapříčiňují vznik syndromů, mezi jejichž symptomy patří hypodoncie.
Background: Tooth agenesis represents the most common anomaly of dental development, which according to Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database, affects approximately 20% of the population. Although the anomaly is so common, the ethiology is still undisclosed. In most cases the agenesis is caused by genetic disorder, only a few develop due to external factors. Some of the external factors are rubeolla, syphilis, vitamin D deficiency or nutritional damage during pregnancy and early childhood. Other harmful factors are radiation therapy in orofacial area in early stages of the development of the patient, harms the mother caused by radiation, chemical substances or drugs (e.g. thalidomide, cytostatics). Local factors include various types of injuries, tumors and osteomyelitis. Hypodontia can occur as an isolated condition (non-syndromic hypodontia) or can be associated with a systemic condition or syndrome (syndromic hypodontia). Despite the fact that, tooth agenesis is so common, little is known about the genetic defects responsible for this complex condition. To date, the genes associated with the non-syndromic form of tooth agenesis, listed in OMIM, are MSX1 (muscle segment homeobox gene 1), PAX9 (paired box gene 9), AXIN2 (axis inhibition protein 2), EDA (ectodysplasin A), WNT10A (Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 10A) and LTBP3 (latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 3). Cases with selective tooth agenesis caused by mutation in genes EDARADD (EDAR-associated death domain), NEMO (nuclear factor-kappaB essential modulator), KRT17 (keratin 17) and TGFA (transforming growth factor-alfa), were also published. All these genes vary both in terms of number of identified mutations and in terms of number of documented patients. These mutations explain the formation of tooth agenesis in only a part of affected individuals. Most patients have no defects in these genes. To select other genes, that are responsible for non-syndromic forms of hypodontia, the identification of genes that cause syndroms with symptoms of hypodontia, seems as reasonable direction of further research.
- Klíčová slova
- hypodoncie, TGFA, KRT17, NEMO, EDARADD, LTBP3, WNT10A, EDA, AXIN2, PAX9, MSX1,
- MeSH
- anodoncie * etiologie genetika MeSH
- axin protein genetika MeSH
- ektodysplasiny genetika MeSH
- kinasa I-kappa B genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace * MeSH
- odontogeneze genetika MeSH
- protein Edaradd genetika MeSH
- proteiny vázající latentní TGF-beta genetika MeSH
- proteiny Wnt genetika MeSH
- transkripční faktor MSX1 genetika MeSH
- transkripční faktor PAX9 genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Hypodoncie je nejčastější dědičnou poruchou dentice v lidské populaci. Počet zubů je snížen u pacientů s Riegerovým syndromem, anliidrotickou ektodermáiní dyspiazií a Witkopovým syndromem. Tyto syndromy jsou spojeny s defekty v klíčových regulačních genech (Pitx, Eda nebo Msx1), které zprostředkovávají molekulární dráhy řídici epitelio-mezenchymální signalizace. Kromě syndromických forem se hypodoncie vyskytuje také jako izolované dědičné onemocnění. S izolovanými formami hypodoncie byly dosud spojovány pouze mutace ve třech genech (Pax9, Msxi, Axin2) a ve většině případů zůstává molekulární podstata hypodoncie neznámá. Identifikace dalších genů mutovaných u pacientů s hypodonciíje velkou výzvou pro současný výzkum.
Hypodontia is the most prevalent hereditary dental disorder in the human population. Tooth number is reduced in patients with Rieger syndrome, anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia or Witkop tooth-and-nail syndrome. These syndromes result from defects in key regulatory genes (Pitx2, Eda or Msx1) mediating common molecular pathways controlling epithelio-mesenchymal signalling. Additionally to syndromic forms, hypodontia often occurs as an isolated hereditary disorder. However, mutations in only three genes (Pax9, Msx1, Axin2) have been associated with isolated forms of hypodontia until now, and the molecular basis of hypodontia is in the majority of cases not known. Identification of other genes mutated in patients with hypodontia is a great challenge for current research.
Závěrečná zpráva o řešení grantu Interní grantové agentury MZ ČR
1 svazek : ilustrace ; 30 cm
The project is focused on: 1) Creation of a hypodontic patients collection diagnosed by RTG, CT and clinical examination; 2) Screening of samples for known mutations in PAX9, MSX1 and AXIN2 by capillary sequencing – prevalence analysis; 3) Analysis of cells and tissues after tooth autotransplantations (molecular and cellular analysis of the tissue complex tooth - bone - periodontal apparatus).
Předmět a metodika řešení projektu jsou následující: 1) Vytvoření souborů pacientů s hypodoncií detekovanou na základě RTG resp. CT vyšetření; 2) screening vzorků na mutace v genech PAX9, MSX1, AXIN2 a dalších relevantních genů metodou kapilárního sekvenování – analýza prevalence mutací; 3) analýza tkání po autotransplantacích (molekulární a buněčná analýza komplexu zub-kost-periodont).
Agenezízubů rozumíme vrozený stav, kdy v dentici chybí jeden nebo více zubů. Tato porucha může mít celou řadu příčin - od působení lokálních změn v období zakládání zubních zárodků až po vliv především genetických faktorů. Polymorfizmus v genu, který kóduje protein zapojený do odontogeneze, může mít za následek poruchu jeho funkce, což může vývoj zubu negativně ovlivnit a v konečném důsledku úplně zastavit. Mezi nejvíce studovaně geny spojené se vznikem zubních agenezí patří geny pro PAX9, MSX1, AXIN2, WNTlOa a EDA. Cílem této studie bylo najít možný vztah mezi polymorřizmy v genu pro PAX9 a agenezí zubů na vzorku české populace. Analýza spočívala v DNA sekvenaci vybraných oblastí genu pro PAX9 a v následném porovnání výsledných sekvencí s referenční sekvencí z intemetové databáze GenBank (NCBI). z výsledků námi provedené studie na české populaci se jeví jako nejvýznamnější inzerce 99-101insC (rs138135767, rsl 1373281) se současnou záměnou 272C>G (rs4904155; heterozygotní i homozygotní) v exonu 1 a varianty -54A>G (rsl 2882923), -41 A>G (rsl 2883049) a 605C>T (Gly203Gly, rs61754301) v exonu 3, které budou dále studovány proye//ch možný vliv na ageneze zubů v české populaci.
Under the term tooth agenesis we understand congenital absence of one or more teeth in the dentition. This disorder can have a variety of causes - from the influence of local causes during the formation of tooth germs primarily to the influence of genetic factors. Polymorphism in a gene, that encodes a protein involved in odontogenesis, may cause its malfunction, which may adversely affect the tooth development and eventually stop it completely. Among the most studied genes associated with the dental agenesis belong PAX9, MSX1, AXIN2, WNTlOa and EDA genes. The aim of this study was to examine the possible relationship between the PAX9 gene polymorphisms and tooth agenesis in Czech population. The analysis was based on DNA sequencing of selected regions of the PAX9 gene and consequent comparison of obtained sequences with the reference sequence from GenBank online database (NCBI). The most important results of our study on Czech population seem to be insertion 99-101insC (rs138135767, rs11373281) with simultaneous substitution 272C>G (rs4904155; heterozygous and homozygous) in exon 1 and variants -54A>G (rs 12882923), -41A>G (rs 12883049) and 605C>T (Gly203Gly, rs61754301) in exon 3, that will be studied further for their possible effect on tooth agenesis in Czech population.
- Klíčová slova
- ageneze zubů, PAX9, sekvenace,
- MeSH
- abnormality zubů MeSH
- anodoncie * genetika MeSH
- exprese genu fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odontogeneze fyziologie MeSH
- polymorfismus genetický MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA * metody využití MeSH
- transkripční faktor PAX9 MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The toxic modes of action of non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in liver cells are still only partially understood. Several recent studies have indicated that PCBs may interfere with cell membrane protein functions. Therefore, we analyzed in the present study the effects of di-ortho-substituted 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) on proteins involved in the formation of adherens junctions in a model of rat liver progenitor cells - WB-F344 cell line. PCB 153, at micromolar concentrations, induced a gradual degradation of E-cadherin, beta-catenin or plakoglobin (gamma-catenin) proteins. This effect was not due to changes in gene expression, as PCB 153 had no effect on mRNA levels of the above mentioned proteins. Moreover, apart from the reduction of total beta-catenin pool, PCB 153 also decreased levels of the active beta-catenin form, dephosphorylated at residues Ser37 and Thr41, which is the key co-activator of Wnt-induced TCF/LEF-dependent gene expression. Therefore, we also evaluated the impact of PCB 153 on expression of Axin2, a known transcriptional target of canonical Wnt signaling. PCB 153 reduced basal Axin2 mRNA levels and it inhibited induction of Axin2 expression by recombinant mouse Wnt3a. Nevertheless, PCB 153 had no effect on phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), which is supposed to target beta-catenin for its proteasomal degradation. This suggested that GSK-3beta activity is not modulated by PCB 153 and, consequently, not involved in the observed PCB 153-induced decrease of both total and active beta-catenin levels. Protein levels of E-cadherin and beta-catenin were partially restored with lysosomal inhibitor leupeptin, thus suggesting a possible role of lysosomes in the observed degradation of adherens junction proteins. Taken together, the present data suggest that PCB 153 may interfere with functions of adherens junction proteins involved in both cell-to-cell communication and intracellular signaling. Such mechanisms might be involved in the effects of non-dioxin-like PCBs contributing to liver tumor promotion.
- MeSH
- adhezní spoje metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- beta-katenin antagonisté a inhibitory biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- epitelové buňky cytologie metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- fosforylace účinky léků MeSH
- gama-katenin biosyntéza genetika metabolismus MeSH
- genetická transkripce účinky léků MeSH
- inhibitory cysteinových proteinas farmakologie MeSH
- játra cytologie metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- kadheriny biosyntéza genetika metabolismus MeSH
- kinasa 3 glykogensynthasy metabolismus MeSH
- kmenové buňky cytologie metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- leupeptiny farmakologie MeSH
- lyzozomy metabolismus MeSH
- messenger RNA biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- polychlorované bifenyly toxicita MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí MeSH
- represorové proteiny biosyntéza genetika metabolismus MeSH
- western blotting MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was the analysis of WNT10A variants in seven families of probands with various forms of tooth agenesis and self-reported family history of cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 60 young subjects (aged 13 to 17) from the Czech Republic with various forms of tooth agenesis. Dental phenotypes were assessed using Planmeca ProMax 3D (Planmeca Oy, Finland) with Planmeca Romexis software (version 2.9.2) together with oral examinations. After screening PAX9, MSX1, EDA, EDAR, AXIN2 and WNT10A genes on the Illumina MiSeq platform (Illumina, USA), we further analyzed the evolutionarily highly conserved WNT10A gene by capillary sequencing in the seven families. RESULTS: All the detected variants were heterozygous or compound heterozygous with various levels of phenotypic expression. The most severe phenotype (oligodontia) was found in a proband who was compound heterozygous for the previously identified WNT10A variant p.Phe228Ile and a newly discovered c.748G > A variant (p.Gly250Arg) of WNT10A. The newly identified variant causes substitution of hydrophobic glycine for hydrophilic arginine. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that the amino acid changes in otherwise highly conserved sequences significantly affect the dental phenotype. No relationship between the presence of WNT10A variants and a risk of cancer has been found. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Screening of PAX9, MSX1, EDA, EDAR, AXIN2 and WNT10A genes in hope to elucidate the pattern of inheritance in families.
The molecular pathogenesis of thymoma remains largely unknown. It has been recently demonstrated, that activation of Wnt signaling pathway leads to increased incidence of thymoma in murine models. The present study investigated the activation of molecules of the Wnt signaling pathway in human thymoma. A total of 112 thymoma cases with complete clinical and follow-up data and 8 controls were included in the present study. Patients with thymoma and controls were examined immunohistochemically for β-catenin and E-cadherin. The mRNA expression levels of CTNNB1, CCND1, MYC, AXIN2 and CDH1 were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Immunohistochemically, β-catenin and E-cadherin were overexpressed in neoplastic cells of all thymomas. In type A, B1 and non-invasive type B2 thymoma, both molecules were located in the cytoplasm, in contrast to invasive type B2 and B3 thymoma, where membranous immunopositivities were observed. mRNA expression levels of genes involved in the Wnt pathway and of E-cadherin were significantly increased in both type A and B thymoma compared with controls; increasing gradually from type B1 to B3, and with higher stage of disease. In recurrent type B thymoma, the mRNA expression of the molecules was significantly higher. Despite the activation of Wnt pathway in indolent type A thymoma, the negative feedback of the pathway was preserved by overexpression of inhibitory molecule axin2, which was not overexpressed in type B thymoma. In summary, the Wnt pathway was activated in human thymoma and may contribute to oncogenesis. Detection of molecules of the Wnt pathway may be of diagnostic and prognostic value.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Tooth agenesis may originate from either genetic or environmental factors. Genetically determined hypodontic disorders appear as isolated features or as part of a syndrome. Msx1, Pax9, and Axin2 are involved in non-syndromic hypodontia, while genes such as Shh, Pitx2, Irf6, and p63 are considered to participate in syndromic genetic disorders, which include tooth agenesis. In dentistry, artificial tooth implants represent a common solution to tooth loss problems; however, molecular dentistry offers promising solutions for the future. In this paper, the genetic and molecular bases of non-syndromic and syndromic hypodontia are reviewed, and the advantages and disadvantages of tissue engineering in the clinical treatment of tooth agenesis are discussed.
- MeSH
- abnormality úst genetika komplikace MeSH
- anodoncie genetika komplikace terapie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odontogeneze genetika MeSH
- předpověď MeSH
- syndrom MeSH
- tkáňové inženýrství trendy MeSH
- zubní lékařství trendy MeSH
- zubní zárodek fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH