European tits (Paridae) exhibit species-specific levels of initial wariness towards aposematic prey. This wariness may be caused by neophobia, dietary conservatism or innate bias against particular prey traits. We assessed the contribution of these three mechanisms to the behaviour of juvenile tits towards novel palatable prey and novel aposematic prey. We compared levels of initial wariness in great tits (Parus major), blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) and coal tits (Periparus ater), and tested how the wariness can be deactivated by experience with a palatable prey. One group of birds was pre-trained to attack familiar naturally coloured mealworms the other one, novel red-painted mealworms. Then all the birds were offered a novel palatable prey of different colour and shape: cricket (Acheta domestica) with blue sticker, and then a novel aposematic firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus). The three species of tits differed in how the experience with a novel palatable prey affected their behaviour towards another novel prey. Great tits and coal tits from experienced groups significantly decreased their neophobia towards both palatable prey and aposematic prey while blue tits did not change their strongly neophobic reactions. The interspecific differences may be explained by differences in body size, geographic range, and habitat specialisation.

• MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• mimikry fyziologie   MeSH
• Passeriformes MeSH
• predátorské chování fyziologie   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Animal populations adopting a commensal way of life, e. g. house mice in buildings and stores, are subject to different selection pressures than those living in a non-commensal environment. This may radically influence their behaviour. This study investigated the effects of a commensal way of life on exploratory behaviour in mice. The focal population was non-commensal Mus musculus musculus from Northern Iran. To assess the effect of commensal way of life on exploratory behaviour, it was compared with commensal M. m. musculus from the Czech Republic and to assess the effect of subspecies, it was compared to non-commensal M. m. domesticus from Eastern Syria. We compared their behaviour in five tests of exploratory behaviour and boldness: an open field test with 1) free exploration and 2) forced exploration, 3) hole-board test, 4) test of vertical activity and 5) elevated plus maze. We detected a significant effect of population on behaviour in all five tests. M. m. domesticus was generally bolder and more active than M. m. musculus. Commensal mice were characterized by a higher level of vertical activity (climbing, rearing, jumping). These results suggest that the specific selection pressures of the commensal lifestyle select mice for higher affinity towards elevated places.

• MeSH
• bludiště - učení MeSH
• divoká zvířata * klasifikace   fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• myši * klasifikace   fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• pátrací chování * MeSH
• pohybová aktivita MeSH
• symbióza * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši * klasifikace   fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Cíl: Cílem tohoto krátkého sdělení je popsat postup vyšetření cerebrovaskulární rezervní kapacity (CVRC) pomocí BOLD (Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent) efektu a představit porovnání výsledků s výsledky standardní metody SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography). Soubor a metodika: Práce popisuje soubor sedmi případů pacientů s jednostranným uzávěrem vnitřní karotidy, kteří byli vyšetřeni za pomocí BOLD MR a 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT. Získaná data byla počítačově předzpracována a v povodí arteria cerebri media i ve "watershed" supraventrikulární bílé hmotě byly určeny zájmové oblasti (ROI, Region Of Interest). Obě hodnoty od sebe byly odečteny a výsledky statisticky porovnány. Výsledky: U souboru pacientů byl nalezen signifikantní (p < 0,01) Pearsonův korelační koeficient 0,716 při porovnání celého souboru ROI (dvě ROI u každého pacienta). Výsledné obrazy obou vyšetření ukazují i při vizuálním hodnocení na dobrou korelaci obou metod. Závěr: Výsledky vyšetření CVRC pomocí BOLD efektu dobře korelují s výsledky vyšetření SPECT. Tyto výsledky potvrzují zkušenosti popisované v zatím malém množství zahraničních publikací. Naše práce zároveň přináší popis jednoduché, v klinické praxi dobře proveditelné metodiky relativně nového způsobu vyšetření CVRC.

Aim: To describe the method of cerebrovascular reserve capacity (CVRC) examination with the use of a BOLD (blood oxygenation level dependent) effect and to present the comparison of the obtained results with the results of SPECT as a standard method. Patients and methods: This paper describes a group of seven patients with unilateral internal carotid occlusion, who underwent CVRC examination with BOLD MRI and 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT. The obtained data were preprocessed and two regions of interest (ROI) were defined in the perfusion territory of the middle cerebral artery and in the watershed supraventricular white matter. The results of both examinations were automatically extracted using these two ROIs, allowing statistical comparison. Results: In this group of patients, a statistically significant (p < 0.01) Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.716 was found for the whole group of ROIs (2 ROIs per patient). The images resulting from both examinations also demonstrate good correlation between the two methods, even on visual inspection. Conclusion: The results of CVRC examination using BOLD effect correlate well with the results of SPECT. The work confirms the experience described in the small number of available international publications, moreover, it provides the reader with a description of a simple, clinically well feasible methodology of this relatively new CVRC examination method.

• MeSH
• arteria carotis interna patofyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• arteriální okluzní nemoci diagnóza   etiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• jednofotonová emisní výpočetní tomografie metody   využití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční angiografie metody   využití   MeSH
• mozkový krevní oběh MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• regionální krevní průtok MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• výsledky a postupy - zhodnocení (zdravotní péče) metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Several laboratories have consistently reported small concentration changes in lactate, glutamate, aspartate, and glucose in the human cortex during prolonged stimuli. However, whether such changes correlate with blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI) signals have not been determined. The present study aimed at characterizing the relationship between metabolite concentrations and BOLD-fMRI signals during a block-designed paradigm of visual stimulation. Functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) and fMRI data were acquired from 12 volunteers. A short echo-time semi-LASER localization sequence optimized for 7 Tesla was used to achieve full signal-intensity MRS data. The group analysis confirmed that during stimulation lactate and glutamate increased by 0.26 ± 0.06 μmol/g (~30%) and 0.28 ± 0.03 μmol/g (~3%), respectively, while aspartate and glucose decreased by 0.20 ± 0.04 μmol/g (~5%) and 0.19 ± 0.03 μmol/g (~16%), respectively. The single-subject analysis revealed that BOLD-fMRI signals were positively correlated with glutamate and lactate concentration changes. The results show a linear relationship between metabolic and BOLD responses in the presence of strong excitatory sensory inputs, and support the notion that increased functional energy demands are sustained by oxidative metabolism. In addition, BOLD signals were inversely correlated with baseline γ-aminobutyric acid concentration. Finally, we discussed the critical importance of taking into account linewidth effects on metabolite quantification in fMRS paradigms.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• GABA metabolismus   MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina glutamová metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina mléčná metabolismus   MeSH
• kyslík krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• světelná stimulace * MeSH
• zrakové korové centrum fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Growing interest in the examination of large-scale brain network functional connectivity dynamics is accompanied by an effort to find the electrophysiological correlates. The commonly used constraints applied to spatial and spectral domains during electroencephalogram (EEG) data analysis may leave part of the neural activity unrecognized. We propose an approach that blindly reveals multimodal EEG spectral patterns that are related to the dynamics of the BOLD functional network connectivity. APPROACH: The blind decomposition of EEG spectrogram by parallel factor analysis has been shown to be a useful technique for uncovering patterns of neural activity. The simultaneously acquired BOLD fMRI data were decomposed by independent component analysis. Dynamic functional connectivity was computed on the component's time series using a sliding window correlation, and between-network connectivity states were then defined based on the values of the correlation coefficients. ANOVA tests were performed to assess the relationships between the dynamics of between-network connectivity states and the fluctuations of EEG spectral patterns. MAIN RESULTS: We found three patterns related to the dynamics of between-network connectivity states. The first pattern has dominant peaks in the alpha, beta, and gamma bands and is related to the dynamics between the auditory, sensorimotor, and attentional networks. The second pattern, with dominant peaks in the theta and low alpha bands, is related to the visual and default mode network. The third pattern, also with peaks in the theta and low alpha bands, is related to the auditory and frontal network. SIGNIFICANCE: Our previous findings revealed a relationship between EEG spectral pattern fluctuations and the hemodynamics of large-scale brain networks. In this study, we suggest that the relationship also exists at the level of functional connectivity dynamics among large-scale brain networks when no standard spatial and spectral constraints are applied on the EEG data.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• nervová síť diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• ošetřovatelství na operačním sále MeSH
• péče o pacienty v kritickém stavu pracovní síly   MeSH
• personál sesterský nemocniční MeSH

• Konspekt
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NLK Obory
• ošetřovatelství
• anesteziologie a intenzivní lékařství
• NLK Publikační typ
• elektronické časopisy

"Morgan Rice did it again! Building a strong set of characters, the author delivers another magical world. ONLY THE WORTHY is filled with intrigue, betrayals, unexpected friendship and all the good ingredients that will make you savor every turn of the pages. Packed with action, you will read this book on the edge of your seat."--Books and Movie Reviews, Roberto MattosFrom Morgan Rice, #1 Bestselling author of THE QUEST OF HEROES (a free download with over 1,000 five star reviews), comes a riveting new fantasy series.In ONLY THE BOLD, the epic finale to the Way of Steel, Royce finds him transformed after looking into the magic mirror. Has he gained the ultimate wisdom? Or has he gone mad?The mirror reveals many secrets, and Royce finds himself heading towards his father's hiding place. Will he meet his father for the first time?Genevieve and Royce's tragic romance finally comes to a head, culminating in a surprise twist that will change both of their lives forever.And amidst all of this comes the epic battle with the king's armies, one that will determine the fate of the land-and the kingship-once and for all.ONLY THE BOLD weaves an epic tale of friends and lovers, of knights and honor, of betrayal, destiny and love. A tale of valor, it draws us into a fantasy world we will fall in love with, and appeals to all ages and genders. Please visit www.morganricebooks.com for updates about the release of Morgan's forthcoming fantasy series.

"An action packed fantasy sure to please fans of Morgan Rice's previous novels, along with fans of works such as The Inheritance Cycle by Christopher Paolini.... Fans of Young Adult Fiction will devour this latest work by Rice and beg for more." --The Wanderer, A Literary Journal (regarding Rise of the Dragons) The #1 Bestselling series, with over 400 five star reviews on Amazon! NIGHT OF THE BOLD is book #6-and the final installment-in Morgan Rice's bestselling epic fantasy series KINGS AND SORCERERS (which begins with RISE OF THE DRAGONS, a free download)! In NIGHT OF THE BOLD, Kyra must find a way to free herself from Marda and return to Escalon with the Staff of Truth. If she does, awaiting her will be the most epic battle of her life, as she will need to face off against Ra's armies, a nation of trolls, and a flock of dragons. If her powers, and the weapon, are strong enough, her mother awaits her, ready to reveal the secrets of her destiny, and of her birth.Duncan must make an epic stand against Ra's armies once and for all. Yet even as he fights the greatest battles of his life, leading to a final stand in The Devil's Gluch, he cannot expect the dark trickery that Ra has awaiting him.In the Bay of Death, Merk and King Tarnis' daughter must join forces with Alec and the warriors of the Lost Isles to fight off the dragons. They must find Duncan and unite to save Escalon, yet Vesuvius has resurfaced, and they cannot anticipate the treachery awaiting them.In the epic finale to Kings and Sorcerers, the most dramatic battles, weapons and sorcery all lead to a breathtaking, unexpected conclusion, filled with both heartbreaking tragedy and inspiring re-birth.With its strong atmosphere and complex characters, NIGHT OF THE BOLD is a sweeping saga of knights and warriors, of kings and lords, of honor and valor, of magic, destiny, monsters and dragons. It is a story of love and broken hearts, of deception, ambition and betrayal. It is fantasy at its finest, inviting us into a world that will live with us forever, one that will appeal to all ages and genders. "If you thought that there was no reason left for living after the end of the Sorcerer's Ring series, you were wrong. Morgan Rice has come up with what promises to be another brilliant series, immersing us in a fantasy of trolls and dragons, of valor, honor, courage, magic and faith in your destiny. Morgan has managed again to produce a strong set of characters that make us cheer for them on every page....Recommended for the permanent library of all readers that love a well-written fantasy." --Books and Movie Reviews, Roberto Mattos (regarding Rise of the Dragons)

BACKGROUND: Spatial and temporal resolution of brain network activity can be improved by combining different modalities. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides full brain coverage with limited temporal resolution, while electroencephalography (EEG), estimates cortical activity with high temporal resolution. Combining them may provide improved network characterization. NEW METHOD: We examined relationships between EEG spatiospectral pattern timecourses and concurrent fMRI BOLD signals using canonical hemodynamic response function (HRF) with its 1st and 2nd temporal derivatives in voxel-wise general linear models (GLM). HRF shapes were derived from EEG-fMRI time courses during "resting-state", visual oddball and semantic decision paradigms. RESULTS: The resulting GLM F-maps self-organized into several different large-scale brain networks (LSBNs) often with different timing between EEG and fMRI revealed through differences in GLM-derived HRF shapes (e.g., with a lower time to peak than the canonical HRF). We demonstrate that some EEG spatiospectral patterns (related to concurrent fMRI) are weakly task-modulated. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S): Previously, we demonstrated 14 independent EEG spatiospectral patterns within this EEG dataset, stable across the resting-state, visual oddball and semantic decision paradigms. Here, we demonstrate that their time courses are significantly correlated with fMRI dynamics organized into LSBN structures. EEG-fMRI derived HRF peak appears earlier than the canonical HRF peak, which suggests limitations when assuming a canonical HRF shape in EEG-fMRI. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study examining EEG-fMRI relationships among independent EEG spatiospectral patterns over different paradigms. The findings highlight the importance of considering different HRF shapes when spatiotemporally characterizing brain networks using EEG and fMRI.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie metody   MeSH
• funkční zobrazování neurálních procesů metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nervová síť diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• neurovaskulární vazba fyziologie   MeSH
• psycholingvistika MeSH
• velký mozek diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

In a fluctuating environment, the optimal level of exploratory behavior depends on the proportion of current risks and benefits. The exploratory behavior is, therefore, often subjected to heterogenous selection. In populations of commensal rodents living in close proximity of humans, this pressure is further increased by pest management. We hypothesize that the black rat (Rattus rattus) responds to this pressure by either high behavioral flexibility or by development of personality types. The aim of this study was to analyze exploratory behavior and boldness of wild black rats and its changes over time to determine whether exploratory behavior is a personality trait in black rats. Studies on animals with unreduced variability are necessary for determination of normal range of behaviors. The behavior in the open field and hole board tests yielded 1 multivariate variable representing exploratory behavior and 1 representing boldness. The hole board test additionally provided an axis representing exploratory behavior. Exploratory behavior showed moderate to high repeatability, even though we observed a considerable effect of habituation. Exploratory behavior was also strongly correlated across contexts; therefore, our results suggest that the black rat responds to heterogenous selection pressure by developing personality types. We also found a strong effect of litter identity on some aspects of the exploratory behavior. Boldness was less repeatable, which we interpret as high behavioral flexibility in this behavioral trait. In concordance with our hypothesis, the personality types in exploratory behavior, but not in boldness, are possibly maintained by heterogenous selection pressure created by human pest management. (PsycINFO Database Record

• MeSH
• chování zvířat * MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• individualita * MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• pátrací chování * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH