• MeSH
• Education, Professional MeSH
• Publication type
• Study Guide MeSH
• Textbook MeSH

• Conspectus
• Vzdělávací a výchovná politika
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NML Fields
• výchova a vzdělávání pracovníků ve zdravotnictví

• MeSH
• Cocaine MeSH
• Drug and Narcotic Control statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Crack Cocaine MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Substance-Related Disorders prevention & control   MeSH
• Prevalence MeSH
• Population Surveillance MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adolescent MeSH

• Conspectus
• Hygiena. Lidské zdraví
• NML Fields
• adiktologie
• veřejné zdravotnictví
• NML Publication type
• informační publikace

• MeSH
• Education, Professional MeSH
• Publication type
• Study Guide MeSH
• Textbook MeSH

• Conspectus
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NML Fields
• výchova a vzdělávání pracovníků ve zdravotnictví

• MeSH
• Cocaine administration & dosage   adverse effects   MeSH
• Crack Cocaine administration & dosage   adverse effects   MeSH
• Socioeconomic Factors MeSH
• Prisoners MeSH
• Illicit Drugs MeSH
• Heroin Dependence MeSH
• Geographicals
• United States MeSH

• MeSH
• Cocaine pharmacokinetics   pharmacology   MeSH
• Substance-Related Disorders history   MeSH

The known ubiquitous presence of glycans fulfils an essential prerequisite for fundamental roles in cell sociology. Since carbohydrates are chemically predestined to form biochemical messages of a maximum of structural diversity in a minimum of space, coding of biological information by sugars is the reason for the broad occurrence of cellular glycoconjugates. Their glycans originate from sophisticated enzymatic assembly and dynamically adaptable remodelling. These signals are read and translated into effects by receptors (lectins). The functional pairing between lectins and their counterreceptor(s) is highly specific, often orchestrated by intimate co-regulation of the receptor, the cognate glycan and the bioactive scaffold (e.g., an integrin). Bottom-up approaches, teaming up synthetic and supramolecular chemistry to prepare fully programmable nanoparticles as binding partners with systematic network analysis of lectins and rational design of variants, enable us to delineate the rules of the sugar code.

• MeSH
• Lectins metabolism   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Polysaccharides metabolism   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

• MeSH
• European Union MeSH
• Organization and Administration MeSH
• Social Security MeSH
• Social Desirability MeSH
• Public Policy MeSH
• Policy Making MeSH
• Publication type
• News MeSH

• Conspectus
• Sociologie
• NML Fields
• sociologie

BACKGROUND: The most demanding challenge in research on molecular aspects within the flow of biological information is posed by the complex carbohydrates (glycan part of cellular glycoconjugates). How the 'message' encoded in carbohydrate 'letters' is 'read' and 'translated' can only be unraveled by interdisciplinary efforts. SCOPE OF REVIEW: This review provides a didactic step-by-step survey of the concept of the sugar code and the way strategic combination of experimental approaches characterizes structure-function relationships, with resources for teaching. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: The unsurpassed coding capacity of glycans is an ideal platform for generating a broad range of molecular 'messages'. Structural and functional analyses of complex carbohydrates have been made possible by advances in chemical synthesis, rendering production of oligosaccharides, glycoclusters and neoglycoconjugates possible. This availability facilitates to test the glycans as ligands for natural sugar receptors (lectins). Their interaction is a means to turn sugar-encoded information into cellular effects. Glycan/lectin structures and their spatial modes of presentation underlie the exquisite specificity of the endogenous lectins in counterreceptor selection, that is, to home in on certain cellular glycoproteins or glycolipids. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding how sugar-encoded 'messages' are 'read' and 'translated' by lectins provides insights into fundamental mechanisms of life, with potential for medical applications.

• MeSH
• Glycoproteins chemistry   MeSH
• Protein Conformation MeSH
• Carbohydrate Conformation MeSH
• Models, Molecular MeSH
• Molecular Sequence Data MeSH
• Oligosaccharides chemistry   MeSH
• Polysaccharides chemistry   MeSH
• Carbohydrate Sequence MeSH
• Carbohydrates chemistry   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH

Dějiny kokainu, které začínají prvními zmínkami o jeho léčebném využití a končí líčením chaosu, který vnáší kokain do současného světa.

• MeSH
• Coca MeSH
• Cocaine history   MeSH
• Crack Cocaine MeSH
• Narcotics MeSH
• Cocaine-Related Disorders MeSH

• Conspectus
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NML Fields
• adiktologie
• dějiny lékařství