Willows (Salix spp.) are considered to be effective for the phytoremediation of trace elements from contaminated soils, but their efficiency is limited in heavily polluted soils because of poor growth. Liming can be a desirable measure to decrease the plant availability of elements, resulting in improved plant development. Notably, large root area and maximum soil penetration are basic parameters that improve the efficiency of phytoremediation. The impact of soil chemical properties on willow root anatomy and the distribution of trace elements below-ground have rarely been studied. The effect of liming on root parameters, biomass allocation and trace element distribution in non-harvestable (coarse roots, fine roots, stumps) and harvestable plant parts (twigs and leaves) of Salix × smithiana was assessed at the end of a 4-year pot experiment with two trace element-polluted soils that differed in terms of soil pH. Stump biomass predominated in weakly acidic soil. In neutral soil, the majority of biomass was located in fine roots and stumps; the difference from other plant parts was minor. Trace elements were the most concentrated in fine roots. Translocation to above-ground biomass increased as follows: Pb < As < Zn~Cd. In contrast to Cd and Zn, great differences in As and Pb mobility in plants were recorded after measurements of individual below-ground biomass (stumps < coarse roots < fine roots). Lime application decreased the concentrations of mobile Cd and Zn and related levels in plants, improved biomass production and root parameters and increased the removal of all trace elements in weakly acidic soil. None or minimum differences in the monitored parameters were recorded for dolomite treatments in both soils. The dose and source of liming had crucial effects on root anatomy. Growing willows in limed trace element-polluted soils is a suitable measure for combination of two remediation strategies, i.e. phytoextraction of Cd and Zn and assisted phytostabilization of As and Pb.

• MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• kořeny rostlin anatomie a histologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidy chemie   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• Salix účinky léků   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• sloučeniny vápníku chemie   MeSH
• stopové prvky analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• těžké kovy analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

"The gold standard in surgical anatomy. Written and edited by expert surgeons in collaboration with a world-renowned anatomist, this exquisitely illustrated reference consolidates surgical, anatomical and technical knowledge for the entire human body in a single volume. Part of the highly respected Gray's 'family', this new resource brings to life the applied anatomical knowledge that is critically important in the operating room, with a high level of detail to ensure safe and effective surgical practice. Gray's Surgical Anatomy is unique in the field : effectively a textbook of regional anatomy, a practical guide for operative procedures, and a trusted reference for further study. This makes it an invaluable resource for surgeons and surgical trainees at all levels of experience, as well as students, radiologists, and anatomists. Brings you expert content written by surgeons for surgeons. Features superb colour photographs from the operating room, accompanied by detailed explanatory artwork and figures from the latest imaging modalities - plus summary tables, self-assessment questions, and case-based scenarios - making it an ideal reference and learning package for surgeons at all levels. Reflects contemporary practice with chapters logically organized by anatomical region, designed for relevance to surgeons across a wide range of subspecialties, practice types, and clinical settings - and aligned to the requirements of current trainee curricula. Maximizes day-to-day practical application with references to core surgical procedures throughout, as well as the 'Tips and Anatomical Hazards' from leading international surgeons. Demonstrates key anatomical features and relationships that are essential for safe surgical practice - using brand-new illustrations, supplemented by carefully selected contemporary artwork from the most recent edition of Gray's Anatomy and other leading publications. Integrates essential anatomy for robotic and minimal access approaches, including laparoscopic and endoscopic techniques. Features dedicated chapters describing anatomy of lumbar puncture, epidural anaesthesia, peripheral nerve blocks, echocardiographic anatomy of the heart, and endoscopic anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract - as well as a unique overview of human factors and minimizing error in the operating room, essential non-technical surgical skills for improving patient outcomes and safety."--taken from back cover.

• MeSH
• anatomie MeSH

• NLK Obory
• anatomie
• chirurgie

There are several possible iatrogenic damages which can occur during root canal shaping and can lead to insufficient cleaning of root canal and subsequent failure of root canal treatment. The teeth undergoing root canal treatment are usually structurally compromised and further hard dental tissues removal during overhauling previous faults may lead to aggravated prognosis of teeth. Both proper X-ray diagnosis and adjusting root canal shaping to present anatomy are reducing possibility of iatrogenic damage. If such a damage occurs, the more conservative approaches should be attempted first.

• MeSH
• cizí tělesa diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poškození pacienta MeSH
• preparace kořenového kanálku * přístrojové vybavení   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• terapie kořenového kanálku metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

Terrestrial plants typically take up nutrients through roots or mycorrhizae while freshwater plants additionally utilize leaves. Their nutrient uptake may be enhanced by root hairs whose occurrence is often negatively correlated with mycorrhizal colonization. Seagrasses utilize both leaves and roots and often form root hairs, but seem to be devoid of mycorrhizae. The Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica is an exception: its adults commonly lack root hairs and regularly form a specific association with a single pleosporalean fungus. Here we show that at two sites in the southern Adriatic, all its seedlings possessed abundant root hairs with peculiar morphology (swollen terminal parts) and anatomy (spirally formed cell walls) as apparent adaptations for better attachment to the substrate and increase of breaking strain. Later on, their roots became colonized by dark septate mycelium while root hairs were reduced. In adults, most of terminal fine roots possessed the specific fungal association while root hairs were absent. These observations indicate for the first time that processes regulating transition from root hairs to root fungal colonization exist also in some seagrasses. This ontogenetic shift in root traits may suggests an involvement of the specific root symbiosis in the nutrient uptake by the dominant Mediterranean seagrass.

• MeSH
• Alismatales anatomie a histologie   růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Ascomycota fyziologie   MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace * MeSH
• kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• listy rostlin MeSH
• mycelium fyziologie   MeSH
• mykorhiza MeSH
• symbióza * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Středozemní moře MeSH

Cardiac computed tomography (CT) is vital for safety and efficacy of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). We aimed to determine the accuracy of fully automated CT analysis of aortic root anatomy before TAVI by Philips HeartNavigator software. This prospective, academic, single-centre study enrolled 128 consecutive patients with native aortic valve stenosis considered for TAVI. Automated HeartNavigator software was compared to the standard manual CT analysis by experienced operators using FluoroCT software. The sizing of the aortic annulus by perimeter and area significantly differed between both methods: mean perimeter was 76.43 mm vs. 77.52 mm (P < 0.0001) using manual FluoroCT vs. automated HeartNavigator software; mean area was 465 mm2 vs. 476 mm2 (P < 0.0001). Interindividual variability testing revealed mean differences between the two operators were 1.21 mm for the aortic annulus perimeter and 9 mm2 for the aortic annulus area. The hypothetical self-expandable transcatheter prosthesis sizing resulted in 80% agreement in 80% of cases. The time required to perform the automated CT analysis was significantly shorter than the time required for manual analysis (mean 17.8 min vs. 2.1 min, P < 0.0001). Philips HeartNavigator fully automated software for pre-TAVI CT analysis is a promising technology. Differences detected in aortic annulus dimensions are small and similar to the variability of manual CT analysis. Automated prediction of optimal fluoroscopic viewing angles is accurate. Correct transcatheter prosthesis sizing requires clinical oversight.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as an important group of emerging environmental contaminants in irrigation water and soils can influence biochemical and physiological processes essential for growth and development in plants as non-target organisms. Plants are able to take up, transport, transform, and accumulate drugs in the roots. Root biomass in ten-days old pea plants was lowered by 6% already under 0.1 mg/L naproxen (NPX) due to a lowered number of lateral roots, although 0.5 mg/L NPX stimulated the total root length by 30% as against control. Higher section area (by 40%) in root tip, area of xylem (by 150%) or stele-to-section ratio (by 10%) in zone of maturation, and lower section area in zone of lateral roots (by 18%) prove the changes in primary root anatomy and its earlier differentiation at 10 mg/L NPX. Accumulated NPX (up to 10 μg/g DW at 10 mg/L) and products of its metabolization in roots increased the amounts of hydrogen peroxide (by 33%), and superoxide (by 62%), which was reflected in elevated lipid peroxidation (by 32%), disruption of membrane integrity (by 89%) and lowering both oxidoreductase and dehydrogenase activities (by up to 40%). Elevated antioxidant capacity (SOD, APX, and other molecules) under low treatments decreased at 10 mg/L NPX (both by approx. 30%). Naproxen was proved to cause changes at both cellular and tissue levels in roots, which was also reflected in their anatomy and morphology. Higher environmental loading through drugs thus can influence even the root function.

• MeSH
• antiflogistika nesteroidní toxicita   MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   MeSH
• hrách setý účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin MeSH
• naproxen toxicita   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• peroxid vodíku metabolismus   MeSH
• peroxidace lipidů MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The anatomical position of the subarachnoid space (SAS) in relation to dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and penetration of tracer from the SAS into DRG were investigated. We used intrathecal injection of methylene blue to visualize the anatomical position of the SAS in relation to DRG and immunostaining of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) for detecting arachnoid limiting the SAS. Intrathecal administration of fluorescent-conjugated dextran (fluoro-emerald; FE) was used to demonstrate direct communication between the SAS and DRG. Intrathecal injection of methylene blue and DPP-IV immunostaining revealed that SAS delimited by the arachnoid was extended up to the capsule of DRG in a fold-like recess that may reach approximately half of the DRG length. The arachnoid was found in direct contact to the neuronal body-rich area in the angle between dorsal root and DRG as well as between spinal nerve roots at DRG. Particles of FE were found in the cells of DRG capsule, satellite glial cells, interstitial space, as well as in small and medium-sized neurons after intrathecal injection. Penetration of FE from the SAS into the DRG induced an immune reaction expressed by colocalization of FE and immunofluorescence indicating antigen-presenting cells (MHC-II+), activated (ED1+) and resident (ED2+) macrophages, and activation of satellite glial cells (GFAP+). Penetration of lumbar-injected FE into the cervical DRG was greater than that into the lumbar DRG after intrathecal injection of FE into the cisterna magna. Our results demonstrate direct communication between DRG and cerebrospinal fluid in the SAS that can create another pathway for possible propagation of inflammatory and signaling molecules from DRG primary affected by peripheral nerve injury into DRG of remote spinal segments.

• MeSH
• dextrany chemie   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mícha chemie   cytologie   MeSH
• mozkomíšní mok chemie   cytologie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• spinální ganglia chemie   cytologie   MeSH
• subarachnoidální prostor chemie   cytologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Přežití nejmenších dětí a vývoj bezpečného vztahu k lidem, kteří se o ně starají, a poté i lidem dalším je pro přežití lidského druhu fundamentální. Tento proces se opírá o vývoj raného sociálního a afektivního vztahu dítě – rodič. Základní orientační a poznávací procesy se u malých dětí objevují v prvních hodinách po porodu. Kulminují dosažením vyšších poznávacích a emočních schopností: schopností mentalizace a empatie. Teorie vazby (Bowlby a Ainsworthová) vychází z etologického pojetí, podle něhož je novorozené dítě bio-logickou evolucí „programováno“ k vyhledávání blízkosti k člověku, které o ně pečuje. Jak u dítěte, tak u člověka, který o dítě pečuje, se vyvíjí niterný pracovní model, který je reflexí jejich vzájemné vazby. Ainsworthová vytvořila experimentální protokol (Strange Situation) typ vazby mezi dítětem a člověkem, který o ně pečuje. Vazba je trojího typu: jistá (bezpečná), nejistá a dezorganizovaná. Vazba aktivuje odpověď mozku v systémech, které mají vztah k emocím a empatii. Existuje funkční anatomie mateřské lásky, která se odlišuje od funkční anatomie romantické lásky. Typy vazby se vyvíjejí do dospělosti. Z typu dětské vazby lze předpovědět tělesná onemocnění dospělých lidí. Pro lidskou kooperaci je významná tzv. rozšířená podoba vazby. Prastaré mechanismy, které jsou podkladem základních podob vazby, umožňuji unikátně lidskou vazbu ke kulturním objektům.

Infant survival and the development of secure relationships with the caregiver and then other people are fundamental to survival in the human species. This process relies on the evolving early parent-infant social and affective relationship. An infant's basic orientation and recognition processes begin in the first postpartum hours and culminate in an infant's attainment of higher socio-emotional and cognitive capacities: theory of mind and empathy. Attachment theory (Bowlby, Ainsworth) is rooted in the etological notion that a newborn child is “programmed” by biological evolution to seek proximity with caregivers. The infant and the caregiver develop an internal working model that reflects their mutual attachment. Ainsworth developed the experimental Strange Situation Protocol that can be used to assess infant patterns of attachment to their caregiver. Three such patterns exist: secure, insecure and disorganized attachment. Attachment activates brain responses in systems related to emotions and empathy. There is a functional neuroanatomy of maternal love, which is different from functional neuroanatomy of romantic love. Attachment pattern develops into adulthood: there are four patterns of adult attachment. Adult physical illness can be predicted from infant attachments. So-called “extended form of attachment” is important for human cooperation. The ancient mechanisms supporting basic forms of attachment enable the unique human ability to attach to cultural objects.

• MeSH
• chování kojenců * MeSH
• emoce MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• komunikace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek * anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• neuroanatomie * MeSH
• orientace MeSH
• připoutání k objektu * MeSH
• rozvoj osobnosti * MeSH
• vývoj dítěte MeSH
• vztahy mezi matkou a dítětem MeSH
• vztahy mezi otcem a dítětem MeSH
• vztahy mezi rodiči a dětmi MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodníky MeSH

An alteration in the structural arrangement of blood vessels identified by RECA immunohistochemistry was studied in a rat L4 dorsal root ganglia (L4-DRG) neuropathic pain model. We compared a three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of the vascular architecture surrounding bodies of the primary sensory neurons in the L4-DRG of naïve rats with that of rats that had surgically undergone unilateral sciatic nerve ligature. Rhodamine-conjugated dextran (Fluoro-Ruby) was used for retrograde labelling of neurons, the axons of which had been injured by nerve ligature. In contrast to DRG from naïve rats and contralateral DRG from operated rats, an increased proportion of RECA+ vascular area and the appearance of nest-like arrangements of blood vessels around neuronal bodies with injured axons were observed in L4-DRG ipsilateral to the sciatic nerve ligature. Fractal analysis confirmed a higher degree of vascular branching, irregularity, and tortuosity in L4-DRG related with sciatic nerve injury. The results suggest that nerve injury induces changes in vascular architecture in associated DRG.

• MeSH
• cévy inervace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• funkční lateralita MeSH
• hyperalgezie patofyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• nemoci periferního nervového systému patofyziologie   MeSH
• nervové receptory cytologie   patologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• nervus ischiadicus patofyziologie   MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• spinální ganglia anatomie a histologie   krevní zásobení   MeSH
• Wallerova degenerace patofyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Implantace umělé chlopenní náhrady (mechanická chlopeň nebo xenograft) představuje pro jeho nositele riziko závažných, až život ohrožujících komplikací, jako jsou krvácivé komplikace, tromboembolické komplikace, riziko endokarditidy, riziko předčasné dege­nerace xenograftu atd. Zachování vlastní aortální chlopně tyto komplikace eliminuje, nebo alespoň výrazně redukuje. Nevýhodou je na­opak vyšší technická náročnost operace a event. riziko reoperace z důvodu selhání zachované aortální chlopně. Autoři článku předkládají ucelený a současný pohled na problematiku záchovných operací a plastik aortální chlopně, a to od základů anatomie aortálního kořene přes indikace a principy kardiochirurgických technik až po dlouhodobé výsledky.

The implantation of an artificial heart valve (a mechanical valve or a xenograft valve) involves the risk of serious and life-threatening complications for the patient, such as hemorrhagic complications, thromboembolic complications, the risk of endocarditis, the risk of premature degeneration of the xenograft valve, etc. Preserving the patient's own aortic valve eliminates or at least significantly reduces the above complications. On the other hand, it brings about the disadvantage of a technically more demanding surgery and the possible risk of reoperation due to failure of the spared aortic valve. The authors present a comprehensive and up-to-date view ofthe issue of aortic valve sparing surgeries and plastic corrections, beginning with the basics of aortic root anatomy and ending with the indications and principles of cardiosurgical techniques, and long-term results.

• MeSH
• aorta chirurgie   MeSH
• aortální chlopeň chirurgie   MeSH
• cévy - implantace protéz MeSH
• kardiochirurgické výkony metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci srdečních chlopní chirurgie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH