Considering the extensive data sets and statistical techniques, animal breeding embodies a branch of machine learning that has a constantly increasing impact on breeding. In our study, information regarding the potential of machine learning and data mining within a large set of horses and breeds is presented. The individual assignment methods and factors influencing the success rate of the procedure are compared at the Czech population scale. The fixation index values ranged from 0.057 (HMS1) to 0.144 (HTG6), and the overall genetic differentiation amounted to 8.9% among the breeds. The highest genetic divergence (FST = 0.378) was established between the Friesian and Equus przewalskii; the highest degree of gene migration was obtained between the Czech and Bavarian Warmblood (Nm = 14,302); and the overall global heterozygote deficit across the populations was 10.4%. The eight standard methods (Bayesian, frequency, and distance) using GeneClass software and almost all mainstream classification algorithms (Bayes Net, Naive Bayes, IB1, IB5, KStar, JRip, J48, Random Forest, Random Tree, PART, MLP, and SVM) from the WEKA machine learning workbench were compared by utilizing 314,874 real allelic data sets. The Bayesian method (GeneClass, 89.9%) and Bayesian network algorithm (WEKA, 84.8%) outperformed the other techniques. The breed genomic prediction accuracy reached the highest value in the cold-blooded horses. The overall proportion of individuals correctly assigned to a population depended mainly on the breed number and genetic divergence. These statistical tools could be used to assess breed traceability systems, and they exhibit the potential to assist managers in decision-making as regards breeding and registration.

• MeSH
• alely MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• chov * MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• frekvence genu MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genomika * MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• heterozygot MeSH
• koně klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• mikrosatelitní repetice genetika   MeSH
• software MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

A strategy for complete backbone and side-chain resonance assignment of disordered proteins with highly repetitive sequence is presented. The protocol is based on three resolution-enhanced NMR experiments: 5D HN(CA)CONH provides sequential connectivity, 5D HabCabCONH is utilized to identify amino acid types, and 5D HC(CC-TOCSY)CONH is used to assign the side-chain resonances. The improved resolution was achieved by a combination of high dimensionality and long evolution times, allowed by non-uniform sampling in the indirect dimensions. Random distribution of the data points and Sparse Multidimensional Fourier Transform processing were used. Successful application of the assignment procedure to a particularly difficult protein, δ subunit of RNA polymerase from Bacillus subtilis, is shown to prove the efficiency of the strategy. The studied protein contains a disordered C-terminal region of 81 amino acids with a highly repetitive sequence. While the conventional assignment methods completely failed due to a very small differences in chemical shifts, the presented strategy provided a complete backbone and side-chain assignment.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• deuterium MeSH
• Fourierova analýza MeSH
• izotopy dusíku MeSH
• izotopy uhlíku MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• nukleární magnetická rezonance biomolekulární metody   MeSH
• proteiny chemie   MeSH
• repetitivní sekvence nukleových kyselin MeSH
• sekundární struktura proteinů MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Natural history collections house an enormous amount of plant and animal specimens, which constitute a promising source for molecular analyses. Storage conditions differ among taxa and can have a dramatic effect on the success of DNA work. Here, we analyze the feasibility of DNA extraction from ethanol preserved spiders (Araneae). We tested genotyping success using several hundred specimens of the wasp spider, Argiope bruennichi, deposited in two large German natural history collections. We tested the influence of different factors on the utility of specimens for genotyping. Our results show that not the specimen's age, but the museum collection is a major predictor of genotyping success. These results indicate that long term storage conditions should be optimized in natural history museums to assure the utility of collections for DNA work. Using historical material, we also traced historical genetic and morphological variation in the course of a poleward range expansion of A. bruennichi by comparing contemporary and historical specimens from a native and an invasive population in Germany. We show that the invasion of A. bruennichi is tightly correlated with an historical increase of genetic and phenotypic variation in the invasive population.

• MeSH
• genetická variace genetika   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• genotypizační techniky metody   MeSH
• muzea MeSH
• pavouci genetika   MeSH
• přírodopis MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Německo MeSH

Species may be prevented from interspecific hybridization by a number of different reproductive barriers that operate precopulatory and postcopulatory. In situation, when natural precopulatory reproductive barriers are affected by anthropogenic factors, postcopulatory reproductive barriers may be important for maintaining gametic isolation and hence preventing interspecific hybridization. This is highly topical in sturgeon (order Acipenseriformes) which exhibits remarkable ease of interspecific hybridization. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the fertilization success of Acipenser ruthenus and Acipenser baerii spermatozoa under the interspecific competitive conditions and assessed, whether their spermatozoa tend to differentially fertilize eggs of conspecifics. We set up several in vitro fertilization experiments: (i) pooled eggs of both species were fertilized by sperm of each species separately; (ii) eggs of each species were fertilized by pooled sperm; (iii) pooled eggs were fertilized by pooled sperm and (iv) purebred and hybrid control groups. Using parental assignment by molecular markers, we found that when these species competed in pooled sperm, 78.9% of progeny were sired by A. ruthenus and 21.1% by A. baerii, demonstrating higher fertilization success for the former, irrespective of conspecificity of fertilized eggs. When pooled eggs were inseminated by A. ruthenus or A. baerii sperm separately, progeny almost equally comprised hybrid and purebred individuals. Hence, neither A. ruthenus nor A. baerii eggs showed a tendency to biased fertilization by spermatozoa of conspecific males. These findings together show that there may not be postcopulatory mechanisms preventing hybridization between A. ruthenus and A. baerii.

• MeSH
• fertilizace in vitro veterinární   MeSH
• hybridizace genetická MeSH
• interakce spermie a vajíčka genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• motilita spermií MeSH
• oocyty fyziologie   MeSH
• ryby genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• spermie fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

V oboru dochází k výraznému střetu odlišných zájmů mnoha aktérů při řešení základního problému: Jak zajistit vyšší kvalitu zdravotní péče - levněji? Hlavními aktéry, kteří výrazně ovlivňují fungování systému zdravotní péče jsou výrobci zdravotnických potřeb a zařízení, orgány státní správy a samosprávy, nemocnice a další zdravotnická zařízení, zdravotní pojišťovny, investoři a různá zájmová sdružení. Přitom je velmi obtížné jasně identifikovat „zákazníka systému“. O poskytované formě zdravotní péče totiž rozhoduje jiný subjekt (lékař), než který za ní platí (pojišťovna) a jenom minimálně subjekt, který ji přijímá. Vliv přímého uživatele funkcí systému - pacienta - je tudíž často limitován chováním dalších na něj působících aktérů. Podmínkou úspěšné inovace dnes nepříliš vyhovujícího fungování systému zdravotní péče je zajistit účelnou integraci realizace řady dosud jednotlivými aktéry autonomně prováděných aktivit. Nabízí se k tomu tři typy pojetí (možných scénářů) inovací: (i) změna přístupu „zákazníků“ ke konzumaci zdravotní péče, (ii) změna „technologie“ poskytování zdravotních služeb, (iii) změna modelu podnikání institucí, poskytujících zdravotní péči. Pro akceptování jednotlivých inovačních scénářů jsou rozhodující stanoviska hodnotící (a) klinickou účinnost (odborná lékařská veřejnost, publikované výsledky, srovnání s podobnými službami), tedy výhody i rizika nové terapie; (b) ekonomickou účinnost (správa zdravotnických zařízení, pojišťovny) ve srovnání komplexních nákladů stávajících postupů (včetně nákladů následné péče). Pro úspěšné uplatnění všech typů inovací je nutné správné načasování: musí vstoupit na trh v okamžiku, kdy je vyvolána jejich potřeba změnami v pojetí péče o pacienta; v tomto okamžiku již musí být na místě komplexní infrastruktura, podporující její aplikaci. Zároveň je nutné zajistit překonání překážek pro přijetí inovací, které v oboru zdravotní péče spočívají především v: obavách veřejnosti z organizačních změn v systému, zdůvodňovaných (spíše iluzorním než faktickým) zájmem zachovat dostupnost péče pro všechny; neochotě veřejnosti přiznat si skutečnost, že za vyšší kvalitu zdravotní péče je nutné platit a v přetrvávající asymetrii ve vztahu „lékař-pacient“, kdy objekt léčebné péče nemá možnost ovlivnit (nebo alespoň vymáhat zodpovědnost) rozhodnutí ji poskytujícího subjektu; nepřátelském veřejné mínění (podporované partikulárními politickými zájmy) vůči privatizaci zdravotnických zařízení, vyvolaným strachem z potenciálního navýšení jejich podnikatelské síly a tím také vyššího vlivu na zodpovědnost obyvatel za individuální péči o vlastní zdraví; odporu vůči zřizování specializovaných institucí, vznikajících na bázi vertikální integrace jednotlivých typů poskytované péče, když pojišťovny jsou uvyklé platit zdravotní péči partikulárně, nikoliv komplexně a navíc vertikální integrace vytváří podhoubí pro prestižní spory mezi různými specializacemi.

In the health care branch all the stakeholders have to find a satisfactory answer to the basic question: How to raise the quality of health care treatment and to lower with this treatment tied costs simultaneously? T he difficulty in the search for the commonly acceptable answer to this question stems from competing interests of the different stakeholder groups that influence the way how the heath care system is functioning: government and regional institutions, suppliers of the health care products, hospitals, insurers, investors, and also patients. The specific feature of the health care system lies in the fact that different person (patient) is using the health care treatment, other persons (physicians, hospitals) are providing this treatment and some other person (mostly insurers) is paying for the accepted treatment. The process is regulated by other players in accordance with reimbursement conditions that mostly cannot satisfy any of the actors taking part within the system functioning. But these conditions could easily bolster the chances for the system improvement or innovation. T he conditions for the radical change of existing unsatisfactory situation lies in integration of autonomous moves of different players within three possible scenarios of innovation - due to the changes that can make health care better, cheaper, and easier acceptable for broader community: (i) in the way how “consumers” use the health care treatment; (ii) in “technology” that governs the approach of heath care providers; (iii) in the “business model” that influences the forms of the health care reimbursement. T hese changes should prove (a) higher clinical efficacy (supported by consensus of medical experts about medical data given in independent reports that prove better results, treatment advantages and lower risk); (b) better cost-effectiveness of the new approaches in comparison to the existing procedures (including the costs of patient’s recovery). A ll three innovation scenarios would be successful only if there will be in place a new social infrastructure that supports broad public acceptance of the proposed changes. For this reason it is necessary to remove barriers against these changes in health care system caused by fear of public that these changes will limit access to the health treatment to some groups of (less wealthy) citizens; remaining asymmetry within the relation “physician-patient” when the consumer cannot influence the physician’s decision about the treatment; public meaning that refuses to accept higher personal responsibility for individuals’ health condition; resistance of some players to delegate some part of their decision power to the institutions that integrate former independent activities into broader alliance holistic moves. • • • •

• MeSH
• kvalita zdravotní péče normy   MeSH
• pacienti MeSH
• podnikání normy   MeSH
• rozšiřování inovací MeSH
• úhrada služeb Medicare USA normy   MeSH
• veřejné zdravotnictví normy   MeSH
• zajištění kvality zdravotní péče MeSH

Východiska: Lékaři se musí často v praxi vyrovnávat s pocity nejistoty a s pochybami o správnosti svých rozhodnutí. Tyto fenomény nejvíce znají praktičtí lékaři, kteří se setkávají se záplavou nediferencovaných zdravotních problémů, pro které není v 1. linii dostupná suverénní diagnostika, ani jednoznačná volba léčby. Lékaři obvykle nemohou jasně zodpovědět otázky pacientů, ani nemohou uspokojivě aplikovat doporučené postupy a pravidla medicíny založené na důkazech (EBM). Cíl a metodika: Záměrem práce je popsat nejistotu jako fenomén všeobecné praxe a nabídnout cesty, jak s nejistotou v procesu poskytování péče zacházet, jak ji zmírnit. Na základě literární analýzy byly připra¬veny podklady pro ohniskovou skupinu praktických lékařů. Účastníci diskutovali svoje osobní zkušenosti s nejistotou a navrhovali strategie, jak nejistotu zmírnit nebo se s ní vyrovnat. Průběh moderované diskuse byl zaznamenán, výstupy zpracovány a následně zaslány ke komentáři. Výsledky: Praktičtí lékaři se shodli na tom, že nejistota je normální součástí praxe. Klíčový je vztah s pacientem a citlivé zvážení jeho zapojení do rozhodovacího procesu. Dostatek času na konzultaci, dobré komunikační dovednosti a vytvoření atmosféry důvěry zmírňují pocit nejistoty. Důležité je poctivé vyhodnocení externích (EBM, kalkulace rizik) i interních důkazů (názor pacienta, vlastní zjištění). Sdílení nejistot s kolegy z oboru i se spolupracujícími specialisty je další doporučenou metodou. Schopnost zvládat nejistotu je nezbytnou podmínkou úspěšného působení ve všeobecné praxi. Naopak nezvládání nejistoty vede k nadbytečnému vyšetřování a ke zvýšenému riziku syndromu vyhoření.

Background: Dealing with uncertainty and doubts is common in every day decision making processes in generál practice. General practitioners encounter a vast range of problems presenting themselves in undif-ferentiated way. For many of these problems there are often no straight answers, no clear diagnoses and no obvious treatment; the application of guidelines and evidence based medicíně is difficult. Aim and methods: The aim of this páper is to describe uncertainty as a component of generál practice and to search for strategies to help deal with or to minimize uncertainty. A comprehensive review of the literatuře on uncertainty was ušed to prepare a focus group comprised of generál practitioners. Participants pro-duced their own solutions based upon personál experience of dealing with uncertainty. The discussion was monitored and then the outcomes were elaborated and distributed to participants for feedback. Results: Czech generál practitioners agreed on uncertainty as a normál part of generál practice. A good doc-tor-patient relationship, sufficient consultation time, good communication skills and a trusting atmosphere are vital. Both external evidence (EBM, risk calculation) and internal evidence (patienťs opinion, doctoťs findings) must be assessed and respected. Peer group discussions with colleagues and specialists are anot-her recommended option. The ability to cope with uncertainty is an essential requirement for the success-ful generál practitioner. A failure to cope with uncertainty leads to unnecessary investigations, referrals, and to increased risk of burn-out syndrome.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• medicína založená na důkazech organizace a řízení   pracovní síly   trendy   MeSH
• nejistota MeSH
• primární zdravotní péče pracovní síly   trendy   MeSH
• rozhodování MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi MeSH

Extra-pair copulations (EPC) are the rule rather than an exception in socially monogamous birds, but despite widespread occurrences, the benefits of female infidelity remain elusive. Most attention has been paid to the possibility that females gain genetic benefits from EPC, and fitness comparisons between maternal half-siblings are considered to be a defining test of this hypothesis. Recently, it was shown that these comparisons may be confounded by within-brood maternal effects where one such effect may be the distribution of half-siblings in the laying order. However, this possibility is difficult to study as it would be necessary to detect the egg from which each chick hatched. In this study, we used a new approach for egg-chick assignment and cross-fostered eggs on an individual basis among a set of nests of the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. After hatching, chicks were ascribed to mothers and therefore to individual eggs by molecular genetic methods. Extra-pair young predominated early in the laying order. Under natural conditions, this should give them a competitive advantage over their half-siblings, mediated by hatching asynchrony. However, we experimentally synchronized hatching, and after this treatment, extra-pair young did not outperform within-pair young in any studied trait including survival up to recruitment and several indicators of reproductive success and attractiveness. We obtained only modest sample sizes for the last two traits and did not test for extra-pair success of male offspring. Thus, we cannot exclude the possibility of advantages of extra-pair young during the adult phase of life. However, our data tentatively suggest that the more likely reason for females' EPCs is the insurance against the infertility of a social mate.

• MeSH
• genetická zdatnost MeSH
• genotypizační techniky MeSH
• mikrosatelitní repetice MeSH
• oviparie MeSH
• rozmnožování genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• sexuální chování zvířat MeSH
• zpěvní ptáci genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

In the last decade, the regeneration of derelict or underused sites, fully or partly located in urban areas (or so called "brownfields"), has become more common, since free developable land (or so called "greenfields") has more and more become a scare and, hence, more expensive resource, especially in densely populated areas. Although the regeneration of brownfield sites can offer development potentials, the complexity of these sites requires considerable efforts to successfully complete their revitalization projects and the proper selection of promising sites is a pre-requisite to efficiently allocate the limited financial resources. The identification and analysis of success factors for brownfield sites regeneration can support investors and decision makers in selecting those sites which are the most advantageous for successful regeneration. The objective of this paper is to present the Timbre Brownfield Prioritization Tool (TBPT), developed as a web-based solution to assist stakeholders responsible for wider territories or clusters of brownfield sites (portfolios) to identify which brownfield sites should be preferably considered for redevelopment or further investigation. The prioritization approach is based on a set of success factors properly identified through a systematic stakeholder engagement procedure. Within the TBPT these success factors are integrated by means of a Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methodology, which includes stakeholders' requalification objectives and perspectives related to the brownfield regeneration process and takes into account the three pillars of sustainability (economic, social and environmental dimensions). The tool has been applied to the South Moravia case study (Czech Republic), considering two different requalification objectives identified by local stakeholders, namely the selection of suitable locations for the development of a shopping centre and a solar power plant, respectively. The application of the TBPT to the case study showed that it is flexible and easy to adapt to different local contexts, allowing the assessors to introduce locally relevant parameters identified according to their expertise and considering the availability of local data.

• MeSH
• internet MeSH
• metody pro podporu rozhodování * MeSH
• regenerace a remediace životního prostředí ekonomika   metody   MeSH
• rozhodování * MeSH
• vytváření politiky * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

An analysis of the population structure and genetic diversity for any organism often depends on one or more molecular marker techniques. Nonetheless, these techniques are not absolutely reliable because of various sources of errors arising during the genotyping process. Thus, a complex analysis of genotyping error was carried out with the AFLP method in 169 samples of the oil seed plant Plukenetia volubilis L. from small isolated subpopulations in the Peruvian Amazon. Samples were collected in nine localities from the region of San Martin. Analysis was done in eight datasets with a genotyping error from 0 to 5%. Using eleven primer combinations, 102 to 275 markers were obtained according to the dataset. It was found that it is only possible to obtain the most reliable and robust results through a multiple-level filtering process. Genotyping error and software set up influence both the estimation of population structure and genetic diversity, where in our case population number (K) varied between 2-9 depending on the dataset and statistical method used. Surprisingly, discrepancies in K number were caused more by statistical approaches than by genotyping errors themselves. However, for estimation of genetic diversity, the degree of genotyping error was critical because descriptive parameters (He, FST, PLP 5%) varied substantially (by at least 25%). Due to low gene flow, P. volubilis mostly consists of small isolated subpopulations (ΦPT = 0.252-0.323) with some degree of admixture given by socio-economic connectivity among the sites; a direct link between the genetic and geographic distances was not confirmed. The study illustrates the successful application of AFLP to infer genetic structure in non-model plants.

• MeSH
• analýza polymorfismu délky amplifikovaných restrikčních fragmentů * MeSH
• Euphorbiaceae genetika   MeSH
• genotypizační techniky * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Peru MeSH

In the "producer-scrounger" model, a producer discovers a resource and is in turn discovered by a second individual, the scrounger, who attempts to steal it. This resource can be food or a territory, and in some situations, potentially divisible. In a previous paper we considered a producer and scrounger competing for an indivisible resource, where each individual could choose the level of energy that they would invest in the contest. The higher the investment, the higher the probability of success, but also the higher the costs incurred in the contest. In that paper decisions were sequential with the scrounger choosing their strategy before the producer. In this paper we consider a version of the game where decisions are made simultaneously. For the same cost functions as before, we analyse this case in detail, and then make comparisons between the two cases. Finally we discuss some real examples with potentially variable and asymmetric energetic investments, including intraspecific contests amongst spiders and amongst parasitoid wasps. In the case of the spiders, detailed estimates of energetic expenditure are available which demonstrate the asymmetric values assumed in our models. For the wasps the value of the resource can affect the probabilities of success of the defender and attacker, and differential energetic investment can be inferred. In general for real populations energy usage varies markedly depending upon crucial parameters extrinsic to the individual such as resource value and intrinsic ones such as age, and is thus an important factor to consider when modelling.

• MeSH
• agrese * MeSH
• biologické modely * MeSH
• chování zvířat * MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita fyziologie   MeSH
• kompetitivní chování MeSH
• matematické pojmy MeSH
• pavouci parazitologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• rozhodování MeSH
• sršňovití patogenita   fyziologie   MeSH
• teorie her * MeSH
• výpočetní biologie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH