BACKGROUND: Hypokinetic dysarthria is a common but difficult-to-treat symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the long-term effects of multiple-session repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on hypokinetic dysarthria in PD. Neural mechanisms of stimulation were assessed by functional MRI. METHODS: A randomized parallel-group sham stimulation-controlled design was used. Patients were randomly assigned to ten sessions (2 weeks) of real (1 Hz) or sham stimulation over the right superior temporal gyrus. Stimulation effects were evaluated at weeks 2, 6, and 10 after the baseline assessment. Articulation, prosody, and speech intelligibility were quantified by speech therapist using a validated tool (Phonetics score of the Dysarthric Profile). Activations of the speech network regions and intrinsic connectivity were assessed using 3T MRI. Linear mixed models and post-hoc tests were utilized for data analyses. RESULTS: Altogether 33 PD patients completed the study (20 in the real stimulation group and 13 in the sham stimulation group). Linear mixed models revealed significant effects of time (F(3, 88.1) = 22.7, p < 0.001) and time-by-group interactions: F(3, 88.0) = 2.8, p = 0.040) for the Phonetics score. Real as compared to sham stimulation led to activation increases in the orofacial sensorimotor cortex and caudate nucleus and to increased intrinsic connectivity of these regions with the stimulated area. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to show the long-term treatment effects of non-invasive brain stimulation for hypokinetic dysarthria in PD. Neural mechanisms of the changes are discussed.

• MeSH
• dysartrie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc * komplikace   diagnostické zobrazování   terapie   MeSH
• spánkový lalok MeSH
• srozumitelnost řeči MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) via implanted electrodes is used worldwide to treat patients with severe neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, its invasiveness precludes widespread clinical use and deployment in research. Temporal interference (TI) is a strategy for non-invasive steerable DBS using multiple kHz-range electric fields with a difference frequency within the range of neural activity. Here we report the validation of the non-invasive DBS concept in humans. We used electric field modeling and measurements in a human cadaver to verify that the locus of the transcranial TI stimulation can be steerably focused in the hippocampus with minimal exposure to the overlying cortex. We then used functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral experiments to show that TI stimulation can focally modulate hippocampal activity and enhance the accuracy of episodic memories in healthy humans. Our results demonstrate targeted, non-invasive electrical stimulation of deep structures in the human brain.

• MeSH
• elektrická stimulace MeSH
• hipokampus fyziologie   MeSH
• hluboká mozková stimulace * metody   MeSH
• implantované elektrody MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek * fyziologie   MeSH
• mozková kůra MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• hluboká mozková stimulace * MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nucleus subthalamicus * MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc * MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• komentáře MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• úvodníky MeSH

• MeSH
• mozek MeSH
• mozková kůra MeSH

• Konspekt
• Anatomie člověka a srovnávací anatomie
• NLK Obory
• neurologie

Neurostimulační metody mozku jsou oblastí psychiatrie, která se velmi rychle vyvíjí. Nejčastěji se dělí na invazivní a neinvazivní. V psychiatrii se zatím více uplatňuje druhá skupina. Náleží mezi ně transkraniální magnetická stimulace, transkraniální stimulace stejnosměrným proudem, ale také elektrokonvulzivní terapie. Zatímco elektrokonvulzivní terapie a transkraniální magnetická stimulace jsou využívány v klinické praxi, transkraniální stimulace stejnosměrným proudem je stále jen metodou experimentální. V článku jsou uvedeny a diskutovány vybrané novinky týkající se těchto metod publikované v odborné literatuře.

Brain neurostimulation methods make a rapidly developing field of psychiatry. They can be divided into invasive and non-invasive methods. The latter group has been used in psychiatry more frequently. This group consists of transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation and also electroconvulsive therapy. While electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation are used in clinical practice, transcranial direct current stimulation is still an experimental method. The article presents and discusses selected news published in scientific literature about these methods.

• MeSH
• duševní poruchy * terapie   MeSH
• elektrokonvulzívní terapie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metaanalýza jako téma MeSH
• přímá transkraniální stimulace mozku MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Alzheimer's disease dementia (AD) and its preclinical stage, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), are critical issues confronting the aging society. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques have the potential to be effective tools for enhancing cognitive functioning. The main objective of our meta-analysis was to quantify and update the status of the efficacy of repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) when applied in AD and MCI. METHODS: The systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science according to PRISMA statement. RESULTS: Pooled effect sizes (Hedges' g) from 32 studies were analyzed using random effect models. We found both, rTMS and tDCS to have significant immediate cognition-enhancing effect in AD with rTMS inducing also beneficial long-term effects. We found no evidence for synergistic effect of cognitive training with NIBS. CONCLUSIONS: In AD a clinical recommendation can be made for NEURO-ADTM system and for high-frequency rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) as probably effective protocols (B-level of evidence) and for anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC as a possibly effective. SIGNIFICANCE: According to scientific literature, NIBS may be an effective method for improving cognition in AD and possibly in MCI.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * terapie   psychologie   MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * terapie   psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• přímá transkraniální stimulace mozku * metody   MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

BACKGROUND: Electrical stimulation involving temporal interference of two different kHz frequency sinusoidal electric fields (temporal interference (TI)) enables non-invasive deep brain stimulation, by creating an electric field that is amplitude modulated at the slow difference frequency (within the neural range), at the target brain region. OBJECTIVE: Here, we investigate temporal interference neural stimulation using square, rather than sinusoidal, electric fields that create an electric field that is pulse-width, but not amplitude, modulated at the difference frequency (pulse-width modulated temporal interference, (PWM-TI)). METHODS/RESULTS: We show, using ex-vivo single-cell recordings and in-vivo calcium imaging, that PWM-TI effectively stimulates neural activity at the difference frequency at a similar efficiency to traditional TI. We then demonstrate, using computational modelling, that the PWM stimulation waveform induces amplitude-modulated membrane potential depolarization due to the membrane's intrinsic low-pass filtering property. CONCLUSIONS: PWM-TI can effectively drive neural activity at the difference frequency. The PWM-TI mechanism involves converting an envelope amplitude-fixed PWM field to an amplitude-modulated membrane potential via the low-pass filtering of the passive neural membrane. Unveiling the biophysics underpinning the neural response to complex electric fields may facilitate the development of new brain stimulation strategies with improved precision and efficiency.

• MeSH
• elektrická stimulace MeSH
• mozek * MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Cíl: Představit historii a současnost zrakových korových neuroprotéz a předložit novou metodu stimulace nepoškozených buněk zrakové kůry. Metody: Práce podává nejen přehled o historii a současném stavu stimulace zrakové kůry u těžkých poruch zraku, ale hlavně upozorňuje na jejich nedostatky. K nim se řadí hlavně stimulace právě poškozených korových buněk na malé ploše a z morfologického hlediska pak možné poškození stimulovaných neuronů elektrodami a jejich zapouzdření gliotickou tkání. Výsledky: Práce dále předkládá návrh nové technologie zpracování obrazu a jeho transformace do podoby neinvazivní transkraniální stimulace nepoškozených částí mozku, která je chráněna národním i mezinárodním patentem. Závěr: V práci je předložen ucelený přehled současných možností náhrady ztraceného zraku na úrovni mozkové kůry a návrh nové neinvazivní metody stimulace funkčních neuronů zrakové kůry.

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to present the history and current status of visual cortical neuroprostheses, and to present a new method of stimulating intact visual cortex cells. Methods: This paper contains an overview of the history and current status of visual cortex stimulation in severe visual impairment, but also highlights its shortcomings. These include mainly the stimulation of currently damaged cortical cells over a small area and, from a morphological point of view, possible damage to the stimulated neurons by the electrodes and their encapsulation by gliotic tissue. Results: The paper also presents a proposal for a new technology of image processing and its transformation into a form of non-invasive transcranial stimulation of undamaged parts of the brain, which is protected by a national and international patent. Conclusion: The paper presents a comprehensive review of the current options for compensating for lost vision at the level of the cerebral cortex and a proposal for a new non-invasive method of stimulating the functional neurons of the visual cortex.

• Klíčová slova
• zraková neuroprotéza,
• MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci retiny klasifikace   terapie   MeSH
• oční protézy * klasifikace   MeSH
• primární vizuální kortex MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace * metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• zrak MeSH
• zrakově postižení MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive tool for modulating cortical activity. OBJECTIVES: In this pilot study, we evaluated the effects of high frequency rTMS applied over the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) on cognitive functions in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or incipient dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: Ten patients (6 men; 4 women, mean age of 72 ± 8 years; MMSE 23 ± 3.56) were enrolled in a randomized, placebo-controlled study with a crossover design. All participants received 2 sessions of 10 Hz rTMS over the non-dominant right hemisphere in random order: IFG (active stimulation site) and vertex (control stimulation site). Intensities were adjusted to 90% of resting motor threshold. A total of 2250 pulses were applied in a session. The Trail Making Test (TMT), the Stroop test, and the complex visual scene encoding task (CVSET) were administered before and immediately after each session. The Wilcoxon paired test was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Stimulation applied over the IFG induced improvement in the TMT parts A (p = 0.037) and B (p = 0.049). No significant changes were found in the Stroop test or the CVSET after the IFG stimulation. We observed no significant cognitive aftereffects of rTMS applied over the vertex. CONCLUSIONS: High frequency rTMS of the right IFG induced significant improvement of attention and psychomotor speed in patients with MCI/mild dementia due to AD. This pilot study is part of a more complex protocol and ongoing research.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• čelní lalok patofyziologie   MeSH
• klinické křížové studie MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• pozornost fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace metody   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

Treatment of pain is one of the most important aims of medicine. Over the past several decades, invasive, semi-invasive and non-invasive brain stimulation methods have been tested and implemented for modulation of the pain. In this review, we bring an overview of those methods including stimulation of both deep brain structures utilizing invasive and semi-invasive techniques and the brain cortex stimulated by non-invasive transcranial magnetic and electrical techniques. Another potentially beneficial method that could modulate pain by stimulating the deep brain with interferential transcranial alternating current is discussed as well.

• MeSH
• elektrostimulační terapie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• management bolesti metody   MeSH
• mozek * patologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH