Aim: To describe nurses' perspectives on promoting tracheostomy self-care. There is little information on the nurses' perspective as care providers with knowledge of clinical contexts. Design: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted. Methods: A purposeful sample of nurses was selected from eight Portuguese hospitals. Recruitment ended once data saturation was reached (n = 12). Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed through content analysis. Results: The nurses described the most important aspects to promote tracheostomy self-care, namely the objectives, the contents to be addressed, the methods and resources to be used, the appropriate moment to intervene, the necessary conditions to promote self-care, the way to ensure the standardisation of interventions among nurses, and the level of tailored planned interventions. Conclusion: From the nurses' perspective, promoting tracheostomy self-care is critical for regaining autonomy. Therefore, it is crucial to establish an intervention plan sensitive to individual needs and preferences. These results can help elucidate the aspects considered by nurses when promoting tracheostomy self-care so that more meaningful and feasible care models can be designed.

• MeSH
• kvalitativní výzkum MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemocnice MeSH
• péče o sebe metody   MeSH
• rozhovory jako téma MeSH
• tracheostomie * ošetřování   MeSH
• vzdělávání pacientů jako téma metody   MeSH
• zdravotní sestry MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Portugalsko MeSH

The aim of this perspective article is to show that current experimental evidence on factors influencing dishonesty has limited external validity. Most of experimental studies is built on random assignments, in which control/experimental groups of subjects face varied sizes of the expected reward for behaving dishonestly, opportunities for cheating, means of rationalizing dishonest behavior etc., and mean groups' reactions are observed. The studies have internal validity in assessing the causal influence of these and other factors, but they lack external validity in organizational, market and other environments. If people can opt into or out of diverse real-world environments, an experiment aimed at studying factors influencing real-life degree of dishonesty should permit for such an option. The behavior of such self-selected groups of marginal subjects would probably contain a larger level of (non)deception than the behavior of average people. The article warns that there are not many studies that would enable self-selection or sorting of participants into varying environments, and that limits current knowledge of the extent and dynamics of dishonest and fraudulent behavior. The article focuses on suggestions how to improve dishonesty research, especially how to avoid the experimenter demand bias.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Tento článek se zabývá samoléčbou konopím (Cannabis sativa L.) v České republice se zaměřením na subjektivní rovinu jejího prožívání nemocnými a širší společenský rámec této terapie. Nahlíží aktuální situaci, kdy stát selhává v efektivní regulaci konopí jako léku a nemocní často přistupují k ilegální samoléčbě. Od 1. 1. 2017 do 1. 5. 2017 byl realizován on-line dotazníkový průzkum mezi záměrně vybranými dobrovolníky, jež byli osloveni prostřednictvím organizací, které poskytují souhrnné informace o této problematice. Výzkumný vzorek tvoří 107 nemocných, kteří užívali konopí a jeho deriváty za účelem samoléčby. Získané výpovědi byly analyzovány metodou zakotvené teorie. Výsledky výzkumu ukázaly, že nemocní, kteří v České republice vyhledávají konopnou samoléčbu považují současnou legální regulaci konopí za nevyhovující. Rostlinu si pro vlastní potřebu nejčastěji opatřují pěstováním a informace o léčbě získávají primárně na internetu. Článek se podrobněji zabývá specifiky konopné samoléčby a jejími dopady na zdravotní stav participantů výzkumu. Obsahuje informace užitečné pro organizace, které se věnují práci s pacienty užívajícími konopí k léčbě.

Th is article is focused on the self-medication with cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) in the Czech Republic, exploring subjective perception of this treatment by ill persons and its sociocultural framework. It describes a situation when the state fails to eff ectively regulate medical cannabis and patients oft en seek practices of self-medication, which remains illegal in the country. An online questionnaire was done from January 1, 2017 to May 1, 2017, in deliberately selected volunteers approached via organizations providing comprehensive information about the issue. The study sample consists of 107 subjects, who used cannabis and its derivatives for self-medication. Using the Grounded theory approach, the results indicate that people who seek cannabis for self-medication in the Czech Republic consider it current legal regulation objectionable. Cannabis plants for self-medication are usually grown at home and people gain information about the treatment primarily online. Considering the experience of respondents, there are common practices of cannabis self-medication described in this article and their impact on the health status of the participants. It contains information useful for the organizations working with medical cannabis patients.

• MeSH
• abúzus marihuany MeSH
• Cannabis MeSH
• komplementární terapie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• marihuana pro léčebné účely * MeSH
• samoléčba MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

OBJECTIVE: A growing body of evidence indicates that self-measurement of blood glucose (SMBG) also has beneficial effects in people with type 2 diabetes, irrespective of the type of therapy. The objective of this analysis was to determine the economic impact of SMBG by comparing the cost share of self-monitoring and the direct costs of diabetes-related complications in users and non-users. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A matched-pair analysis based on the cohorts of a large retrospective study of patients with type 2 diabetes (ROSSO) was conducted. The average annual direct costs of diabetes monitoring, treatment-related services, complications and follow-up costs of the disease for SMBG users versus non-users were calculated from the perspective of the Czech statutory health insurance system. Univariate sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the main cost drivers. Limitations of this study are: (1) differences in medical facilities/practice between Germany and the Czech Republic, (2) causal relationship between SMBG and health outcomes is missing, (3) ROSSO underestimated the number of test strips used, (4) Czech cost data are scarce. RESULTS: In patients treated with oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) only, total annual costs in Czech koruna (CZK) were CZK 16 476 for SMBG users and CZK 19 440 for non-users. In patients treated with OAD + insulin, total annual costs were CZK 32 590 and CZK 48 600, respectively. The main cost drivers were stroke and myocardial infarction in patients treated with OAD only, and stroke, dialysis and myocardial infarction in patients treated with OAD + insulin. CONCLUSION: Cost analysis indicated that SMBG provides a rapid return on initial investment. By increasing the number of patients using SMBG, the statutory health insurance system in the Czech Republic may save several million CZK annually.

• MeSH
• analýza nákladů a výnosů MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu krev   komplikace   ekonomika   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• krevní glukóza analýza   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• selfmonitoring glykemie ekonomika   metody   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The article presents research evidence on psychological impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economically active Czech population aged 18-64 (n = 1603; 365 men and 1238 women) within a one year perspective. The aim is to describe the differences in the reported mental health indicators (anxiety, depression, and distress) for women and men in the four age groups, two groups with different working statuses (continuation of work/interrupted working status), and between two phases of the epidemic (March to May 2020 and September 2020 to February 2021). The results point to elevated scores of negative mental health indicators (anxiety, depression, and distress) in different subgroups. More negative experiences in a pandemic situation were found, especially in groups of women, people under the age of 35, and among people with interrupted working status. The results also indicate a deterioration of symptoms over time during the epidemic.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Aim: Patients living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are challenged with managing the medical, social, and emotional consequences of the disease. Self-management of the disease plays a major role in actively preventing a deterioration such as an acute exacerbation (AECOPD). The aim of this study was to explore patients' perspectives on self-management, for both participants who received a complex multicomponent behavior-focused intervention (e.g., physical activity) after hospitalization (intervention group) and participants who did not (control group). Design: A qualitative descriptive study design was used. Methods: Semi-structured one-to-one interviews were conducted (n = 10). A newly implemented counselling program conducted by an Advanced Nursing Practice (ANP) care team was introduced as part of the study. Participants in the control group received standard treatment for hospitalized AECOPD, while the intervention group received counselling focused on patient self-management from the ANP care team over a 13-week period. Control and intervention group narratives were compared using framework analysis. Results: The predominant four topics in both groups were deducted from Lorig's conceptualization of self-management. These were: the management of burdensome emotions, the management of life roles, the management of medical regimen and recommendations, and the perception of self-management needs. The participants in the intervention group reported that counselling by the ANP team helped motivate them to sustain physical activity. They also found it reassuring to have a contact person they could easily reach out to in case of any queries or uncertainties, which provided them with a sense of security. Conclusion: There is a need for support in several areas of self-management after hospitalization for AECOPD. The newly introduced nurse-led self-management support was immediately well-received. Indeed, all participants appreciated the contact with their respective health professionals.

• MeSH
• chronická obstrukční plicní nemoc * ošetřování   prevence a kontrola   psychologie   rehabilitace   MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pohybová aktivita MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• rozhovory jako téma MeSH
• self-management * psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Publikace se zaměřuje na duševní zdraví, na sociální problémy a krizové situace v životě jedince a na psychiku z mezioborové perspektivy. Určeno široké veřejnosti.

• MeSH
• duševní zdraví MeSH
• internacionalita MeSH
• mezioborová komunikace MeSH
• postoj MeSH
• sebepojetí MeSH
• sociální problémy MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH
• populární práce MeSH

• Konspekt
• Vývojová psychologie. Individuální psychologie
• NLK Obory
• psychologie, klinická psychologie

• MeSH
• skupinová psychoterapie MeSH
• sociální práce MeSH
• zdraví MeSH

• MeSH
• psychologie MeSH
• psychoterapie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Psychologie
• NLK Obory
• psychologie, klinická psychologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• kolektivní monografie

There are two principal types of stigma in mental illness, ie, "public stigma" and "self-stigma". Public stigma is the perception held by others that the mentally ill individual is socially undesirable. Stigmatized persons may internalize perceived prejudices and develop negative feelings about themselves. The result of this process is "self-stigma". Stigma has emerged as an important barrier to the treatment of depression and other mental illnesses. Gender and race are related to stigma. Among depressed patients, males and African-Americans have higher levels of self-stigma than females and Caucasians. Perceived stigma and self-stigma affect willingness to seek help in both genders and races. African-Americans demonstrate a less positive attitude towards mental health treatments than Caucasians. Religious beliefs play a role in their coping with mental illness. Certain prejudicial beliefs about mental illness are shared globally. Structural modeling indicates that conformity to dominant masculine gender norms ("boys don't cry") leads to self-stigmatization in depressed men who feel that they should be able to cope with their illness without professional help. These findings suggest that targeting men's feelings about their depression and other mental health problems could be a more successful approach to change help-seeking attitudes than trying to change those attitudes directly. Further, the inhibitory effect of traditional masculine gender norms on help-seeking can be overcome if depressed men feel that a genuine connection leading to mutual understanding has been established with a health care professional.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH