Ganoderma
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Ganoderma lucidum, houba používaná již více než 2 500 let především v Číně a Japonsku k léčení širokého spektra nemocí, obsahuje řadu farmakologicky aktivních látek. Jejich stručnému přehledu je věnována tato práce. Některé z těchto látek by mohly mít význam i pro současnou medicínu. Např. protizánětlivé triterpenoidy typu kyseliny ganoderové či lucidenové by mohly rozšířit spektrum léčiv Alzheimerovy choroby.
Ganoderma lucidum, a mushroom used mainly in China and Japan more than two and half thousand years for treating a broad range of disorders, contains numerous pharmacologically active substances. To their brief survey this work is devoted, because some of them could be considerable for current medicine. For instance anti-inflammatory triterpenoides of ganoderic and lucidenic acid types might enriche spectrum of Alzheimer’s disease drugs.
Ganoderma lucidum je dřevokazná houba, která je již po tisíce let využívána v tradiční východní medicíně v Číně, Japonsku a Koreji, kde je známá pod jménem ling-zhi či reishi. V současné době je tato houba populární po celém světě a řada studií potvrzuje její léčebné účinky. Tento článek shrnuje informace o této houbě, o obsahových látkách a jejích léčivých účincích.
Ganoderma lucidum, also known as ling-zhi or reishi, is a wood-destroying fungus which has been used in traditional Eastern medicines in China, Japan and Korea for thousands of years. Nowadays it is used throughout the world and many studies confirm its medicinal effects. This article summarizes knowledge about this fungus, about its bioactive compounds and medicinal use.
- Klíčová slova
- ling-zhi, imunostimulační účinky, protinádorové působení, protizánětlivý účinek,
- MeSH
- antiflogistika terapeutické užití MeSH
- fytoterapie MeSH
- imunitní systém účinky léků MeSH
- imunologické faktory terapeutické užití MeSH
- léky rostlinné čínské farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory farmakoterapie MeSH
- polysacharidy farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- protinádorové látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- reishi * MeSH
- triterpeny farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Medicinal Ganoderma mushrooms have long tradition in Asia, and recently they began to be consumed in Europe as well. Among hundreds of Ganoderma species, only a few of them are intensively investigated, i.e., G. lucidum and G. applanatum, whereas the chemistry and bioactivities of the other species, especially of European origin, still remain unknown. This study comprises detailed chemical analysis of two Ganoderma species growing wild in Turkey, G. pfeifferi and G. carnosum. Metal composition of both species shows high concentrations of biogenic metals. Phenolic composition of the isolated extracts of G. carnosum and G. pfeifferi shows that these species are rich in simple phenolic acids, such as 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid, but also in flavonoids. These compounds are found to be carriers of the antioxidant activity but also enzyme inhibition activity of the analyzed extracts. Overall results indicate that these two Ganoderma species have strong potential to be used for medicinal purposes.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia farmakologie MeSH
- fenoly chemie MeSH
- flavonoidy chemie MeSH
- Ganoderma chemie klasifikace MeSH
- inhibitory enzymů farmakologie MeSH
- kovy chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Turecko MeSH
The pathogenicity of Ganoderma boninense was tested on coconut seedlings under greenhouse conditions and infection confirmed by using immunological and molecular diagnostic tools. Desiccation of older leaves and the emergence of sporophores were observed from pathogen-inoculated seedlings, whereas a control seedling does not show any pathogenic symptoms. Mature sporophores were formed within 10-13 weeks after inoculation. Polyclonal antibodies raised against mycelial proteins of Ganoderma were used for detection of Ganoderma in infected field palm and seedlings through indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. We adopted dot-immunobinding assay for the detection of Ganoderma from greenhouse and field samples. Under nucleic-acid-based diagnosis, G. boninense (167 bp) was detected from artificially inoculated seedlings and infected field palms by polymerase chain reaction. Apart from these, histopathological studies also support the Ganoderma pathogenicity in coconut seedlings. The pathogenicity test and combination of all the three diagnostic methods for Ganoderma could be highly reliable, rapid, sensitive and effective screening of resistance in planting material in the future.
- MeSH
- Cocos mikrobiologie MeSH
- DNA fungální genetika MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- Ganoderma genetika izolace a purifikace patogenita MeSH
- imunoanalýza metody MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika MeSH
- nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce metody MeSH
- semenáček mikrobiologie MeSH
- virulence MeSH
Ganoderma sp., the fungal agent causing basal stem rot (BSR), poses a severe threat to global oil palm production. Alarming increases in BSR occurrences within oil palm growing zones are attributed to varying effectiveness in its current management strategies. Asymptomatic progression of the disease and the continuous monoculture of oil palm pose challenges for prompt and effective management. Therefore, the development of precise, early, and timely detection techniques is crucial for successful BSR management. Conventional methods such as visual assessments, culture-based assays, and biochemical and physiological approaches prove time-consuming and lack specificity. Serological-based diagnostic methods, unsuitable for fungal diagnostics due to low sensitivity, assay affinity, cross-contamination which further underscores the need for improved techniques. Molecular PCR-based assays, utilizing universal, genus-specific, and species-specific primers, along with functional primers, can overcome the limitations of conventional and serological methods in fungal diagnostics. Recent advancements, including real-time PCR, biosensors, and isothermal amplification methods, facilitate accurate, specific, and sensitive Ganoderma detection. Comparative whole genomic analysis enables high-resolution discrimination of Ganoderma at the strain level. Additionally, omics tools such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics can identify potential biomarkers for early detection of Ganoderma infection. Innovative on-field diagnostic techniques, including remote methods like volatile organic compounds profiling, tomography, hyperspectral and multispectral imaging, terrestrial laser scanning, and Red-Green-Blue cameras, contribute to a comprehensive diagnostic approach. Ultimately, the development of point-of-care, early, and cost-effective diagnostic techniques accessible to farmers is vital for the timely management of BSR in oil palm plantations.
Species of the Ganoderma lucidum complex are used in many types of health products. However, the taxonomy of this complex has long been chaotic, thus limiting its uses. In the present study, 32 collections of the complex from Asia, Europe and North America were analyzed from both morphological and molecular phylogenetic perspectives. The combined dataset, including an outgroup, comprised 33 ITS, 24 tef1α, 24 rpb1 and 21 rpb2 sequences, of which 19 ITS, 20 tef1α, 20 rpb1 and 17 rpb2 sequences were newly generated. A total of 13 species of the complex were recovered in the multilocus phylogeny. These 13 species were not strongly supported as a single monophyletic lineage, and were further grouped into three lineages that cannot be defined by their geographic distributions. Clade A comprised Ganoderma curtisii, Ganoderma flexipes, Ganoderma lingzhi, Ganoderma multipileum, Ganoderma resinaceum, Ganoderma sessile, Ganoderma sichuanense and Ganoderma tropicum, Clade B comprised G. lucidum, Ganoderma oregonense and Ganoderma tsugae, and Clade C comprised Ganoderma boninense and Ganoderma zonatum. A dichotomous key to the 13 species is provided, and their key morphological characters from context, pores, cuticle cells and basidiospores are presented in a table. The taxonomic positions of these species are briefly discussed. Noteworthy, the epitypification of G. sichuanense is rejected.
- MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- Ganoderma chemie genetika MeSH
- léčivé rostliny chemie genetika MeSH
- Polyporales chemie genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
- Severní Amerika MeSH
The basidiomycete fungus, Ganoderma boninense, has been identified as the main causal agent of oil palm basal stem rot (BSR) disease which has caused significant economic losses to the industry especially in Malaysia and Indonesia. Various efforts have been initiated to understand the disease and this plant pathogen especially at the molecular level. This is the first study of its kind on the development of a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation system for G. boninense. Based on the minimal inhibitory concentration study, 60 µg/mL and above of hygromycin were effective to completely inhibit G. boninense growth. Approximately 5.145 × 107 cells/mL of protoplasts with the viability of 97.24% was successfully obtained from G. boninense mycelium tissue. The PEG-mediated G. boninense protoplast transformation using 1 µg of transformation vector, 25% of PEG solution, 10 min of pre-transformation incubation, and 30 min of post-transformation incubation has improved the transformation rate as compared with the previous reported protocols for other basidiomycete fungi. Optimization of four transformation parameters has improved the transformation efficiency of G. boninense from an average of 2 to 67 putative transformants. The presence of hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) genes in the putative transformants was detected by PCR and verified by gene sequence analysis. Southern hybridization result further confirmed the integration of hpt gene in G. boninense transformants, and the green fluorescent signal was detected in the G. boninense transformants under the microscopic analysis. The establishment of this transformation system will accelerate the gene function studies of G. boninense especially those genes that may contribute to the pathogenesis of this fungus in oil palm.
In this study, the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method for Ganderma weberianum has been established. Driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, the hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt), β-glucuronidase (uidA), and enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) genes have been efficiently expressed in transgenic mycelia and spores. The transformation system was composed of the growing mycelia, A. tumefaciens strain GV3101, and the expression vector pBI-H1, harboring the CaMV 35S promoter and selective hpt marker. The genetic transformation of G. weberianum was achieved through co-cultivation of Agrobacterium lawn and fungal mycelia at 28 °C on yeast extract agar (YEA) medium. Stable genetic transformants were obtained through successive hygromycin B selections and single spore isolation. Over 80 % of transformants showed genetic stability even after ten rounds of subculturing. The simple and efficient genetic transformation method is a useful tool for molecular genetics analyses and gene manipulation of G. weberianum.
- MeSH
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Ganoderma genetika MeSH
- genetické techniky * MeSH
- genetické vektory genetika metabolismus MeSH
- transformace genetická * MeSH
- zelené fluorescenční proteiny MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Práce předkládá výsledky výzkumu vlivu prášku houby Ganoderma lucidum na imunitu zprostředkovanou T-buňkami u zdravých myší a myší s potlačenou imunitou linie CBA/Ca. Použita byla zkouška opožděného typu hypersenzitivity. Experimentální imunodeficience byla navozena první den pokusu intraperitoneální injekcí imunosupresivní látky cyklofosfamidu v dávce 150 mg/kg. Výsledky studie ukazují, že podání prášku Ganoderma lucidum v dávce 0,5 mg/kg perorálně po 10 dní zvyšuje odpověď opožděného typu hypersenzitivity u zdravých myší CBA/Ca. Podání 0,5 mg/kg prášku houby Ganoderma lucidum po 10 dní blokovalo rozvoj imunosuprese zprostředkované T-buňkami vyvolané podáním cyklofosfamidu a obnovilo reakci opožděného typu hypersenzitivity u myší s potlačenou imunitou.
The article presents the results of the investigation of the effect of biomass powder of the fungus Ganoderma lucidum on T-cell-mediated immunity in normal and immunosuppressed mice CBA/Ca. Delayed-type hypersensitivity assay was used. Experimental immunodeficiency was established with intraperitoneal injection of the immunosuppressant cyclophosphamide at a single dose of 150 mg/kg on the first day of the experiment. Results of the study show that the administration of biomass powder of Ganoderma lucidum in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg orally for 10 days increases the delayed-type hypersensitivity response in normal mice CBA/Ca. Administration of 0.5 mg/kg of biomass powder of the fungus Ganoderma lucidum for 10 days blocked the development of the T-cell-mediated immunosuppression, induced by administration of cyclophosphamide and restored the delayed-type hypersensitivity response in immunosuppressed mice.
- MeSH
- buněčná imunita účinky léků MeSH
- cyklofosfamid MeSH
- cytologické techniky MeSH
- Ganoderma * cytologie imunologie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- imunitní systém účinky léků MeSH
- imunosupresivní léčba MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely u zvířat MeSH
- T-lymfocyty imunologie účinky léků MeSH
- výzkum MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
Je nazývána také Reishi, Ling-Zhi či Leskokorka lesklá a není ve světě ničím novým, již po několik tisíc let je používána v tradiční čínské medicíně pro léčbu široké škály onemocnění a zdravotních potíží. Ganoderma lucidum se v poslední době dostává do povědomí širší veřejnosti a je doporučována lékaři k podpore léčby řady zdravotních problémů a onemocnění, a to bez vedlejších účinků.
- Klíčová slova
- Lesklokorka lesklá, Ling-Zhi, produkty s certifikátem, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma lucidum MYCELIUM, Ganoderma lucidum SPORE POWDER,
- MeSH
- čaj MeSH
- fytogenní protinádorové látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- fytoterapie * trendy využití MeSH
- hmotnostní úbytek účinky léků MeSH
- imunitní systém účinky léků MeSH
- káva MeSH
- léky rostlinné čínské * farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metabolická inaktivace účinky léků MeSH
- metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- reishi * chemie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
