The use of methamphetamine (MA) among pregnant women is an increasing world-wide health problem. Prenatal MA exposure may cause changes in foetus but the exact effects have remained unclear. The aim of this study is to present the effect of prenatal MA exposure on recognition memory in adult rats. Adult female Wistar rats were injected daily with D-methamphetamine HCl (MA; 5 mg/kg, s.c.) during the entire gestation period. Control females were treated with saline in the same regime. Adult male offspring was administrated acutely by MA (1 mg/kg i.p.) or saline 30 minutes before beginning of an experiment. For testing recognition memory two tasks were chosen: Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT) and Object Location Test (OLT). Our results demonstrate that prenatally MA-exposed animals were worse in NORT independently on an acute administration of MA in adulthood. Prenatally MA-exposed rats did not deteriorate in OLT, but after acute administration of MA in adulthood, there was significant worsening compared to appropriate control. Prenatally saline-exposed offspring did not deteriorate in any test even after acute administration of MA. Our data suggest that prenatal MA exposure in rats cause impairment in recognition memory in adult offspring, but not in spatial memory. In addition, acute administration of MA to controls did not deteriorate either recognition or spatial memory.

• MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• methamfetamin toxicita   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• paměť účinky léků   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) účinky léků   MeSH
• stimulanty centrálního nervového systému toxicita   MeSH
• těhotenství u zvířat * MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice chemicky indukované   psychologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Podstatou rekognície ako jednej z foriem kriminalistickej identifikácie je znovupoznávanie, ktoré sa môže uskutočniť iba vtedy, pokiaľ vo vedomí človeka existuje pamäťová stopa, ktorá sa vzťahuje k určitej kriminalisticky relevantnej udalosti. Obraz zafixovaný v pamäťovej stope si znovupoznávajúca osoba vybaví v priebehu rekognície vo forme predstavy, ktorú porovnáva s odrazom (momentálnym vnímaním) predvádzaného (ukazovaného) objektu vo svojom vedomí. Príspevok sa zaoberá základným vymedzením, podstatou, významom ako aj subjektmi rekognície, pričom konkrétnejšie sa zapodieva zvláštnosťami jej jednotlivých druhov. Ďalšia časť článku podrobnejšie rozoberá jednotlivé faktory, ktoré ovplyvňujú presnosť pamäte očitého svedka, vrátane rekognície a sú rozdelené na tie, ktoré môžu, a na tie, ktoré nemôžu kontrolovať orgány činné v trestnom konaní.

Recognition of human individuals plays a major role in forensic identification. It occurs only if person's mind contains a memory trace which relates to a relevant event. The person creates an image in their mind from their memory trace while they compare it to their current reflection (representation) of the observed object. This article explains definition and meaning of recognition, participants' role, and discusses various categories and their characteristic attributes in recognition. The content then moves to the factors which influence eyewitness's memory accuracy including recognition and distinguishes between the factors law enforcement can and cannot affect.

• MeSH
• kriminální psychologie * metody   MeSH
• kriminologie * metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• paměť * MeSH
• psychický stres komplikace   MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) * MeSH
• zločin MeSH
• zločinci * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

In the present study, the effect of the medial septal (MS) lesions on exploratory activity in the open field and the spatial and object recognition memory has been investigated. This experiment compares three types of MS lesions: electrolytic lesions that destroy cells and fibers of passage, neurotoxic - ibotenic acid lesions that spare fibers of passage but predominantly affect the septal noncholinergic neurons, and immunotoxin - 192 IgG-saporin infusions that only eliminate cholinergic neurons. The main results are: the MS electrolytic lesioned rats were impaired in habituating to the environment in the repeated spatial environment, but rats with immuno- or neurotoxic lesions of the MS did not differ from control ones; the MS electrolytic and ibotenic acid lesioned rats showed an increase in their exploratory activity to the objects and were impaired in habituating to the objects in the repeated spatial environment; rats with immunolesions of the MS did not differ from control rats; electrolytic lesions of the MS disrupt spatial recognition memory; rats with immuno- or neurotoxic lesions of the MS were normal in detecting spatial novelty; all of the MS-lesioned and control rats clearly reacted to the object novelty by exploring the new object more than familiar ones. Results observed across lesion techniques indicate that: (i) the deficits after nonselective damage of MS are limited to a subset of cognitive processes dependent on the hippocampus, (ii) MS is substantial for spatial, but not for object recognition memory - the object recognition memory can be supported outside the septohippocampal system; (iii) the selective loss of septohippocampal cholinergic or noncholinergic projections does not disrupt the function of the hippocampus to a sufficient extent to impair spatial recognition memory; (iv) there is dissociation between the two major components (cholinergic and noncholinergic) of the septohippocampal pathway in exploratory behavior assessed in the open field - the memory exhibited by decrements in exploration of repeated object presentations is affected by either electrolytic or ibotenic lesions, but not saporin.

• MeSH
• bludiště - učení účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• hipokampus účinky léků   patologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• imunotoxiny toxicita   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• neurotoxiny toxicita   MeSH
• pátrací chování účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• septální jádra účinky léků   patologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Aerial photographs depict objects from an overhead position, which gives them several unusual visual characteristics that are challenging for viewers to perceive and memorize. However, even for untrained viewers, aerial photographs are still meaningful and rich with contextual information. Such visual stimulus properties are considered appropriate and important when testing for expertise effects in visual recognition memory. The current experiment investigated memory recognition in expert image analysts and untrained viewers using two types of aerial photographs. The experts were better than untrained viewers at recognizing both vertical aerial photographs, which is the domain of their expertise, and oblique aerial photographs. Thus, one notable finding is that the superior memory performance of experts is not limited to a domain of expertise but extends to a broader category of large-scale landscape scenes. Furthermore, the experts' recognition accuracy remained relatively stable throughout the experimental conditions, illustrating the ability to use semantic information over strictly visual information in memory processes.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fotografování metody   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• odborná způsobilost * MeSH
• paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• rozpoznávání obrazu fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychotomimetic constituent of Cannabis sativa, has been recently approved for epileptic syndromes often associated with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the putative efficacy and mechanism of action of CBD in patients suffering from ASD and related comorbidities remain debated, especially because of the complex pharmacology of CBD. We used pharmacological, immunohistochemical and biochemical approaches to investigate the effects and mechanisms of action of CBD in the recently validated Fmr1-Δexon 8 rat model of ASD, that is also a model of Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), the leading monogenic cause of autism. CBD rescued the cognitive deficits displayed by juvenile Fmr1-Δexon 8 animals, without inducing tolerance after repeated administration. Blockade of CA1 hippocampal GPR55 receptors prevented the beneficial effect of both CBD and the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597 in the short-term recognition memory deficits displayed by Fmr1-Δexon 8 rats. Thus, CBD may exert its beneficial effects through CA1 hippocampal GPR55 receptors. Docking analysis further confirmed that the mechanism of action of CBD might involve competition for brain fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) that deliver anandamide and related bioactive lipids to their catabolic enzyme FAAH. These findings demonstrate that CBD reduced cognitive deficits in a rat model of FXS and provide initial mechanistic insights into its therapeutic potential in neurodevelopmental disorders.

• MeSH
• hipokampální oblast CA1 účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• hipokampus * účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• kanabidiol * farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech * MeSH
• paměť účinky léků   MeSH
• protein FMRP metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• receptory kanabinoidní * metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory spřažené s G-proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) * účinky léků   MeSH
• simulace molekulového dockingu MeSH
• syndrom fragilního X * farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Recognition memory is the ability to recognize previously encountered objects. Even this relatively simple, yet extremely fast, ability requires the coordinated activity of large-scale brain networks. However, little is known about the sub-second dynamics of these networks. The majority of current studies into large-scale network dynamics is primarily based on imaging techniques suffering from either poor temporal or spatial resolution. We investigated the dynamics of large-scale functional brain networks underlying recognition memory at the millisecond scale. Specifically, we analyzed dynamic effective connectivity from intracranial electroencephalography while epileptic subjects (n = 18) performed a fast visual recognition memory task. Our data-driven investigation using Granger causality and the analysis of communities with the Louvain algorithm spotlighted a dynamic interplay of two large-scale networks associated with successful recognition. The first network involved the right visual ventral stream and bilateral frontal regions. It was characterized by early, predominantly bottom-up information flow peaking at 115 ms. It was followed by the involvement of another network with predominantly top-down connectivity peaking at 220 ms, mainly in the left anterior hemisphere. The transition between these two networks was associated with changes in network topology, evolving from a more segregated to a more integrated state. These results highlight that distinct large-scale brain networks involved in visual recognition memory unfold early and quickly, within the first 300 ms after stimulus onset. Our study extends the current understanding of the rapid network changes during rapid cognitive processes.

• MeSH
• čelní lalok MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mapování mozku * metody   MeSH
• mozek * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• paměť MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Hyaluronan (HA) is a core constituent of perineuronal nets (PNNs) that surround subpopulations of neurones. The PNNs control synaptic stabilization in both the developing and adult central nervous system, and disruption of PNNs has shown to reactivate neuroplasticity. We investigated the possibility of memory prolongation by attenuating PNN formation using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), an inhibitor of HA synthesis. Adult C57BL/6 mice were fed with chow containing 5% (w/w) 4-MU for 6 months, at a dose ~6.7 mg/g/day. The oral administration of 4-MU reduced the glycosaminoglycan level in the brain to 72% and the spinal cord to 50% when compared to the controls. Spontaneous object recognition test (SOR) performed at 2, 3, 6 and 7 months showed a significant increase in SOR score in the 6-months treatment group 24 h after object presentation. The effect however did not persist in the washout group (1-month post treatment). Immunohistochemistry confirmed a reduction of PNNs, with shorter and less arborization of aggrecan staining around dendrites in hippocampus after 6 months of 4-MU treatment. Histopathological examination revealed mild atrophy in articular cartilage but it did not affect the motor performance as demonstrated in rotarod test. In conclusion, systemic oral administration of 4-MU for 6 months reduced PNN formation around neurons and enhanced memory retention in mice. However, the memory enhancement was not sustained despite the reduction of PNNs, possibly due to the lack of memory enhancement training during the washout period. Our results suggest that 4-MU treatment might offer a strategy for PNN modulation in memory enhancement.

• MeSH
• agrekany účinky léků   MeSH
• aplikace orální MeSH
• centrální nervový systém účinky léků   MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix účinky léků   MeSH
• hymekromon aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• kyselina hyaluronová metabolismus   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• neuroplasticita účinky léků   MeSH
• oligodendroglie účinky léků   MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

We developed two spatial tasks for rats employing computer monitor for stimuli presentation. Both tasks were aimed for testing rats' ability to recognize position of a distant object. In the first task the object was stationary except moments when it jumped from one position to another. In the second task it moved continuously across the screen. Rats were trained in an operant chamber located in front of the monitor. They responded to the object position by pressing a lever for food reward. Responses were reinforced when the object was displayed in a to-be-recognized position in the first task and when it was passing through a to-be-recognized region in the second task. The to-be-recognized position as well as the to-be-recognized region had to be determined with respect to surrounding orientation cues. Responding rate of well trained rats negatively depended on the distance between the object and the to-be-recognized position/region. In the first task this relationship was apparent during a short time after the object changed its position and it held even for newly presented unfamiliar positions of the object. We conclude that in both tasks the rats recognize position of the object by estimating distance between the object and the to-be-recognized position/region. We also analyzed contribution of timing behavior to the solution of the second task.

• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• náhodné rozdělení MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• operantní podmiňování MeSH
• potkani Long-Evans MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) MeSH
• vnímání prostoru MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Prostorová kognice je často používaný model pro výzkum paměti a učení. Behaviorální testy využívající počítačovou aparaturu umožňují snadnou modifikaci experimentu a širokou škálu prezentovaných stimulů. Vyvinuli jsme nový behaviorální test, v němž potkani pozorují pohybující se objekt a vyhodnocují jeho polohu. Během experimentu byli vyhladovělí potkani umístěni v modifikovaném Skinnerově boxu, který byl propojen s počítačem a monitorem. Pokud potkani provedli operantní odpověď (zmáčknutí páčky) ve chvíli, kdy se pohybující se objekt nacházel na monitoru v určené odměňované oblasti, bylo do krmítka v boxu doručeno několik potravinových pelet. Poté, co se potkani naučili tuto úlohu řešit, zkoumali jsme vliv antagonistů noradrenergních receptoru (αl-blokátoru prazosinu a δ-blokátoru propranololu) na řešení této úlohy. Podání prazosinu (2 a 3 mg/kg) vyvolalo snížení motorické aktivity, avšak neovlivnilo úspěšnost v operantní prostorové úloze. Propranolol v dávkách 18 a 20 mg/kg neovlivnil motorickou aktivitu a mírně narušil schopnost rozeznávat pohybující se objekt. Dávka propranololu 25 mg/kg narušila operantní chování (mačkání páčky).

Spatial cognition is often used as a model to study memory and learning. Behavioral tests using computer apparatus allow us to modify easily experiments and to present wide range of visual stimuli. We have developed a novel behavioral task, in which rats observe moving object and discriminate it`s position. During the experiment the food-deprivated rats were placed in a modified Skinner`s box connected with a computer and with a computer screen. In the case the rats made an operant response (lever press) when the moving object situated on the computer screen was in the rewarded area, a few food pellets were delivered to the feeder in the box as a reward. After the rats were able to solve this task, we have studied the effect of antagonists of adrenoceptors (?1-blocker prazosin and ß-blocker propranolol). Administration of prazosin (2 and 3 mg/kg) resulted in general depression of motoric activity with no selective influence upon spatial discrimination efficiency. Propranolol at doses 18 and 20 mg/kg didn’t affect motoric activity and slightly disrupted the ability of recognition of position of a moving object. A dose 25 mg/kg of propranolol disrupted operant behavior (lever pressing activity).

• MeSH
• alfa blokátory aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• kongresy jako téma MeSH
• modely u zvířat MeSH
• operantní podmiňování MeSH
• paměť fyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• potkani Long-Evans MeSH
• prazosin aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• vnímání prostoru fyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH

Prazosin, an alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist, is well known for its depressant effect on motivation and motor activity, while it has no effect on retention of spatial behavior in several tasks, e.g. in the Morris water maze and radial arm maze. The role of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in operant tasks with stimulus-controlled behavior has not yet been tested. The present study investigated the effect of prazosin on the modulation of overall motor activity and on cognitive performance in a spatial operant task called object-position recognition task, where operant behavior (lever pressing) was controlled by spatial stimuli displayed on a computer screen. This task has been previously showed to be hippocampal-dependent. Pre-test injection of prazosin at the dose of 3 mg/kg decreased the responding rate, while it did not affect the recognition of object's position. In conclusion, we validated the new cognitive test with a drug with known pharmacological effects on behavior and confirmed the depressant effect of prazosin on motor activity and no effect on retrieval of spatial memory in the hippocampal-dependent operant task.

• MeSH
• alfa-1-adrenergní receptory - antagonisté farmakologie   MeSH
• alfa-1-adrenergní receptory účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• hipokampus účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• kognice účinky léků   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• operantní podmiňování účinky léků   MeSH
• pohybová aktivita účinky léků   MeSH
• potkani Long-Evans MeSH
• prazosin farmakologie   MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) účinky léků   MeSH
• vnímání prostoru účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH