• Publication type
• Meeting Abstract MeSH

Kadmium (Cd) je neesenciální těžký kov běžně se vyskytující v životním prostředí. Akumuluje se v těle v měkkých tkáních, zejména v ledvinách a játrech. Nachází se v potravinách (zelenina, obiloviny, škrobnaté hlízy), vodě, tabákových listech. Do prostředí proniká jako vedlejší produkt při těžbě a zpracování neželezných rud, při spalování fosilních paliv nebo při použití fosfátových hnojiv. Akutní toxicita je spojena především s vdechováním par kadmia a postihuje plíce (dušnost, bolest na prsou, bolest hlavy, závratě). Chronická toxicita se projevuje primárně dysfunkcí ledvin, sekundárně osteoporosou a může vést ke vzniku rakoviny (plic, ledvin, prostaty, slinivky břišní). Toxické účinky kadmia souvisí se snižováním hladin antioxidantů, snižováním aktivity enzymů (včetně antioxidačních), zvyšováním peroxidace lipidů a vyvoláváním oxidativních změn DNA. To vše vede v organismu ke vzniku tzv. oxidativního stresu. Jistou ochranu před škodlivými účinky kadmia poskytuje vyvážená, plnohodnotná strava, ovšem nejdůležitější zůstává prevence nebo alespoň minimalizace kontaktu s tímto těžkým kovem.

Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential heavy metal commonly found in the environment. It accumulates in the soft tissues of the body, especially in the kidneys and liver. It is found in food (vegetables, cereals, starchy roots), water, and tobacco leaves. Cadmium is released to the environment as a by-product of mining and smelting of non-ferrous ores, during the combustion of fossil fuels or during use of phosphate fertilizers. Acute inhalation of fumes containing cadmium affects the lungs causing dyspnea, chest pain, headache, and dizziness. Chronic cadmium exposure primarily affects the kidneys and secondarily the bones causing osteoporosis, and may lead to cancer (lung, kidney, prostate, pancreas cancer). Toxic effects of cadmium are associated with depleting levels of antioxidants, inhibiting the activity of enzymes (including antioxidative ones), increasing lipid peroxidation, and causing oxidative changes of DNA. In the organism, this induces a state of oxidative stress. A well-balanced diet provides protection from the harmful effects of cadmium to a certain extent; however, prevention or minimizing of cadmium exposure remains the most important way of protection.

• MeSH
• Cell Death MeSH
• Glutathione metabolism   MeSH
• Cadmium * metabolism   adverse effects   toxicity   MeSH
• Carcinogens toxicity   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Metallothionein metabolism   MeSH
• Cadmium Poisoning etiology   physiopathology   pathology   prevention & control   MeSH
• Oxidative Stress MeSH
• Primary Prevention methods   MeSH
• Environmental Pollution prevention & control   adverse effects   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

• Publication type
• Meeting Abstract MeSH

Chlorované parafíny jsou relativně novou a stále nedostatečně prozkoumanou skupinou kontaminantů životního prostředí. Chlorované parafíny s krátkým uhlíkatým řetězcem řadíme od roku 2017 na seznam perzistentních organických polutantů. Použití těchto forem je tedy v průmyslu regulováno. Nicméně chlorované parafíny se středním či dlouhým řetězcem, které disponují velice podobnými fyzikálně‐ ‐chemickými vlastnostmi, jsou doposud používány a jejich produkce i konzumace převážně v oblasti Číny strmě vzrůstá. Chlorované parafíny mají schopnost bioakumulace ve tkáních a mohou též ovlivňovat buněčný metabolismus. Se svým nízkým stupněm biotransfor‐ mace představují bezprostřední hrozbu pro lidské zdraví.

Chlorinated paraffins are a relatively new and still understudied component of environmental contaminants. Chlorinated paraffins with a short carbon chain have been included in the list of persistent organic pollutants since 2017. The use of these forms is therefore regu‐ lated in the industry. However, chlorinated paraffins with a medium or long chain, which have very similar physico‐chemical properties, are still used and their production and consumption, mainly in the area of China, is increasing steeply. Chlorinated paraffins have the ability to bioaccumulate in tissues and can also affect cellular metabolism. With their low degree of biotransformation, they represent the closest threat to human health.

• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Paraffin * adverse effects   MeSH
• Environmental Pollution MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Infertility affects about 20 % of the population in advanced countries including the Czech Republic. The reasons are hormonal, genetic, mental or immunological abnormalities. The most common immunological disorder is the production of antibodies against oocytes and sperm cells. The sperm cell has a potentially immunogenic structure for both women and men. Anti-sperm antibodies can be used for monitoring infertility. Several antigens on sperm cells have been characterized.

• MeSH
• Autoantibodies pharmacology   immunology   MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Infertility immunology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Spermatozoa immunology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH

• Publication type
• Meeting Abstract MeSH

Selenium is an essential trace element important for many physiological processes, especially for the functions of immune and reproductive systems, metabolism of thyroid hormones, as well as antioxidant defense. Selenium deficiency is usually manifested by an increased incidence of retention of placenta, metritis, mastitis, aborts, lowering fertility and increased susceptibility to infections. In calves, lambs and kids, the selenium deficiency demonstrates by WMD (white muscle disease), in foals and donkey foals, it is associated with incidence of WMD and yellow fat disease, and in pigs it causes VESD (vitamin E/selenium deficiency) syndrome. The prevention of these health disorders can be achieved by an adequate selenium supplementation to the diet. The review summarizes the survey of knowledge on selenium, its biological significance in the organism, the impact of its deficiency in mammalian livestock (comparison of ruminants vs. non-ruminants, herbivore vs. omnivore) and possibilities of its peroral administration. The databases employed were as follows: Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar.

• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Dietary Supplements MeSH
• Mammals metabolism   MeSH
• Selenium deficiency   metabolism   physiology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

• MeSH
• Allergens chemistry   immunology   MeSH
• Antigens, Plant chemistry   immunology   MeSH
• Gibberellins chemistry   immunology   MeSH
• Mass Spectrometry MeSH
• Immunoglobulin E immunology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Food Hypersensitivity diagnosis   immunology   MeSH
• Pollen chemistry   immunology   MeSH
• Plant Proteins chemistry   immunology   MeSH
• Amino Acid Sequence MeSH
• Cross Reactions immunology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Letter MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

The response of nutrient status and biochemical processes in (i) Wistar and (ii) spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats upon dietary intake of selenium- (Se-) enriched defatted rapeseed (DRS) and/or vitamin E fortification was examined to assess the health benefit of DRS in animal nutrition. Twenty-four individuals of each type of rat were used: The control group was fed with an untreated diet (Diet A). In Diets B and C, soybean meal was replaced with defatted DRS, which comprised 14% of the total diet. The selenized DRS application resulted in ~3-fold increase of Se content in the diet. Diet C was also fortified with the addition of vitamin E, increasing the natural content by 30%. The Se content of the blood and kidneys tended to increase in the DRS groups, where the changes were significant (P < 0.05) only in the case of SHR rats. The iodine (I) content and the proportion of iodide in rat livers indicated a lower transformation rate of iodide into organoiodine compounds compared to the control. Slight and ambiguous alterations in the antioxidative response of the rat were observed in the DRS groups, but the addition of vitamin E to the diet helped to moderate these effects.

• MeSH
• Brassica rapa * MeSH
• Food, Fortified * MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Kidney metabolism   MeSH
• Rats, Inbred SHR MeSH
• Rats, Inbred WKY MeSH
• Dietary Supplements * MeSH
• Selenium * blood   pharmacology   MeSH
• Vitamin E pharmacology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Traditional supplements of selenium generally have a low degree of absorption and increased toxicity. Therefore, it is imperative to develop innovative systems as transporters of selenium compounds, which would raise the bioavailability of this element and allow its controlled release in the organism. Nanoscale selenium has attracted a great interest as a food additive especially in individuals with selenium deficiency, but also as a therapeutic agent without significant side effects in medicine. This review is focused on the incorporation of nanotechnological applications, in particular exploring the possibilities of a more effective way of administration, especially in selenium-deficient organisms. In addition, this review summarizes the survey of knowledge on selenium nanoparticles, their biological effects in the organism, advantages, absorption mechanisms, and nanotechnological applications for peroral administration.

• MeSH
• Administration, Oral MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Nanoparticles administration & dosage   chemistry   MeSH
• Nanomedicine methods   MeSH
• Nanotechnology MeSH
• Food Additives administration & dosage   chemistry   MeSH
• Selenium administration & dosage   pharmacokinetics   MeSH
• Intestinal Mucosa drug effects   MeSH
• Drug Delivery Systems methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH