Existing research indicates that the shape of various facial regions is linked to perceived attractiveness and perceived formidability. Interestingly, little evidence shows that people directly focus on these specific facial regions during judgments of attractiveness and formidability, and there is little support for the notion that the levels of attractiveness and formidability affect raters' visual attention. We employed eye-tracking to examine visual attention (the number of fixations and dwell time) in 40 women and 37 men, while they assessed 45 male faces in life-sized photographs for attractiveness and formidability. The facial photographs were grouped by varying levels of attractiveness and formidability (low, medium, and high). Our results showed that regardless of the characteristics rated, both men and women paid the most visual attention to the eyes, nose, mouth, and forehead regions. We found statistically discernible variation in visual attention in relation to the rater's sex or target's attractiveness levels for other facial features (the chin, cheeks, or ears), but these differences may not be substantial enough to have practical implications. We suggest that the eyes, the nose, and the mouth regions play a central role in the evolution of face perception as regions most salient to the acquisition of informative cues about others. Further, during both attractiveness and formidability judgments, men looked longer at the stimuli than women did, which may hint at increased difficulty of this task for men, possibly because they compare themselves with the stimuli. Additionally, irrespective of sex, raters looked marginally longer at faces with a medium level of formidability than at those with a high formidability level, which may reflect ambiguity of these stimuli and uncertainty regarding assessment. We found no other significantly relationships between the target's attractiveness and formidability levels and the rater's visual attention to whole faces.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• krása MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mínění MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• obličej * MeSH
• pozornost * fyziologie   MeSH
• rozpoznání obličeje fyziologie   MeSH
• technologie sledování pohybu očí MeSH
• výběrové chování fyziologie   MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Flehmen is frequently explained as part of male sexual behaviour, but it can also be associated with overmarking behaviour and thus individual recognition. We tested three explanatory hypotheses of flehmen behaviour: to detect sexual status of a female, to decide whether to overmark an individual, and to improve individual recognition. Additionally, we examined interspecific flehmen differences in the African equids. We observed 130 individuals of all 4 species among 15 groups in 5 zoos. We recorded 4445 eliminations: 142 were accompanied by flehmen and 1648 were inspected by another animal and followed by flehmen (n = 147 cases). As males of all age categories flehmened more often than females we conclude that flehmen serves to detect reproductive status of a female. However, this is not an exclusive explanation as animals of all sex and age categories flehmened when inspecting an elimination. Flehmen was not the predictor of overmarking. Nevertheless, we suggest that foals could use it for individual recognition. We found large interspecific differences with the highest rate of flehmen in African wild ass and least in mountain zebra. Thus, while the main function of flehmen is to detect female reproductive status, inter-individual and inter-species differences also play a role.

• MeSH
• Equidae * MeSH
• koně MeSH
• sexuální chování zvířat * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Pôrodná asistentka (PA) je v rámci svojho vzdelania pripravená poskytovať zdravotnú starostlivosť o ženu počas tehotenstva, pôrodu aj postnatálneho obdobia. Predpokladaný nedostatok pracovnej sily, slabá motivácia pre voľbu profesie pôrodnej asistentky na Slovensku môže mať vážne dopady na starostlivosť o ženu. Zdá sa, že táto skutočnosť je ovplyvnená viacerými faktormi. Aby pôrodné asistentky mohli plniť svoju profesionálnu úlohu, musia byť splnomocnené a nadobudnúť autonómiu pri práci. Cieľom štúdie bolo posúdiť vnímanie postavenia pôrodných asistentiek v spoločnosti na Slovensku. Štúdie sa zúčastnilo 354 pôrodných asistentiek (vo veku 18-49 rokov). Na zber údajov bol použitý dotazník (PEMS - Revised) pre účely skúmania Empowermentu (sila postavenia profesie), ktorý sme následne vyhodnotili pomocou deskriptívnej štatistiky, Mann- -Whitney U a Kruskal-Wallis testov (p<0,05). Cronbach alfa koeficient bol 0,83. V rámci porovnania jednotlivých subškál PEMS škály sa preukázalo, že pôrodné asistentky vnímajú ako najslabšiu oblasť Podporu od nadriadeného 3,25 (± 1,34) a Profesijné uznanie 3,27 (± 1,03). Tieto oblasti je na Slovensku potrebné výrazne zlepšiť zo strany ostatných zdravotníckych pracovníkov a dosiahnuť zlepšenie postavenia profesie pôrodnej asistentky v spoločnosti. Štúdia podporuje psychometrické vlastnosti PEMS-škály.

Midwives are educated to provide care for women during pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period. The expected midwifery workforce shortages and weak motivation for choosing the profession of midwife in Slovakia can have serious implications for the care of women. This fact seems to be influenced by several factors. In order to fulfil the professional role, midwives are to be empowered and gain autonomy at work. The aim of the study was to investigate the perception of the position of midwives in society in Slovakia. The research sample consisted of 354 midwives (aged 18-49). The PEMS – Revised questionnaire to examine empowerment in midwifery (the profession position strength) was used for data collection, which were subsequently evaluated using descriptive statistics, the Mann- -Whitney U and the Kruskal-Wallis tests (p <0.05). The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0. 83. In the comparison of individual subscales of the PEMS scale, it was shown that midwives perceive Superior support 3.25 (± 1.34) and Professional recognition 3.27 (± 1.03) as the weakest areas. In Slovakia, it is necessary to significantly improve these areas as well as the position of the midwife profession in society. Our research study supports the psychometric properties of the PEMS-scale.

• Klíčová slova
• profesní uznání, podpora nadřízeného,
• MeSH
• klinické kompetence MeSH
• odborná způsobilost MeSH
• osobní autonomie MeSH
• porodní asistentky MeSH
• profesionální nezávislost MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH

Rozpoznání poruch nálady a jejich léčba se v posledních letech značně zlepšuje. V rámci veřejného zdraví a problematiky rozvoje depresivní poruchy je důležité výzkumně identifikovat rizikové faktory, které se podílejí na jejím vzniku. Jedním z rizikových faktorů je manželský nesoulad, avšak hlubší pochopení konkrétních činitelů v procesu vztahové problematiky, rozvoje a udržování depresivní poruchy je dosud málo známé. Pro zlepšení léčebných výstupů je zapotřebí dalšího výzkumu interpersonálních faktorů podílejících se na nástupu a průběhu depresivní poruchy.

Recognition of mood disorders and their treatment has improved considerably in recent years. In terms of public health and the development of depressive disorder, it is important to explore the risk factors involved in its development. One of the risk factors is marital discrepancy, however deeper understanding of specific factors in the process of relationship issues, development and maintenance of depressive disorder is still little known. Research into interpersonal factors affecting the onset and course of depression is therefore an important topic in research efforts.

• MeSH
• deprese * etiologie   MeSH
• interpersonální vztahy * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• manželství * MeSH
• náchylnost k nemoci MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Complex visual signaling through various combinations of colors and patterns has been well documented in a number of diurnal reptiles. However, there are many nocturnal species with highly sensitive vision, being able to discriminate colors in night conditions, as was shown in geckos. Because of their sensitivity to chromatic signals, including UV (ultraviolet), they may have potential hidden features in their coloration, which may play role in intraspecific communication (e.g. mate choice) or interspecific signals (e.g. antipredatory function). We explored this hypothesis in nocturnal Leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius), a species using visual signals in both antipredation defense and courtship, having ontogenetic color change accompanied by a shift in behavior. We used UV photography and visual modeling in order to compare various aspects of their coloration (luminance, contrast, color proportions) between sexes, age groups and populations. We found that Leopard geckos have considerable UV reflectance in white patches on their tails (and on the head in juveniles). Though, no prominent differences were detected in their coloration between various groups. We hypothesize that the limitation of UV reflectance to the head and tail, which are both actively displayed during defense, especially in juveniles, might potentially boost the effect of antipredation signaling.

• MeSH
• ještěři fyziologie   MeSH
• noční vidění fyziologie   MeSH
• rozpoznávání obrazu fyziologie   MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• světelná stimulace MeSH
• ultrafialové záření MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• vidění barevné fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Sex-specific chemical secretions have been widely used as diagnostic characters in chemotaxonomy. The taxonomically confused group of bumblebees has reaped the benefit of this approach through the analyses of cephalic labial gland secretions (CLGS). Most of currently available CLGS descriptions concern species from the West-Palearctic region but few from the New World. Here, the CLGS of four East-Palearctic species Bombus deuteronymus, B. filchnerae, B. humilis, and B. exil (subgenus Thoracobombus) are analysed. Our results show high levels of variability in the major compounds in B. exil. In contrast, we describe a low differentiation in CLGS compounds between B. filchnerae and its phylogenetically closely related taxon B. muscorum. Moreover, the chemical profiles of B. filchnerae and B. muscorum are characterized by low concentrations of the C16 component, which is found in higher concentrations in the other Thoracobombus species. This raises the possibility that courtship behavior as well as environmental constraints could affect the role of the bumblebee males' CLGS.

• MeSH
• analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
• exokrinní žlázy chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
• sexuální lákadla analýza   chemie   MeSH
• včely chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Squamate reptiles are a highly diversified vertebrate group with extensive variability in social behavior and sexual dimorphism. However, hormonal control of these traits has not previously been investigated in sufficient depth in many squamate lineages. Here, we studied the hormonal control of male sexual behavior, aggressiveness, copulatory organ (hemipenis) size and sex recognition in the gecko Paroedura picta, comparing ovariectomized females, ovariectomized females treated with exogenous dihydrotestosterone (DHT), ovariectomized females treated with exogenous testosterone (T), control females and males. The administration of both T and DHT led to the expression of male-typical sexual behavior in females. However, in contrast to T, increased circulating levels of DHT alone were not enough to initiate the full expression of male-typical offensive aggressive behavior and development of hemipenes in females. Ovariectomized females were as sexually attractive as control females, which does not support the need for the demasculinization of the cues used for sex recognition by ovarian hormones as suggested in other sauropsids. On the other hand, our results point to the masculinization of the sex recognition cues by male gonadal androgens. Previously, we also demonstrated that sexually dimorphic growth is controlled by ovarian hormones in P. picta. Overall, it appears that individual behavioral and morphological sexually-dimorphic traits are controlled by multiple endogenous pathways in this species. Variability in the endogenous control of particular traits could have permitted their disentangling during evolution and the occurrence of (semi)independent changes across squamate phylogeny.

• MeSH
• agrese účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• androgeny farmakologie   MeSH
• dihydrotestosteron farmakologie   MeSH
• ještěři metabolismus   MeSH
• ovarektomie MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• rozmnožování účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• sexuální chování zvířat účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• testosteron farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The nature and hormonal control of cues used for recognition of sex and reproductive status of conspecifics remain largely unstudied in reptiles. It has been proposed that production of a female attractiveness pheromone controlled by female ovarian hormones (and which is suppressed by male gonadal androgens) is necessary to elicit courtship in males. In the case of leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius), it has been suggested that an individual is recognized as a male and attacked unless it produces female-specific stimuli in its skin and that females are attacked, not courted, while shedding. We tested the reactions of males to control males and control shedding and non-shedding females, castrated males, females treated with exogenous androgens (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone), and prepubertal individuals. The individuals with high androgen levels (i.e., control males and hormone-treated females) were attacked while animals in all the other groups were courted. Our results indicate that in leopard gecko hormonally controlled pheromones advertising female attractiveness are not required and that sex discrimination is based on the presence or absence of cues dependent on masculinization by male gonadal steroids.

• MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• dihydrotestosteron krev   farmakologie   MeSH
• diskriminace (psychologie) účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• estradiol krev   farmakologie   MeSH
• ještěři fyziologie   MeSH
• námluvy * psychologie   MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
• rozmnožování účinky léků   MeSH
• rozpoznávání obrazu účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• sexuální chování zvířat účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• sociální chování MeSH
• testosteron krev   farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Social parasitic Hymenopterans have evolved morphological, chemical, and behavioral adaptations to overcome the sophisticated recognition and defense systems of their social host to invade host nests and exploit their worker force. In bumblebees, social parasitism appeared in at least 3 subgenera independently: in the subgenus Psithyrus consisting entirely of parasitic species, in the subgenus Alpinobombus with Bombus hyperboreus, and in the subgenus Thoracobombus with B. inexspectatus. Cuckoo bumblebee males utilize species-specific cephalic labial gland secretions for mating purposes that can impact their inquiline strategy. We performed cephalic labial gland secretions in B. hyperboreus, B. inexspectatus and their hosts. Males of both parasitic species exhibited high species specific levels of cephalic gland secretions, including different main compounds. Our results showed no chemical mimicry in the cephalic gland secretions between inquilines and their host and we did not identify the repellent compounds already known in other cuckoo bumblebees.

• MeSH
• exokrinní žlázy sekrece   MeSH
• komunikace zvířat * MeSH
• sociální chování * MeSH
• včely chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Koexistencia ľudí s mikroorganizmami je známa už dávno. Okrem vzťahu s infekčnými chorobami sa v dnešnej dobe potvrdzuje význam personálnej mikrobioty pre zdravie, resp. niektoré neinfekčné choroby človeka. Osídľovanie ľudského tela vhodnými mikroorganizmami po pôrode je esenciálne napr. pre fyziologický vývoj imunitného systému a má vplyv aj na vývoj centrálneho nervového systému. Zloženie črevnej mikrobioty ovplyvňuje najmä spôsob pôrodu, výživa v ranom detstve a v neposlednom rade aj životný štýl a používanie liekov, najmä antibiotík. Porovnaním črevného mikrobiómu ľudí z rôznych častí sveta sa našli zásadné rozdiely v jeho zložení na základe čoho boli definované konkrétne enterotypy. Zaujímavé bolo zistenie, že druhovo rôzne zloženie mikrobioty pokrýva tie isté, resp. podobné metabolické dráhy. Ukazuje sa, že práve črevná mikrobiota a jej dysbióza môže mať za následok vznik rôznych tzv. civilizačných ochorení, ako napr. diabetes mellitus, obezita, astma, zápalové ochorenia čreva, alergie a autoimunitné ochorenia.

Coexistence of humans with microorganisms is well known for a long time. Besides the association with infectious diseases, personal microbiota is important for human health, possibly for some non-infectious diseases. Colonization of the human body with appropriate microorganisms after delivery is essential for physiological immune system maturation and also has an influence on central nervous system development. The composition of the gut microbiota is affected by the mode of delivery, early life nutrition and last but not least by lifestyle and drug, especially antibiotics intake. A comparison of gut microbiomes between individuals living in different parts of the world showed a cardinal variation in its composition and basic enterotypes were defined. Interestingly, it has been found out that the different microbiota species’ composition covers the same, respectively similar metabolic pathways. It is suggested that gut microbiota composition and its dysbiosis may influence civilization diseases development, e. g. diabetes mellitus, obesity, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, allergy, and autoimmune diseases.

• Klíčová slova
• civilizační choroby, MAMP,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• autoimunitní nemoci etiologie   MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• civilizace MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• dysbióza terapie   MeSH
• imunitní systém mikrobiologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• kojení MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• porod fyziologie   MeSH
• prebiotika MeSH
• probiotika MeSH
• receptory rozpoznávající vzory agonisté   antagonisté a inhibitory   klasifikace   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * genetika   imunologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• T-lymfocyty mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH