- MeSH
- antitumorózní látky škodlivé účinky MeSH
- centrální nervový systém patologie účinky léků účinky záření MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce * chemicky indukované diagnóza terapie MeSH
- kognitivní porucha po chemoterapii diagnóza terapie MeSH
- látky ovlivňující centrální nervový systém terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nežádoucí účinky léčiv * diagnóza terapie MeSH
- radioterapie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Hyaluronan (HA) is a core constituent of perineuronal nets (PNNs) that surround subpopulations of neurones. The PNNs control synaptic stabilization in both the developing and adult central nervous system, and disruption of PNNs has shown to reactivate neuroplasticity. We investigated the possibility of memory prolongation by attenuating PNN formation using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), an inhibitor of HA synthesis. Adult C57BL/6 mice were fed with chow containing 5% (w/w) 4-MU for 6 months, at a dose ~6.7 mg/g/day. The oral administration of 4-MU reduced the glycosaminoglycan level in the brain to 72% and the spinal cord to 50% when compared to the controls. Spontaneous object recognition test (SOR) performed at 2, 3, 6 and 7 months showed a significant increase in SOR score in the 6-months treatment group 24 h after object presentation. The effect however did not persist in the washout group (1-month post treatment). Immunohistochemistry confirmed a reduction of PNNs, with shorter and less arborization of aggrecan staining around dendrites in hippocampus after 6 months of 4-MU treatment. Histopathological examination revealed mild atrophy in articular cartilage but it did not affect the motor performance as demonstrated in rotarod test. In conclusion, systemic oral administration of 4-MU for 6 months reduced PNN formation around neurons and enhanced memory retention in mice. However, the memory enhancement was not sustained despite the reduction of PNNs, possibly due to the lack of memory enhancement training during the washout period. Our results suggest that 4-MU treatment might offer a strategy for PNN modulation in memory enhancement.
- MeSH
- agrekany účinky léků MeSH
- aplikace orální MeSH
- centrální nervový systém účinky léků MeSH
- chování zvířat účinky léků MeSH
- extracelulární matrix účinky léků MeSH
- hymekromon aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- kyselina hyaluronová metabolismus MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši MeSH
- neuroplasticita účinky léků MeSH
- oligodendroglie účinky léků MeSH
- rozpoznávání (psychologie) účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Methamphetamine (MA), as massively abused psychoactive stimulant, has been associated with many neurological diseases. It has various potent and neurotoxic properties. There are many mechanisms of action that contribute to its neurotoxic and degenerative effects, including excessive neurotransmitter (NEU) release, blockage of NEU uptake transporters, degeneration of NEU receptors, process of oxidative stress etc. MA intoxication is caused by blood-brain barrier disruption resulted from MA-induced oxidation stress. In our laboratory we constantly work on animal research of MA. Our current interest is to investigate processes of MA-induced alteration in neurotransmission, especially during development of laboratory rat. This review will describe current understanding in role of NEUs, which are affected by MA-induced neurotoxicity caused by altering the action of NEUs in the central nervous system (CNS). It also briefly brings information about NEUs development in critical periods of development.
- MeSH
- centrální nervový systém účinky léků růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- chování zvířat účinky léků MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methamfetamin toxicita MeSH
- nervový přenos účinky léků MeSH
- neurogeneze účinky léků MeSH
- neurotoxické syndromy etiologie metabolismus patologie MeSH
- neurotransmiterové látky toxicita MeSH
- stimulanty centrálního nervového systému toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: Tolebrutinib is an oral, CNS-penetrant, irreversible inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, an enzyme expressed in B lymphocytes and myeloid cells including microglia, which are major drivers of inflammation in multiple sclerosis. We aimed to determine the dose-response relationship between tolebrutinib and the reduction in new active brain MRI lesions in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. METHODS: We did a 16-week, phase 2b, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, dose-finding trial at 40 centres (academic sites, specialty clinics, and general neurology centres) in ten countries in Europe and North America. Eligible participants were adults aged 18-55 years with diagnosed relapsing multiple sclerosis (either relapsing-remitting or relapsing secondary progressive multiple sclerosis), and one or more of the following criteria: at least one relapse within the previous year, at least two relapses within the previous 2 years, or at least one active gadolinium-enhancing brain lesion in the 6 months before screening. Exclusion criteria included a diagnosis of primary progressive multiple sclerosis or a diagnosis of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis without relapse. We used a two-step randomisation process to randomly assign eligible participants (1:1) to two cohorts, then further randomly assign participants in each cohort (1:1:1:1) to four tolebrutinib dose groups (5, 15, 30, and 60 mg administered once daily as an oral tablet). Cohort 1 received tolebrutinib for 12 weeks, then matched placebo (ie, identical looking tablets) for 4 weeks; cohort 2 received 4 weeks of placebo followed by 12 weeks of tolebrutinib. Participants and investigators were masked for dose and tolebrutinib-placebo administration sequence; investigators, study team members, and study participants did not have access to unmasked data. MRI scans were done at screening and every 4 weeks over 16 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was the number of new gadolinium-enhancing lesions detected on the scan done after 12 weeks of tolebrutinib treatment (assessed at week 12 for cohort 1 and week 16 for cohort 2), relative to the scan done 4 weeks previously, and compared with the lesions accumulated during 4 weeks of placebo run-in period in cohort 2. Efficacy data were analysed in a modified intention-to-treat population, using a two-step multiple comparison procedure with modelling analysis. Safety was assessed for all participants who received at least one dose of study drug. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03889639), EudraCT (2018-003927-12), and WHO (U1111-1220-0572), and has been completed. FINDINGS: Between May 14, 2019, and Jan 2, 2020, we enrolled and randomly assigned 130 participants to tolebrutinib: 33 to 5 mg, 32 to 15 mg, 33 to 30 mg, and 32 to 60 mg. 129 (99%) completed the treatment regimen and 126 were included in the primary analysis. At treatment week 12, there was a dose-dependent reduction in the number of new gadolinium-enhancing lesions (mean [SD] lesions per patient: placebo, 1·03 [2·50]; 5 mg, 1·39 [3·20]; 15 mg, 0·77 [1·48]; 30 mg, 0·76 [3·31]; 60 mg, 0·13 [0·43]; p=0·03). One serious adverse event was reported (one patient in the 60 mg group was admitted to hospital because of a multiple sclerosis relapse). The most common non-serious adverse event during tolebrutinib treatment was headache (in one [3%] of 33 in the 5 mg group; three [9%] of 32 in the 15 mg group; one [3%] of 33 in the 30 mg group; and four [13%] of 32 in the 60 mg group). No safety-related discontinuations or treatment-related deaths occurred. INTERPRETATION: 12 weeks of tolebrutinib treatment led to a dose-dependent reduction in new gadolinium-enhancing lesions, the 60 mg dose being the most efficacious, and the drug was well tolerated. Reduction of acute inflammation, combined with the potential to modulate the immune response within the CNS, provides a scientific rationale to pursue phase 3 clinical trials of tolebrutinib in patients with relapsing and progressive forms of multiple sclerosis. FUNDING: Sanofi.
- MeSH
- centrální nervový systém diagnostické zobrazování účinky léků imunologie patologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
- hodnocení výsledků zdravotní péče * MeSH
- inhibitory proteinkinas aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky farmakokinetika farmakologie MeSH
- klinické křížové studie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- proteinkinasa BTK antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- recidiva MeSH
- relabující-remitující roztroušená skleróza diagnostické zobrazování farmakoterapie imunologie patologie MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zánět diagnostické zobrazování farmakoterapie imunologie patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze II MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
In this pilot study, a series of new 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives as potential dopamine receptor D2 (D2R) modulators were synthesized and evaluated in vitro. The preliminary structure-activity relationship disclosed that compound 5e exhibited the highest D2R affinity among the newly synthesized compounds. In addition, 5e showed a very low cytotoxic profile and a high probability to cross the blood-brain barrier, which is important considering the observed affinity. However, molecular modelling simulation revealed completely different binding mode of 5e compared to USC-D301, which might be the culprit of the reduced affinity of 5e toward D2R in comparison with USC-D301.
- MeSH
- aripiprazol chemická syntéza farmakologie MeSH
- buněčná smrt MeSH
- centrální nervový systém účinky léků MeSH
- chinolony chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- CHO buňky MeSH
- Cricetulus MeSH
- hematoencefalická bariéra účinky léků patologie MeSH
- ligandy MeSH
- molekulární modely MeSH
- racionální návrh léčiv MeSH
- receptory dopaminu D2 chemie metabolismus MeSH
- vazebná místa MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Cholinesterases are fundamental players in the peripheral and central nervous systems [...].
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa genetika metabolismus MeSH
- butyrylcholinesterasa genetika metabolismus MeSH
- centrální nervový systém cytologie účinky léků enzymologie MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory terapeutické užití MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- GPI-vázané proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nervový přenos MeSH
- neurodegenerativní nemoci farmakoterapie enzymologie genetika patologie MeSH
- neurony cytologie účinky léků enzymologie MeSH
- neuroprotektivní látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- periferní nervový systém cytologie účinky léků enzymologie MeSH
- synapse účinky léků enzymologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- úvodníky MeSH
Based on the broad spectrum of biological activity of hydrazide-hydrazones, trifluoromethyl compounds, and clinical usage of cholinesterase inhibitors, we investigated hydrazones obtained from 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzohydrazide and various benzaldehydes or aliphatic ketones as potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). They were evaluated using Ellman's spectrophotometric method. The hydrazide-hydrazones produced a dual inhibition of both cholinesterase enzymes with IC50 values of 46.8-137.7 µM and 19.1-881.1 µM for AChE and BuChE, respectively. The majority of the compounds were stronger inhibitors of AChE; four of them (2-bromobenzaldehyde, 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde, cyclohexanone, and camphor-based 2o, 2p, 3c, and 3d, respectively) produced a balanced inhibition of the enzymes and only 2-chloro/trifluoromethyl benzylidene derivatives 2d and 2q were found to be more potent inhibitors of BuChE. 4-(Trifluoromethyl)-N'-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene]benzohydrazide 2l produced the strongest inhibition of AChE via mixed-type inhibition determined experimentally. Structure-activity relationships were identified. The compounds fit physicochemical space for targeting central nervous systems with no apparent cytotoxicity for eukaryotic cell line together. The study provides new insights into this CF3-hydrazide-hydrazone scaffold.
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa metabolismus MeSH
- butyrylcholinesterasa metabolismus MeSH
- centrální nervový systém účinky léků MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory farmakologie MeSH
- hematoencefalická bariéra účinky léků patologie MeSH
- hydraziny chemie MeSH
- hydrazony chemie farmakologie MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Česká populace stárne a s rostoucím věkem pacientů roste i počet užívaných léčiv. Spolu s fyziologickými změnami, které se logicky promítnou do změny farmakokinetiky, se mnohdy mění i cílová místa působení léčiv, tedy farmakodynamika. Změny se projeví na úrovni absorpce, kde se zpomaluje peristaltika, klesá absorpční plocha, roste pH v žaludku a sliznice atrofují. Ve stáří se mění i distribuční poměry. U mnohých léčiv klesá rychlost eliminace, a to nejen na úkor změn metabolické aktivity enzymů cytochromu P450. U starších nemocných může také docházet na jedné straně ke snížené odpovědi na léčivo, na straně druhé (u početnější skupiny léčiv) naopak roste citlivost k některým jejich účinkům. Všechny uvedené faktory přispívají k větší zranitelnosti seniorů, co se týče nežádoucích účinků léčiv, či přímo toxicity. Tento přehledový článek shrnuje nejvýznamnější změny farmakokinetiky a farmakodynamiky u starších nemocných a uvádí příklady léčiv, která mohou být riziková pro starší populaci.
The Czech population is ageing and the number of drugs used is growing with the age of patients. Along with physiological modifications, logically reflected in the change of pharmacokinetics, the target sites of drug action (i.e., pharmacodynamics) are often altered as well. Changes occur at the level of absorption – peristalsis slows down, the absorption area decreases, the pH in the stomach increases, and the gastric and intestinal mucosa atrophies. The distribution of drugs changes as well in the elderly. The elimination rate decreases for many drugs, not only due to the changes in the metabolic activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Elderly patients also have a reduced response to the drug on one hand, while on the other hand (in more numerous group of drugs), there is an increased sensitivity to some of their effects. All these factors together contribute to the greater susceptibility of the elderly to the adverse effects of drugs and drug‑related toxicity. This review article summarizes the most significant changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the elderly and provides examples of drugs that may be risky for the elderly population.
- MeSH
- absorpce fyziologie MeSH
- biotransformace fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- centrální nervový systém účinky léků MeSH
- cesty eliminace léčiva fyziologie MeSH
- farmakokinetika MeSH
- farmakologie MeSH
- farmakoterapie * MeSH
- fyziologické jevy účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nežádoucí účinky léčiv MeSH
- riziko MeSH
- senioři * fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři * fyziologie MeSH
- MeSH
- antidepresiva MeSH
- anxiolytika MeSH
- bazalka pravá * chemie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- centrální nervový systém účinky léků MeSH
- fytoterapie MeSH
- léčivé rostliny * chemie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- nemoci nervového systému farmakoterapie MeSH
- neuroprotektivní látky MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- spontánní pohybová aktivita,
- MeSH
- bdění účinky léků MeSH
- centrální nervový systém účinky léků MeSH
- kognice účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- orexiny * terapeutické užití MeSH
- regulace chuti k jídlu účinky léků MeSH
- spánek účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH