Electrolyte systems
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Podíl starších osob na populaci se zvyšuje absolutne i relativne. Starší a starí lidé mají vetší morbiditu, jejich lécení trvá déle a je financne mnohem nárocnejší než u mladých nemocných. Se stárnutím klesá obsah vody v organismu a ledviny prodelávají strukturální i funkcní involucní zmeny. Jejich regulacní úloha pri homeostáze vody a iontu klesá. Metabolismus natriového, kaliového a magneziového iontu má ve stárí radu specifik. Uplatnují se jak fyziologické zmeny orgánových funkcí, tak dietní zvyky, rada dlouhodobých onemocnení a výrazné jsou vlivy iatrogenní, plynoucí predevším z medikace. Je uveden prehled prícin dysbalancí techto iontu ve stárí, klinické príznaky jejich deplece i nadbytku a terapeutické postupy. Poruchy acidobazické rovnováhy jsou casté z duvodu zvýšené frekvence chorob vedoucích k primárním poruchám této rovnováhy kvuli méne úcinné kompenzacní odpovedi organismu. Predispozici k renálnímu selhání tvorí zvýšený výskyt chronických systémových onemocnení, frekvence chirurgických zákroku s následnými komplikacemi i konzumace léku, z nichž je mnoho nefrotoxických.
The share of elderly in the population increases absolutely, as well as relatively. The morbidity in elderly is higher, their treatment lasts longer and it is much more expensive in comparison to that of younger sick people. With the aging process, the amount of water in organism decreases and the kidneys develop structural and functional involutional changes. Their significance for the regulation of water and ions homeostasis becomes more limited. In the elderly, the metabolism of sodium, potassium and magnesium ions has a number specifics. Both physiologic changes of organ functions and dietary habits, chronic disease and iatrogenic influences, above all due to medication, have relevance therefore. . The survey of ionic imbalances in elderly is presented, as well as the clinical signs of their depletion and surplus, as well as therapeutical procedures. The acid-base disturbances are frequent owing, on the one hand, to increased frequency of the diseases, causing primary acidbase disturbances, on the other hand, to the less effective compensatory response patterns that characterise aging process. The predisposition to renal failure is caused by incereased frequency of chronic systemic diseases, frequency of surgical treatment with post-operative complications, as well as by comsumption of drugs, many of them being nephrotoxic ones.
- MeSH
- acidobazická rovnováha genetika MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- glomerulus fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- ionty analýza fyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- referenční hodnoty MeSH
- renální insuficience etiologie patofyziologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- stárnutí MeSH
- vodní a elektrolytová nerovnováha etiologie klasifikace patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
This contribution is the third part of the project on strategies used in the selection and tuning of electrolyte systems for anionic ITP with ESI-MS detection. The strategy presented here is based on the creation of self-maintained ITP subsystems in moving-boundary systems and describes two new principal approaches offering physical separation of analyte zones from their common ITP stack and/or simultaneous selective stacking of two different analyte groups. Both strategic directions are based on extending the number of components forming the electrolyte system by adding a third suitable anion. The first method is the application of the spacer technique to moving-boundary anionic ITP systems, the second method is a technique utilizing a moving-boundary ITP system in which two ITP subsystems exist and move with mutually different velocities. It is essential for ESI detection that both methods can be based on electrolyte systems containing only several simple chemicals, such as simple volatile organic acids (formic and acetic) and their ammonium salts. The properties of both techniques are defined theoretically and discussed from the viewpoint of their applicability to trace analysis by ITP-ESI-MS. Examples of system design for selected model separations of preservatives and pharmaceuticals illustrate the validity of the theoretical model and application potential of the proposed techniques by both computer simulations and experiments. Both new methods enhance the application range of ITP-MS and may be beneficial particularly for complex multicomponent samples or for analytes with identical molecular mass.
In this paper, we suggest new electrolyte system for fast preparative electrofocusing in wide pH range. It is based on bidirectional ITP with multiple counterions and spacers created by commercially available defined simple buffers. The migration course of proposed focusing model can be simulated in advance by using separation conditions and electrolyte components that are consequently applied during the experiments. The suggested electrolyte system allows high current densities at the initial stages of focusing without danger of local overheating, which strongly reduces the time needed for analysis completion. The performance of the electrolyte system is demonstrated by the focusing of synthetic colored low molecular weight indicators and proteins in the arrangements with both linear narrow strip and nonwoven fabric sheet with continuous flow.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- elektrolyty MeSH
- erytrocyty fyziologie MeSH
- hypertenze MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- natriuréza účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
This contribution is the second part of the project on strategies used in the selection of electrolyte systems for anionic ITP with ESI-mass spectrometric detection. It presents ITP as a powerful tool for selective stacking of anionic analytes, performed in a nonconventional way in moving-boundary systems where two co-anions are present in both the leading and terminating zones. The theoretical background is given to substantiate the conditions for the existence and migration of ITP boundaries in moving-boundary systems and stacking of analytes at these boundaries. The practical aspects of the theory are shown in form of stacking-window diagrams that bring immediate information about which analytes are stacked in a given system. The presented theory and strategy are illustrated and verified on the example of analysis of a model mixture of salicylic acid, ibuprofen and diclofenac, and comparison of regular and free-acid ITP with moving-boundary ITP systems formed by formic and propionic acids and ammonium as counterion.
Acta physiologica Scandinavica, ISSN 0302-2994 suppl. 535, 1984
63 s. : tab., grafy ; 24 cm
- MeSH
- biologický transport MeSH
- elektrolyty MeSH
- jejunum MeSH
- modely u zvířat MeSH
- sympatický nervový systém MeSH
- Konspekt
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie
- NLK Obory
- fyziologie
- neurovědy
- NLK Publikační typ
- studie
This work extends the present working range of isotachophoresis (ITP) with electrospray-ionization mass-spectrometric (ESI-MS) detection and describes for the first time a functional cationic electrolyte system for analyses at medium-alkaline pH. So far no ITP-MS application was published on the analysis of medium strong bases although there is a broad spectrum of potential analytes like biogenic amines, alkaloids or drugs, where this technique promises interesting gains in both sensitivity and specificity. The presented results include a selection of suitable sufficiently volatile ESI-compatible system components, discussion of factors affecting system properties, and recommendations for functional ITP electrolyte systems. Theoretical conclusions based on calculations and computer simulations are confirmed by experiments with a model mixture of beta-blockers. Practical applicability of the method is demonstrated on the example of analysis of sotalol in dried blood spots where direct injection of aqueous extract, ITP stacking and MS detection provide a fast, simple and sensitive technique with limits of quantitation on the sub-nM level.
The subject of this work is the definition of a simple model based on general ITP theory that allows describing and predicting the behavior of ITP systems compatible with ESI-MS detection. The model is exemplified by anionic ITP of weak acids that represent an interesting potential application field of ITP-ESI-MS. Suitable ESI-compatible electrolyte systems of very simple composition are proposed including a special free-acid ITP arrangement. The properties of these systems are discussed using illustrative diagrams of their stacking windows. The use of anionic ITP-ESI-MS in negative-ion ESI mode is reported for the first time and its suitability for sensitive trace analysis is demonstrated. The presented ITP-ESI-MS application example comprises a free-acid ITP system formed of formic and propionic acids and direct injection analysis of ibuprofen and diclofenac in waters with quantitation limits of the order 10(-10) M.
- MeSH
- anionty chemie MeSH
- antiflogistika nesteroidní analýza MeSH
- diklofenak analýza MeSH
- elektroforéza kapilární MeSH
- elektrolyty chemie MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie s elektrosprejovou ionizací metody MeSH
- ibuprofen analýza MeSH
- izotachoforéza metody MeSH
- kyseliny chemie MeSH
- limita detekce MeSH
- neopioidní analgetika analýza MeSH
- pitná voda analýza MeSH
- řeky chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
