Ciel: Parkinsonova choroba je progresívne neurodegeneratívne ochorenie, ktorého súčasťou sú okrem motorických aj mnohé nemotorické symptómy a syndrómy, ako sú depresia, anhedónia a olfaktorická dysfunkcia. Cielom výskumu bolo preskúmať u pacientov s Parkinsonovou chorobou súvislosti medzi hedonickým vyhodnocovaním čuchových podnetov, hedonickými funkciami a depresívnou symptomatikou. Metódy: Výskum mal prierezový charakter. 60 pacientov bolo zaradených do skupiny pacientov s Parkinsonovou chorobou (N = 44) alebo referenčnej skupiny pacientov bez Parkinsonovej choroby, hospitalizovaných pre rozne somatické ochorenia (N = 16). Na hodnotenie hedonických funkcií sme použili modifikovanú Snaithovu-Hamiltonovu škálu potešenia (SHAPS-C), na hodnotenie depresie modifikovaný Rýchly dotazník depresívnej symptomatiky (QIDS-C) a na vyhodnotenie príjemnosti a nepríjemnosti pachov vizuálnu analógovú škálu k pachom dostupným v Krátkom teste čuchovej identifikácie (BSIT). Výsledky: V porovnaní s referenčnou skupinou mali pacienti s Parkinsonovou chorobou signifikantne výraznejší hedonický deficit. Skupiny sa však signifikantne nelíšili v miere depresívnych symptómov. V skupine pacientov s Parkinsonovou chorobou hedonický deficit signifikantne koreloval so závaž-nosťou depresívnej symptomatiky. Pacienti s Parkinsonovou chorobou vnímali ovocné vone ako signifikantně menej príjemné v porovnaní s referenčnou skupinou. Priemerná hedonická valencia pachov u pacientov s Parkinsonovou chorobou negatívne a signifikantne korelovala s depresívnou symptomatikou. Záver: U pacientov s Parkinsonovou chorobou bola identifikovaná nielen hypohedónia, ale aj znížené hedonické vyhodnocovanie ovocných voní, pričom obe premenné súviseli so závažnosťou depresívnej symptomatiky.

Objective: Parkinson´s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is characterized not only by motor, but also by many non-motor symptoms and syndromes such as depression, anhedonia and olfactory dysfunction. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between hedonic evaluation of smells, hedonic functions and depressive symptoms in patients with Parkinson´s disease. Methods: The research was of a cross-sectional nature. 60 patients were included in the group of patients with Parkinson´s disease (N = 44) or the reference group of patients without Parkinson´s disease, hospitalized for various somatic diseases (N = 16). The Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale-Clinician administered (SHAPS-C) was used to assess hedonic functions, the Clinician rated Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-C) to assess depression, and the visual analogue scale to assess smells available in Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT). Results: Compared to the reference group, patients with Parkinson´s disease had a significantly more pronounced hedonic deficit. However, the groups did not differ significantly in the severity of depressive symptomatology. In the group of patients with Parkinson´s disease, hedonic deficiency was significantly correlated with the severity of depressive symptoms. Patients with Parkinson´s disease perceived the fruit scents as significantly less pleasant compared to the reference group. Mean hedonic valence of smells in patients with Parkinson´s disease was negatively and significantly correlated with depressive symptomatology. Conclusion: In patients with Parkinson´s disease, not only hypohedonia but also reduced hedonic evaluation of fruit odors was identified, and both variables were related to the severity of depressive symptomatology.

• MeSH
• čich MeSH
• čití, cítění MeSH
• depresivní poruchy * etiologie   MeSH
• duševní poruchy MeSH
• emoce MeSH
• klinický obraz nemoci MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc * patologie   psychologie   MeSH
• příznaky a symptomy MeSH
• psychiatrické posuzovací škály MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Arousing events influence retrieval success, with a number of studies supporting a context-dependent effect of arousal on episodic memory retrieval. An improvement in speed and accuracy of episodic memories is observed when negative arousal is attached to them. In contrast, enhancing effects of negative arousal have not been reported to improve semantic memory retrieval. Episodic and semantic memory are highly interactive and yet differ based on their embedded contextual content. Although differences in brain activity exist between episodic and semantic memory, the two types of memory retrieval are part of a common long-term memory system. Considering the shared processes between episodic and semantic memory, the objectives of the current study were twofold: i) to examine, employing a novel paradigm, whether performance on episodic and semantic memory retrieval would be influenced differently by varying levels of arousal, between negative and neutral valence; and ii) to explore the neural patterns underlying these processes. Forty-seven healthy young adults were recruited and completed the experiment in the MRI scanner. The results demonstrated a negative arousal effect on the brain circuitry subserving both memory conditions as well as on behavioural performance, as indicated by better accuracy and faster reaction times. The study provides an insight into the role of negative arousal in memory processes and contributes to our understanding of the interplay between cognitive and emotional factors in memory modulation. Our work also highlights the highly interactive nature of episodic and semantic memory, and emphasises the importance in understanding how negative arousal interacts with the contextual content of a memory, on a behavioural and neurofunctional level.

• MeSH
• arousal MeSH
• emoce MeSH
• epizodická paměť * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• rozpomínání MeSH
• sémantika MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Although women and men rate their subjective arousal similarly in response to "female-centric" erotic videos, women rate their subjective arousal lower than men in response to "male-centric" videos, which often end with the male's ejaculation. This study asked whether ratings of subjective sexual arousal and desire using the Sexual Arousal and Desire Inventory (SADI) would be altered if this ending was present or absent, and whether including or excluding the accompanying soundtrack would influence the magnitude and direction of the responses. A total of 119 cis-gendered heterosexual undergraduates (59 women and 60 men) viewed an 11-min sexually explicit heterosexual video that ended with a 15-s ejaculation scene. Two versions of the video were created, one with the ejaculatory ending (E+) and one without (E-). Participants were assigned randomly to view one of the two versions with (S+) or without (S-) the accompanying soundtrack, after which they completed the state version of the SADI. Women and men found both sequences without sound less arousing on the Evaluative, Motivational, and Physiological subscales of the SADI relative to the S+ sequences. However, on the Negative/Aversive subscale, women found the E + S- sequence more negative than did men, whereas this difference was not found with sound. Thus, women and men were sensitive to the auditory content of sexually explicit videos, and scenes of sexual intercourse ending with explicit ejaculation increased the Evaluative and Motivational properties of subjective sexual arousal and desire. However, this occurred in women only when the auditory cues signaled a clear and gratifying sexual interaction.

• MeSH
• erotika MeSH
• heterosexualita MeSH
• libido MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• podněty * MeSH
• sexuální chování MeSH
• sexuální vzrušení * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

Negative affective stimuli elicit behavioral and neural responses which vary on a continuum from adaptive to maladaptive, yet are typically investigated in a dichotomous manner (healthy controls vs. psychiatric diagnoses). This practice may limit our ability to fully capture variance from acute responses to negative affective stimuli to psychopathology at the extreme end. To address this, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study to examine the neural responses to negative valence/high arousal and neutral valence/low arousal images as a function of dysphoric mood and sex across individuals (n = 99) who represented traditional categories of healthy controls, major depressive disorder, bipolar psychosis, and schizophrenia. Observation of negative (vs. neutral) stimuli elicited blood oxygen-level dependent responses in the following circuitry: periaqueductal gray, hypothalamus (HYPO), amygdala (AMYG), hippocampus (HIPP), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and greater connectivity between AMYG and mPFC. Across all subjects, severity of dysphoric mood was associated with hyperactivity of HYPO, and, among females, right (R) AMYG. Females also demonstrated inverse relationships between severity of dysphoric mood and connectivity between HYPO - R OFC, R AMYG - R OFC, and R AMYG - R HIPP. Overall, our findings demonstrated sex-dependent deficits in response to negative affective stimuli increasing as a function of dysphoric mood state. Females demonstrated greater inability to regulate arousal as mood became more dysphoric. These findings contribute to elucidating biosignatures associated with response to negative stimuli across disorders and suggest the importance of a sex-dependent lens in determining these biosignatures. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3733-3744, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

• MeSH
• afekt fyziologie   MeSH
• bipolární porucha diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• depresivní porucha unipolární diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• faktorová analýza statistická MeSH
• kyslík krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• mozek diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• mozkový krevní oběh fyziologie   MeSH
• nervové dráhy diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• psychotické poruchy diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• schizofrenie (psychologie) MeSH
• schizofrenie diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• úzkost diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Hedonic ratings of odors and olfactory preferences are influenced by a number of modulating factors, such as prior experience and knowledge about an odor's identity. The present study addresses the relationship between knowledge about an odor's identity due to prior experience, assessed by means of a test of cued odor identification, and odor pleasantness ratings in children who exhibit ongoing olfactory learning. Ninety-one children aged 8-11 years rated the pleasantness of odors in the Sniffin' Sticks test and, subsequently, took the odor identification test. A positive association between odor identification and pleasantness was found for two unpleasant food odors (garlic and fish): higher pleasantness ratings were exhibited by those participants who correctly identified these odors compared to those who failed to correctly identify them. However, we did not find a similar effect for any of the more pleasant odors. The results of this study suggest that pleasantness ratings of some odors may be modulated by the knowledge of their identity due to prior experience and that this relationship might be more evident in unpleasant odors.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Úvod: Textová zdravotní varování na obalech tabákových výrobků představují jednu z nejefektivnějších metod, jak informovat populaci o zdravotních důsledcích kouření. Cílem studie bylo hodnotit emoční dopad textových varování na cigaretových krabičkách používaných v ČR u vybraného vzorku dětí 6.–9. tříd. Metodika: Emoční dopad textových varování byl hodnocen pomocí metody Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Výběrový soubor sestával z 328 dětí (182 chlapců, průměrný věk 13,02 ? 1,46 roků a 146 dívek; průměrný věk 12,95 ? 1,48 roků); bylo identifikováno 58 současných kuřáků. Každé dítě vyplnilo dotazník, který obsahoval 24 textových varování a 24 neutrálních vět, které s tematikou kouření nesouvisejí. Výsledky: U většiny dětí vyvolala textová varování na cigaretách negativní valenci (2,58 ? 1,53) a zvýšenou úroveň arousalu (5,52 ? 1,87). Ukázalo se dále, že tato varování hodnotí kuřáci jako méně negativní ve srovnání s nekuřáky (kuřáci 3,40 ? 1,84; nekuřáci 2,88 ? 1,44; p <0,02), neliší se však mezi sebou v míře arousalu. Korelační analýza doložila existenci nenáhodného vztahu mezi arousalem a valencí (kuřáci: r = -0,50; nekuřáci r = -0,34; p <0,01). U kuřáků byl nenáhodný vztah také objeven mezi mírou závislosti na nikotinu a mírou arousalu, vyvolaného textovými varováními (r = 0,31; p <0,02). Statistická analýza dále doložila, že dívky hodnotí varovné nápisy jako více negativní (nižší valence) než chlapci (p <0,01). Míra arousalu se však mezi pohlavími nelišila. Závěr: Výsledky naší práce dokládají, že stávající textová varování na cigaretových krabičkách jsou dětmi a adolescenty hodnocena jako zneklidňující a velmi negativní, tudíž by se mohla významně podílet jak na primární, tak i na sekundární prevenci kouření. Přesto je však nutné, aby budoucí textová varování vyvolávala maximální negativní valenci a arousal a byla lépe cílená na specifické motivy a potřeby dětí.

Background: The cigarette text warnings are considered as one of the most effective ways to convey information on the health consequences of smoking. The aim of our study was to assess the emotional impact of cigarette text warnings used in the Czech Republic on a sample of basic schoolchildren. Method: The children's emotional response to the warnings was assessed by means of the Self-Assessment Manikin Method (SAM). The nine-point pen and paper version of SAM was used. The research sample consisted of 328 basic schoolchildren (182 boys, mean age 13.02?1.46 and 146 girls; mean age 12.95?1.48; 58 current smokers were identified). Each child completed a questionnaire where all the sentences with the SAM were presented (24 text warnings and 24 neutral sentences). Results: The majority of children assessed the warning texts as very unpleasant (valence for all warning texts 2.58?1.53) and above-average exciting (arousal 5.52?1.87). Smokers in comparison with non-smokers assessed the warning texts as less unpleasant (smokers 3.40?1.84; non-smokers 2.88?1.44; p<0.02) but equally arousing. A significant association was found between arousal and valence (smokers r=-0.50; non-smokers r=-0.34; p<0.01) and in smokers between arousal and level of nicotine dependence (r=0.31; p<0.02). Girls in comparison with boys assessed the warning texts as significantly more unpleasant (p<0.01). No gender differences were found in arousal levels. Summary: Our results showed that the existing text warnings are assessed by children and adolescents as arousing and very unpleasant; thus they could greatly support both the primary and secondary preventions of smoking. However, to intensify avoidance of smoking, the future text warnings should generate a more negative valence and arousal.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• emoce MeSH
• inzerce jako téma * MeSH
• kouření * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• odvykání kouření * metody   MeSH
• primární prevence * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• zákonodárství jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Interspecific communication between humans and pets is possible through vocal cues. We studied how humans with differing experience with domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) interpret pig vocalizations. Forty-eight ethologists studying pigs, 31 pig-caretakers and 54 naive students evaluated the emotional intensity and valence (negative/positive) of recordings from two negative (castration, isolation) and two positive (reunion with the sow, postsuckling) contexts. They also identified the context in which the recordings were made. Castration vocalizations were evaluated as highly intense and unpleasant. The positive contexts were evaluated as low in intensity and positive in valence, and isolation fell in the middle for both intensity and valence. Compared with the other two groups, pig-caretakers evaluated the intensity of vocalizations as lower, and ethologists evaluated the valence as more negative. The level of successful classification exceeded that expected by chance for all four contexts but was especially accurate for castration. Ethologists achieved better recognition than students. Classifying (right context) and understanding the emotional content (valence, intensity) of pig vocalizations is thus a general ability of humans, although it varies according to an individual's experience with pigs.

• MeSH
• asociační učení MeSH
• diskriminační učení MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• emoce MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• pochopení MeSH
• praxe (psychologie) MeSH
• sluchová percepce MeSH
• sociální percepce MeSH
• Sus scrofa MeSH
• vokalizace zvířat MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Preverbal infants often vocalize in emotionally loaded situations, yet the communicative potential of these vocalizations is not well understood. The aim of our study was to assess how accurately adult listeners extract information about the eliciting situation from infant preverbal vocalizations. Vocalizations of 19 infants aged 5-10 months were recorded in 3 negative (Pain, Isolation, Demand for Food) and 3 positive (Play, Reunion, After Feeding) situations. The recordings were later rated by 333 adult listeners on the scales of emotional valence and intensity. Subsequently, the listeners assigned the eliciting situations in a forced choice task. Listeners were almost perfectly able to discriminate whether a recording came from a negative or a positive situation. Their discrimination may have been based on perceived valence as they consistently assigned higher valence when listening to positive, and lower valence when listening to negative, recordings. Ability to identify the particular situation within the negative or positive realm was substantially weaker, with only three of the six situations being discriminated above chance. The best discriminated situation, Play, was associated with high perceived intensity. The weak qualitative discrimination of negative situations seemed to be based on graded perception of negative recordings, from the most intense and unpleasant (assigned to Pain) to the least intense and least unpleasant (assigned to Demand for Food). Parenthood and younger age, but not gender of listeners, had weak positive effects on the accuracy of judgments. Our results indicate that adults almost flawlessly distinguish positive and negative infant sounds, but are rather inaccurate regarding identification of the specific needs of the infant and may normally employ other sensory channels to gain this information.

• MeSH
• bolest MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• emoce * MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• komunikace * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• pochopení MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sluchová percepce MeSH
• stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
• verbální chování * MeSH
• zvuk MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Collective rituals are biologically ancient and culturally pervasive, yet few studies have quantified their effects on participants. We assessed two plausible models from qualitative anthropology: ritual empathy predicts affective convergence among all ritual participants irrespective of ritual role; rite-of-passage predicts emotional differences, specifically that ritual initiates will express relatively negative valence when compared with non-initiates. To evaluate model predictions, images of participants in a Spanish fire-walking ritual were extracted from video footage and assessed by nine Spanish raters for arousal and valence. Consistent with rite-of-passage predictions, we found that arousal jointly increased for all participants but that valence differed by ritual role: fire-walkers exhibited increasingly positive arousal and increasingly negative valence when compared with passengers. This result offers the first quantified evidence for rite of passage dynamics within a highly arousing collective ritual. Methodologically, we show that surprisingly simple and non-invasive data structures (rated video images) may be combined with methods from evolutionary ecology (Bayesian Generalized Linear Mixed Effects models) to clarify poorly understood dimensions of the human condition.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Attributing life changes to age represents a core marker of the subjective experience of aging. The aims of our study were to investigate views on aging (VA) as origins of age-related attributions of life changes and to investigate the implications of these age-related attributions for personal control (PC) and life satisfaction (LS). METHODS: Life changes and the attribution of life changes to age were independently assessed on a large international sample of older adults (N = 2,900; age range 40-90 years) from the Ageing as Future project. The valence of VA, PC, and LS were also assessed to investigate possible determinants (VA) and consequences (PC and LS) of age-related attributions of life changes. RESULTS: Attributions to age were shown to depend on the valence of experienced life changes, with more negative changes being linked to more age-related attributions. This relation was moderated by the valence of personally held VA, with more negative VA amplifying the relation between negative life changes and age-related attributions. Age-related attributions predicted reduced PC and lower LS and were found to exacerbate the effects of negative life changes on LS, especially for the older cohorts of our sample. DISCUSSION: Our findings help to better understand what determines age-related attributions of life changes and highlight the negative consequences of attributing them to aging. Age-related attributions of change are a major factor that worsens the subjective aging experience. Methodologically, our study emphasizes the necessity to separately assess changes and their attributions to age.

• MeSH
• adaptace psychologická MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• interní-externí kontrola MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• motivace MeSH
• osobní uspokojení * MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sociální percepce MeSH
• stárnutí psychologie   MeSH
• zdravotní stav * MeSH
• životní změny * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH