abscisic acids
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Plant hormones cytokinins, auxin (indole-3-acetic acid), and abscisic acid are central to regulation of plant growth and defence to abiotic stresses such as salinity. Quantification of the hormone levels and determination of their ratios can reveal different plant strategies to cope with the stress, e.g., suppression of growth or mobilization of plant metabolism. This chapter describes a procedure enabling such quantification. Due to the high variability of these hormones in plant tissues, it is advantageous to determine their content in the same sample. Reverse phase and ion exchange chromatography allows separation of the individual hormone fractions. Hormones as well as their metabolites can be identified and quantified by LC/MS.
- MeSH
- cytokininy analýza izolace a purifikace MeSH
- fyziologický stres * MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- kořeny rostlin chemie metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina abscisová analýza izolace a purifikace MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové analýza izolace a purifikace MeSH
- listy rostlin chemie metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty chemie MeSH
- rostliny chemie metabolismus MeSH
- salinita * MeSH
- tolerance k soli fyziologie MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Besides signalling to soil organisms, strigolactones (SLs) control above- and below-ground morphology, in particular shoot branching. Furthermore, SLs interact with stress responses, possibly thanks to a crosstalk with the abscisic acid (ABA) signal. In grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), ABA drives the accumulation of anthocyanins over the ripening season. In this study, we investigated the effects of treatment with a synthetic strigolactone analogue, GR24, on anthocyanin accumulation in grape berries, in the presence or absence of exogenous ABA treatment. Experiments were performed both on severed, incubated berries, and on berries attached to the vine. Furthermore, we analysed the corresponding transcript concentrations of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, and in ABA biosynthesis, metabolism, and membrane transport. During the experiment time courses, berries showed the expected increase in soluble sugars and anthocyanins. GR24 treatment had no or little effect on anthocyanin accumulation, or on gene expression levels. Exogenous ABA treatment activated soluble sugar and anthocyanin accumulation, and enhanced expression of anthocyanin and ABA biosynthetic genes, and that of genes involved in ABA hydroxylation and membrane transport. Co-treatment of GR24 with ABA delayed anthocyanin accumulation, decreased expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, and negatively affected ABA concentration. GR24 also enhanced the ABA-induced activation of ABA hydroxylase genes, while it down-regulated the ABA-induced activation of ABA transport genes. Our results show that GR24 affects the ABA-induced activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in this non-climacteric fruit. We discuss possible mechanisms underlying this effect, and the potential role of SLs in ripening of non-ABA-treated berries.
The role of abscisic acid (ABA) during early development was investigated in tomato seedlings. The endogenous content of ABA in particular organs was analyzed in seedlings grown in the dark and under blue light. Our results showed that in dark-grown seedlings, the ABA accumulation was maximal in the cotyledons and elongation zone of hypocotyl, whereas under blue-light, the ABA content was distinctly reduced. Our data are consistent with the conclusion that ABA promotes the growth of etiolated seedlings and the results suggest that ABA plays an inhibitory role in de-etiolation and photomorphogenesis in tomato.
In cereal grains, the maternal nucellar projection (NP) constitutes the link to the filial organs, forming a transfer path for assimilates and signals towards the endosperm. At transition to the storage phase, the NP of barley (Hordeum vulgare) undergoes dynamic and regulated differentiation forming a characteristic pattern of proliferating, elongating, and disintegrating cells. Immunolocalization revealed that abscisic acid (ABA) is abundant in early non-elongated but not in differentiated NP cells. In the maternally affected shrunken-endosperm mutant seg8, NP cells did not elongate and ABA remained abundant. The amounts of the bioactive forms of gibberellins (GAs) as well as their biosynthetic precursors were strongly and transiently increased in wild-type caryopses during the transition and early storage phases. In seg8, this increase was delayed and less pronounced together with deregulated gene expression of specific ABA and GA biosynthetic genes. We concluded that differentiation of the barley NP is driven by a distinct and specific shift from lower to higher GA:ABA ratios and that the spatial-temporal change of GA:ABA balances is required to form the differentiation gradient, which is a prerequisite for ordered transfer processes through the NP. Deregulated ABA:GA balances in seg8 impair the differentiation of the NP and potentially compromise transfer of signals and assimilates, resulting in aberrant endosperm growth. These results highlight the impact of hormonal balances on the proper release of assimilates from maternal to filial organs and provide new insights into maternal effects on endosperm differentiation and growth of barley grains.
The plant selective autophagy cargo receptor neighbour of breast cancer 1 gene (NBR1) has been scarcely studied in the context of abiotic stress. We wanted to expand this knowledge by using Arabidopsis thaliana lines with constitutive ectopic overexpression of the AtNBR1 gene (OX lines) and the AtNBR1 Knock-Out (KO lines). Transcriptomic analysis of the shoots and roots of one representative OX line indicated differences in gene expression relative to the parental (WT) line. In shoots, many differentially expressed genes, either up- or down-regulated, were involved in responses to stimuli and stress. In roots the most significant difference was observed in a set of downregulated genes that is mainly related to translation and formation of ribonucleoprotein complexes. The link between AtNBR1 overexpression and abscisic acid (ABA) signalling was suggested by an interaction network analysis of these differentially expressed genes. Most hubs of this network were associated with ABA signalling. Although transcriptomic analysis suggested enhancement of ABA responses, ABA levels were unchanged in the OX shoots. Moreover, some of the phenotypes of the OX (delayed germination, increased number of closed stomata) and the KO lines (increased number of lateral root initiation sites) indicate that AtNBR1 is essential for fine-tuning of the ABA signalling pathway. The interaction of AtNBR1 with three regulatory proteins of ABA pathway (ABI3, ABI4 and ABI5) was observed in planta. It suggests that AtNBR1 might play role in maintaining the balance of ABA signalling by controlling their level and/or activity.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis genetika metabolismus MeSH
- autofagie * MeSH
- geneticky modifikované rostliny MeSH
- klíčení MeSH
- kyselina abscisová metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- semena rostlinná genetika MeSH
- semenáček MeSH
- signální transdukce * MeSH
- transportní proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
A number of scientific reports published to date contain data on endogenous levels of various phytohormones in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) but a complete cytokinin profile of potato tissues, that would include data on all particular molecular forms of cytokinin, has still been missing. In this work, endogenous levels of all analytically detectable isoprenoid cytokinins, as well as the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) have been determined in shoots and roots of 30 day old in vitro grown potato (cv. Désirée). The results presented here are generally similar to other data reported for in vitro grown potato plants, whereas greenhouse-grown plants typically contain lower levels of ABA, possibly indicating that in vitro grown potato is exposed to chronic stress. Cytokinin N-glucosides, particularly N7-glucosides, are the dominant cytokinin forms in both shoots and roots of potato, whereas nucleobases, as the bioactive forms of cytokinins, comprise a low proportion of cytokinin levels in tissues of potato. Differences in phytohormone composition between shoots and roots of potato suggest specific patterns of transport and/or differences in tissue-specific metabolism of plant hormones. These results represent a contribution to understanding the hormonomics of potato, a crop species of extraordinary economic importance.
- MeSH
- cytokininy analýza metabolismus MeSH
- fyziologický stres MeSH
- kořeny rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina abscisová analýza metabolismus MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové analýza metabolismus MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin analýza metabolismus MeSH
- Solanum tuberosum růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- výhonky rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Dark-induced growth (skotomorphogenesis) is primarily characterized by rapid elongation of the hypocotyl. We have studied the role of abscisic acid (ABA) during the development of young tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings. We observed that ABA deficiency caused a reduction in hypocotyl growth at the level of cell elongation and that the growth in ABA-deficient plants could be improved by treatment with exogenous ABA, through which the plants show a concentration dependent response. In addition, ABA accumulated in dark-grown tomato seedlings that grew rapidly, whereas seedlings grown under blue light exhibited low growth rates and accumulated less ABA. We demonstrated that ABA promotes DNA endoreduplication by enhancing the expression of the genes encoding inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases SlKRP1 and SlKRP3 and by reducing cytokinin levels. These data were supported by the expression analysis of the genes which encode enzymes involved in ABA and CK metabolism. Our results show that ABA is essential for the process of hypocotyl elongation and that appropriate control of the endogenous level of ABA is required in order to drive the growth of etiolated seedlings.
- MeSH
- cyklin-dependentní kinasy antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- cytokininy biosyntéza metabolismus MeSH
- endoreduplikace účinky záření MeSH
- homeostáza účinky záření MeSH
- hypokotyl cytologie růst a vývoj metabolismus účinky záření MeSH
- inhibitory proteinkinas farmakologie MeSH
- klíčení účinky léků účinky záření MeSH
- kyselina abscisová metabolismus MeSH
- Solanum lycopersicum cytologie růst a vývoj metabolismus účinky záření MeSH
- tma * MeSH
- vývoj rostlin účinky léků účinky záření MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
A seed's ability to properly germinate largely depends on its oxidative poise. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is controlled by a large gene network, which includes the gene coding for the hydrogen peroxide-scavenging enzyme, cytosolic ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE6 (APX6), yet its specific function has remained unknown. In this study, we show that seeds lacking APX6 accumulate higher levels of ROS, exhibit increased oxidative damage, and display reduced germination on soil under control conditions and that these effects are further exacerbated under osmotic, salt, or heat stress. In addition, ripening APX6-deficient seeds exposed to heat stress displayed reduced germination vigor. This, together with the increased abundance of APX6 during late stages of maturation, indicates that APX6 activity is critical for the maturation-drying phase. Metabolic profiling revealed an altered activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, changes in amino acid levels, and elevated metabolism of abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin in drying apx6 mutant seeds. Further germination assays showed an impaired response of the apx6 mutants to ABA and to indole-3-acetic acid. Relative suppression of abscisic acid insensitive3 (ABI3) and ABI5 expression, two of the major ABA signaling downstream components controlling dormancy, suggested that an alternative signaling route inhibiting germination was activated. Thus, our study uncovered a new role for APX6, in protecting mature desiccating and germinating seeds from excessive oxidative damage, and suggested that APX6 modulate the ROS signal cross talk with hormone signals to properly execute the germination program in Arabidopsis.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis fyziologie MeSH
- askorbátperoxidasa metabolismus MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- interakce mezi receptory a ligandy MeSH
- klíčení * MeSH
- kyselina abscisová metabolismus MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové metabolismus MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- oxidační stres * MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku metabolismus MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- voda fyziologie MeSH
- vysoká teplota MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
