Morphometric approach Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Molecular phylogenetic and traditional morphometric methods were applied to examine six Palaearctic taxa of the taxonomically difficult tachinid fly genus Dinera Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae), with particular reference to D. carinifrons (Fallén) and D. fuscata Zhang and Shima. Results of a phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial markers 12S and 16S rDNA and multivariate statistical analyses of 19 morphometric characters were used to delimit both species. A lectotype was designated for D. carinifrons to stabilize the nomenclature in the group. Dinera carinifrons has a transpalaearctic distribution and is present in Central Europe, especially in high altitudes of the Alps. It differs from the similar and closely related D. fuscata in that it has a slightly larger body size, a dense greyish microtrichosity on the body, and different head proportions. Dinera fuscata, as delimited here, is widespread in the Palaearctic region, including Europe. Slight differences in both molecular and morphometric characters were found between western (Europe and Iran) and eastern (China and Japan) populations of D. fuscata, which are interpreted as an intraspecific variation. Differential diagnosis between D. carinifrons and D. fuscata is provided in the form of a revised portion of the determination key to the Palaearctic Dinera by Zhang and Shima (2006).
- MeSH
- Diptera * anatomie a histologie klasifikace genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- hmyzí geny genetika MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- RNA ribozomální genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Dálný východ MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
- Japonsko MeSH
- Střední východ MeSH
The spermatozoon is the most diverse cell type known and this diversity is considered to reflect differences in sperm function. How the diversity in sperm morphology arose during speciation and what role the different specializations play in sperm function, however, remain incompletely characterized. This work reviews the hypotheses proposed to explain sperm morphological evolution, with a focus on some aspects of sperm morphometric evaluation; the ability of morphometrics to predict sperm cryoresistance and male fertility is also discussed. For this, the evaluation of patterns of change of sperm head morphometry throughout a process, instead of the study of the morphometric characteristics of the sperm head at different stages, allows a better identification of the males with different sperm cryoconservation ability. These new approaches, together with more studies employing a greater number of individuals, are needed to obtain novel results concerning the role of sperm morphometry on sperm function. Future studies should aim at understanding the causes of sperm design diversity and the mechanisms that generate them, giving increased attention to other sperm structures besides the sperm head. The implementation of scientific and technological advances could benefit the simultaneous examination of sperm phenotype and sperm function, demonstrating that sperm morphometry could be a useful tool for sperm assessment.
The human hip bone is generally accepted as the most reliable bone for sex estimation in forensic and bioarchaeological disciplines. However, it is seldom completely preserved. The best preserved region is typically around the sacroiliac joint and its auricular surface; it is therefore surprising that this surface has not been involved in standard sexing methods. The aim of this study was to explore the shape and size sexual dimorphism of the auricular surface in detail and to compare its sex estimation accuracy using the geometric morphometric (GM) and traditional methodological approach. Our sample consisted of 121 specimens from 3 European osteological collections. The GM part of the study was based on 2D sliding semilandmarks that covered the outline of the auricular surface. Furthermore, several linear measurements and visual features (e.g. auricular surface elevation, postauricular sulcus) were chosen to test sex estimation accuracy using support vector machines. Concerning the GM analysis, the most notable sexual differences in the auricular surface outline relate to size. The best accuracy was achieved using form variables reaching 81.0%. Comparable accuracy (80.2%) was achieved using the metric approach, but combined with visual features the accuracy was increased to 93.4%. The GM approach was not very efficient in sexing the auricular surface outline, but the combination of visual features from the posterior ilium and metric variables of the auricular surface could be useful in sex estimation. Therefore, we provide a further testable linear discriminant equation based on this combination of variables.
- MeSH
- analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lidský chromozom Y genetika MeSH
- os ilium fyziologie MeSH
- soudní antropologie metody MeSH
- určení pohlaví podle kostry metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The exact etiology of scoliosis is still unknown. The main purpose of this study is to search for the possible causation of scoliosis in the development changes of autonomic nervous structures. In this prospective study, we followed-up the changes in peripheral nerve structures and its discrepancies regarding the concavity and convexity of the scoliotic curve. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 12 patients with the idiopathic scoliotic deformity and the control group of 3 patients without any scoliotic deformity. The samples from the peripheral nerves of the convexity and concavity of the scoliotic deformity were drawn during the surgical correction by using the transthoracic approach. The samples were examined by the electron microscopic method and morphometric statistical evaluation. RESULTS: In samples taken from the scoliotic convexity, 23.71% of myelinized nerve fibers (MNF), 12.21% of unmyelinized nerve fibers (UNF), and 5.0% of Schwann cells (SC) were found by the morphometric measurement. There were 17.36% of MNF, 5.82% of UNF, and 5.27% of SC in samples taken from the concavity and 29.9% of MNF, 19.9% of UNF, and 16.7% of SC in the control nonscoliotic samples. Statistically significant differences between both sides of scoliotic deformity (convexity and concavity) and differences between the scoliotic samples and the nonscoliotic control samples were found. In all scoliotic samples, significant morphologic changes were found, mostly in the myelin sheaths and axon fiber abnormalities compression. CONCLUSION: There are significant morphologic changes in spinal autonomic nervous structures in scoliotic patients. These findings can help us in the search for the etiology of scoliosis
Biosocial impact of facial dominance and sex-typicality is well-evidenced in various human groups. It remains unclear, though, whether perceived sex-typicality and dominance can be consistently predicted from sexually dimorphic facial features across populations. Using a combination of multidimensional Bayesian approach and geometric morphometrics, we explored associations between perceived dominance, perceived sex-typicality, measured sexual shape dimorphism, and skin colour in a European and an African population. Unlike previous studies, we investigated the effect of facial variation due to shape separately from variation due to visual cues not related to shape in natural nonmanipulated stimuli. In men, perceived masculinity was associated with perceived dominance in both populations. In European women higher perceived femininity was, surprisingly, likewise positively associated with perceived dominance. Both shape and non-shape components participate in the constitution of facial sex-typicality and dominance. Skin colour predicted perceived sex-typicality in Africans but not in Europeans. Members of each population probably use different cues to assess sex-typicality and dominance. Using our methods, we found no universal sexually dimorphic scale predicting human perception of sex-typicality and dominance. Unidimensional understanding of sex-typicality thus seems problematic and should be applied with cautions when studying perceived sex-typicality and its correlates.
- MeSH
- Bayesova věta MeSH
- černoši * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obličej * MeSH
- percepce MeSH
- sexuální chování MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Background: This study clarified some of anatomical relationships between the anterior clinoid process (ACP) and its surrounding structures, and identified a few major variations, important for clinical practice, especially for neurosurgeons in some skull base approaches to the cavernous sinus and paraclinoidal region lesions. Objective: The purpose of this paper is to show and prove morphometric variations of structures of sphenoid bone, the presence of caroticoclinoid foramen and types of ocular fissures and their practical significance primarily in neurosurgery in pituitary access and aneurysm surgery as well as comparison with other populations to prove the existence of difference between populations. Methods: By using classic anatomic methods-measurements 100 macerated and degenerated skulls were analyzed. With manual caliper, basal width, length and depth of anterior clinoid processes were measured. Furthermore, presence of different types of caroticoclinoid foramens, their diameters and presence of bone out-coming structures at the edges of superior orbital fissure (SOF) were analyzed. Results: We have found that optic strut (OS) was mainly adjusted in the first two fifths of the ACP (right side 42%, left 47.8%). We also noted that the basal width, length and depth of anterior clinoid process at the right side were 8.45±1.56 mm, 11.54 ±1.45 mm, 4.03±0.82 mm, and at the left side were 8.53±1.64 mm, 11.38±1.43 mm and 4.02±0.76 mm respectively. The greatest difference, due to sexes and side of skull, was presented with the incomplete type of caroticoclinoid foramen (CCF), which is much more frequent in males, placed to the right (39%) and to the left (31%). Same appearance at females is presented at the right side with 14% and at the left side with 9%. The average value of transversal foramen’s diameter was 3.55±2.55 mm. Conclusion: Incidence of appearance of interclinoid bone bridges in our study, on the sample of 100 skulls (200 sides) was 33% with significant difference between sexes. We used this sample to analyze the percent of different types of SOF in terms of analyzing the difference between sexes.
This article presents an approach for estimating the sexual dimorphism of adult crania using three-dimensional geometric morphometric methods. The study sample consisted of 139 crania of known sex (73 males and 66 females) belonging to persons who lived during the first half of the 20th century in Bohemia. The three-dimensional co-ordinates of 82 ecto-cranial landmarks and 39 semi-landmarks covering the midsagittal curve of the cranial vault were digitised using a MicroScribe G2X contact digitiser. The purposes of the investigation were to define the regions of the cranium where sexual dimorphism is most pronounced and to investigate the effectiveness of this method for determining sex from the shape of the cranium. The results demonstrate that it is better to analyse apportionable parts of the cranium rather than the cranium as a whole. Significant sexual differences (significance was determined using multivariate analysis of variance) were noted in the shape of the midsagittal curve of the vault, upper face, the region of the nose, orbits, and palate. No differences were recorded either in the shape of the cranium as a whole or in the regions of the base and the neurocranium. The greatest accuracy in determining sex was found in the region of the upper face (100% of study subjects correctly classified) and the midsagittal curve of the vault (99% of study subjects correctly classified).
- MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lebka anatomie a histologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- multivariační analýza MeSH
- nos anatomie a histologie MeSH
- obličej anatomie a histologie MeSH
- orbita anatomie a histologie MeSH
- patro anatomie a histologie MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- určení pohlaví podle kostry MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
The discovery and exploration of cryptic species have been profoundly expedited thanks to developments in molecular biology and phylogenetics. In this study, we apply a reverse taxonomy approach to the Brachionus calyciflorus species complex, a commonly studied freshwater monogonont rotifer. By combining phylogenetic, morphometric and morphological analyses, we confirm the existence of four cryptic species that have been recently suggested by a molecular study. Based on these results and according to an exhaustive review of the taxonomic literature, we name each of these four species and provide their taxonomic description alongside a diagnostic key.
- MeSH
- DNA helmintů genetika MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
- molekulární biologie MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- sladká voda MeSH
- vířníci anatomie a histologie klasifikace genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Nizozemsko MeSH
The aim: (1) to analyze the growth of cleft palate in patients with complete unilateral cleft of the lip and palate (cUCLP) after cheiloplasty with primary periosteoplasty, and (2) to compare the results with published data of younger cUCLP patients after neonatal cheiloplasty. Materials and methods: The study deals with the longitudinal growth changes of the palate, including alveolar segments and its variability within the analysed group of 14 patients with cUCLP. Twenty eight dental plaster casts obtained from each patient in the two examinations (before cheiloplasty and before palatoplasty) were used for the analysis. The first dental plaster cast was taken from patients with an average age of 8.5 months, while the average age for second continuous casting was 4.5 years. Dental casts were scanned using a 3D laser scanner and then analysed, using methods of geometric morphometrics. Results: Palatal morphology did not differ significantly between the sexes, but a statistically significant growth of palate was detected. A detailed colour-coded map identified the most marked growth at the anterior and posterior ends of both segments. Growth insufficiency of the smaller upper jaw segment after cheiloplasty with periosteoplasty was detected. Conclusion: The reconstructed lip of both compared groups (neonatal and later cheiloplasty) exerts a natural formative effect on the actively growing anterior parts of split segments, which grow towards each other. But on top of that, neonatal cheiloplasty has many other benefits (wound healing, feeding facilitation, socialization), and so it is the most common surgical approach in the Czech Republic now.
- MeSH
- čelisti MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neonatologie MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- plastická chirurgie MeSH
- rozštěp patra * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: A new method of early neonatal cheiloplasty has recently been employed on patients having complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (cUCLP). We aimed to investigate (1) their detailed palatal morphology before surgery and growth during the 10 months after neonatal cheiloplasty, (2) the growth of eight dimensions of the maxilla in these patients, (3) the development of these dimensions compared with published data on noncleft controls and on cUCLP patients operated using later operation protocol (LOP; 6 months of age). METHODS: Sixty-six virtual dental models of 33 longitudinally evaluated cUCLP patients were analysed using metric analysis, a dense correspondence model, and multivariate statistics. We compared the palatal surfaces before neonatal cheiloplasty (mean age, 4 days) and before palatoplasty (mean age, 10 months). RESULTS: The palatal form variability of 10-month-old children was considerably reduced during the observed period thanks to their undisturbed growth, that is, the palate underwent the same growth changes following neonatal cheiloplasty. A detailed colour-coded map identified the most marked growth at the anterior and posterior ends of both segments. The maxilla of cUCLP patients after neonatal cheiloplasty had a growth tendency similar to noncleft controls (unlike LOP). CONCLUSIONS: Both methodological approaches showed that early neonatal cheiloplasty in cUCLP patients did not prevent forward growth of the upper jaw segments and did not reduce either the length or width of the maxilla during the first 10 months of life.
- MeSH
- algoritmy MeSH
- antropometrie metody MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- maxila růst a vývoj MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- patro růst a vývoj MeSH
- rozštěp patra chirurgie MeSH
- rozštěp rtu chirurgie MeSH
- velikost orgánu MeSH
- zákroky plastické chirurgie MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
