Stone Fruit Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
"Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum" (CPp) is a highly destructive phytopathogenic agent in many stone fruit-growing regions in Europe and the surrounding countries. In this work, we focused on documenting entire bacterial community in the phloem tissues of 60 stone fruit trees. Nested PCR and two real-time PCR assays were used to select CPp-positive (group A) and CPp-negative samples (group B). Afterwards, high-throughput amplicon sequencing was performed to assess bacterial community compositions in phloem tissues. The bacterial composition in phloem tissue consisted of 118 distinct genera, represented mainly by Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Methylobacterium, Sphingomonas, and Rhizobium. Statistics showed that CPp influenced the bacterial composition of infected plants (group A) and that the bacterial community depended on the geographical origin of the sample. This is the first work focusing on an analysis of the influence of CPp on the bacteria coexisting in the phloem tissues of stone fruit trees.
- Klíčová slova
- dělená strava,
- MeSH
- bezlepková dieta MeSH
- dieta s omezením sacharidů MeSH
- dieta s omezením tuků MeSH
- dieta * metody MeSH
- fyziologie výživy MeSH
- glykemický index MeSH
- obezita MeSH
- ovocné a zeleninové šťávy MeSH
- paleolitická dieta MeSH
- redukční dieta * MeSH
- syrová strava MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Incidence nefrolitiázy (renálních konkrementů) celosvětově narůstá, zejména u žen a také se stoupajícím věkem. Existuje přitom spojitost mezi renálními konkrementy a chronickým onemocněním ledvin. Prevence jejich recidivy z větší části závisí na typu konkrementů (např. kalcium-oxalátové, kalcium-fosfátové, cystinové, struvitové [magnezium-amonium-fosfátové] a urátové). Informace o faktorech podporujících tvorbu konkrementů, na jejichž základě můžeme doporučit vhodnou prevenci, lze ovšem získat i v situaci, kdy konkrement pro účely analýzy není k dispozici – v tom případě poslouží vyšetření sběru moči za 24 hodin a její pH. U určitých druhů konkrementů se riziko vzniku zvyšuje při užívání léčiv typu inhibitorů proteáz, antibiotik a některých diuretik, pacienti by tedy o možných nebezpečích spojených s užíváním této medikace měli být poučeni. K prevenci nefrolitiázy může přispívat dodržování diety, obezřetné užívání léčiv a příjem potřebných živin. Riziko tvorby renálních konkrementů zvyšuje i obezita. Avšak snižování hmotnosti může v prevenci nefrolitiázy vést k poklesu účinnosti, je-li spojeno s vysokým příjmem živočišných proteinů, abúzem laxativ, rychlým úbytkem netukové tělesné hmoty nebo s nedostatečnou hydratací. Chceme-li zabránit tvorbě kalcium- oxalátových, cystinových a urátových konkrementů, měli bychom usilovat o alkalizaci moči konzumací stravy bohaté na ovoce a zeleninu, užívat citrát ve formě doplňků stravy nebo přípravku na lékařský předpis, případně pít alkalické minerální vody. Chceme-li zabránit tvorbě kalcium-fosfátových a struvitových konkrementů, měli bychom moč acidifi kovat; pH moči snižují např. brusinkový džus nebo betain. V akutní péči o nemocné s renálními konkrementy se vedle hydratace a podávání analgetik stále častěji uplatňují také spasmolytika, ureteroskopie a metabolická vyšetření.
The incidence of nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) is rising worldwide, especially in women and with increasing age. Kidney stones are associated with chronic kidney disease. Preventing recurrence is largely specifi c to the type of stone (e.g., calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, cystine, struvite [magnesium ammonium phosphate]), and uric acid stones); however, even when the stone cannot be retrieved, urine pH and 24-hour urine assessment provide informa tion about stone-forming factors that can guide prevention. Medications, such as protease inhibitors, antibiotics, and some diuretics, increase the risk of some types of kidney stones, and patients should be counseled about the risks of using these medications. Managing diet, medication use, and nutrient intake can help prevent the formation of kidney stones. Obe sity increases the risk of kidney stones. However, weight loss could undermine prevention of kidney stones if associated with a high ani mal protein intake, laxative abuse, rapid loss of lean tissue, or poor hydration. For prevention of calcium oxalate, cystine, and uric acid stones, urine should be alkalinized by eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables, taking supplemental or prescription citrate, or drinking alkaline mineral waters. For prevention of calcium phosphate and struvite stones, urine should be acidifi ed; cranberry juice or betaine can lower urine pH. Antispasmodic medications, ureteroscopy, and metabolic testing are increasingly being used to augment fl uid and pain medications in the acute management of kidney stones.
- MeSH
- analgetika terapeutické užití MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- klinické laboratorní techniky metody využití MeSH
- klinický obraz nemoci MeSH
- komorbidita MeSH
- komplikace těhotenství MeSH
- ledvinové kameny diagnóza klasifikace komplikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nefrolitiáza prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- nemoci ledvin diagnóza komplikace MeSH
- parasympatolytika MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie metody využití MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- tekutinová terapie metody využití MeSH
- ultrasonografie metody využití MeSH
- ureteroskopie metody využití MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Plum pox virus (PPV), the agent responsible for sharka disease, is the most important viral pathogen of stone fruit trees. The fruits of these fruit species are widely used in the processing industry, thus being economically very attractive. This viral disease significantly reduces the vitality of the fruit trees and the quantity and quality of fruits. The present review describes recent methods used for the identification and characterization of economically important Plum pox virus. Understanding the diversity of plant viruses is an essential step to design efficient management strategies to eliminate economical losses.
A quantitative PCR, real-time RT-PCR, and one-step real-time RT-PCR using SYBR Green-based tools for reliable detection and relative quantitation of Prune dwarf virus (PDV) in stone fruits are described. The assay reliability was tested on 55 samples from different hosts and regions. The sensitivity of the assay was also compared with other assays with different primers. Two plant-expressed genes, actin and 18S rRNA, were used as housekeeping genes for accurate quantitation of PDV in stone fruit trees. The expression of the gene for actin and the 18S ribosomal RNA gene corresponded with each other accurately, with standard deviation values of 1.905 cycles on average, 1.36 for Prunus persica, and 2.45 for other Prunus species tested. The results of this study support the need to use more than one housekeeping gene as an internal control to avoid possible errors caused by unstable internal control gene mRNA expression when quantifying the extent of PDV infection.
- MeSH
- aktiny genetika MeSH
- barvení a značení metody MeSH
- fluorescenční barviva MeSH
- Ilarvirus genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- organické látky MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí metody normy MeSH
- referenční standardy MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 18S genetika MeSH
- RNA rostlin genetika MeSH
- RNA virová genetika MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika MeSH
- slivoň virologie MeSH
- virová nálož MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Ten published DNA-based analytical methods aiming at detecting material of almond (Prunus dulcis) were in silico evaluated for potential cross-reactivity with other stone fruits (Prunus spp.), including peach, apricot, plum, cherry, sour cherry and Sargent cherry. For most assays, the analysis of nucleotide databases suggested none or insufficient discrimination of at least some stone fruits. On the other hand, the assay targeting non-specific lipid transfer protein (Röder et al., 2011, Anal Chim Acta 685:74-83) was sufficiently discriminative, judging from nucleotide alignments. Empirical evaluation was performed for three of the published methods, one modification of a commercial kit (SureFood allergen almond) and one attempted novel method targeting thaumatin-like protein gene. Samples of leaves and kernels were used in the experiments. The empirical results were favourable for the method from Röder et al. (2011) and a modification of SureFood allergen almond kit, both showing cross-reactivity <10(-3) compared to the model almond.
Plum pox virus (PPV, family Potyviridae) is one of the most important viral pathogens of Prunus spp. causing considerable damage to stone-fruit industry worldwide. Among the PPV strains identified so far, only PPV-C, PPV-CR, and PPV-CV are able to infect cherries under natural conditions. Herein, we evaluated the pathogenic potential of two viral isolates in herbaceous host Nicotiana benthamiana. Significantly higher accumulation of PPV capsid protein in tobacco leaves infected with PPV-CR (RU-30sc isolate) was detected in contrast to PPV-C (BY-101 isolate). This result correlated well with the symptoms observed in the infected plants. To further explore the host response upon viral infection at the molecular level, a comprehensive proteomic profiling was performed. Using reverse-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography followed by label-free mass spectrometry quantification, we identified 38 unique plant proteins as significantly altered due to the infection. Notably, the abundances of photosynthesis-related proteins, mainly from the Calvin-Benson cycle, were found more aggressively affected in plants infected with PPV-CR isolate than those of PPV-C. This observation was accompanied by a significant reduction in the amount of photosynthetic pigments extracted from the leaves of PPV-CR infected plants. Shifts in the abundance of proteins that are involved in stimulation of photosynthetic capacity, modification of amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism may affect plant growth and initiate energy formation via gluconeogenesis in PPV infected N. benthamiana. Furthermore, we suggest that the higher accumulation of H2O2 in PPV-CR infected leaves plays a crucial role in plant defense and development by activating the glutathione synthesis.
- MeSH
- chlorofyl biosyntéza MeSH
- chromatografie s reverzní fází MeSH
- energetický metabolismus genetika MeSH
- fotosyntéza genetika MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- glutathion biosyntéza MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu genetika MeSH
- karotenoidy biosyntéza MeSH
- listy rostlin genetika metabolismus virologie MeSH
- nemoci rostlin genetika virologie MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- peroxid vodíku metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny tepelného šoku klasifikace genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Prunus avium virologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin * MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny klasifikace genetika metabolismus MeSH
- slivoň švestka virologie MeSH
- tabák genetika metabolismus virologie MeSH
- virus šarky švestky klasifikace genetika růst a vývoj patogenita MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
