• MeSH
• hmyz MeSH
• Siphonaptera MeSH

• Konspekt
• Chemie. Mineralogické vědy
• NLK Obory
• chemie, klinická chemie
• environmentální vědy
• infekční lékařství
• NLK Publikační typ
• publikace WHO

Agricultural intensification is a leading cause of global biodiversity loss, which can reduce the provisioning of ecosystem services in managed ecosystems. Organic farming and plant diversification are farm management schemes that may mitigate potential ecological harm by increasing species richness and boosting related ecosystem services to agroecosystems. What remains unclear is the extent to which farm management schemes affect biodiversity components other than species richness, and whether impacts differ across spatial scales and landscape contexts. Using a global metadataset, we quantified the effects of organic farming and plant diversification on abundance, local diversity (communities within fields), and regional diversity (communities across fields) of arthropod pollinators, predators, herbivores, and detritivores. Both organic farming and higher in-field plant diversity enhanced arthropod abundance, particularly for rare taxa. This resulted in increased richness but decreased evenness. While these responses were stronger at local relative to regional scales, richness and abundance increased at both scales, and richness on farms embedded in complex relative to simple landscapes. Overall, both organic farming and in-field plant diversification exerted the strongest effects on pollinators and predators, suggesting these management schemes can facilitate ecosystem service providers without augmenting herbivore (pest) populations. Our results suggest that organic farming and plant diversification promote diverse arthropod metacommunities that may provide temporal and spatial stability of ecosystem service provisioning. Conserving diverse plant and arthropod communities in farming systems therefore requires sustainable practices that operate both within fields and across landscapes.

• MeSH
• biodiverzita * MeSH
• členovci * MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• zemědělství metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

It has been hypothesized that species with holocentric chromosomes have a selective evolutionary advantage for developmental and reproductive success because holocentric chromosomes are less susceptible to chromosome breakage than monocentric chromosomes. We analyzed data on sterilizing doses of ionizing radiation for more than 250 species of arthropods to test whether the minimal dose for reproductive sterilization is higher for species with holocentric chromosomes than for species with monocentric chromosomes. Using linear mixed models that account for phylogeny, we show that holocentric arthropods are more tolerant of sterilizing radiation than monocentrics. Moreover, higher dose rates correlate with lower sterilizing doses in monocentrics, but not in holocentrics, which is a novel finding that may be of importance for radiosanitation practice. Under the dose rate of 1 Gy/min, holocentric arthropods are sterilized on average with a 2.9 times higher minimal dose than monocentrics. Life stage and sex have significant but considerably weaker effects on sterilizing dose than chromosome type. Adults and males require 1.2 and 1.4 times higher sterilizing doses than juveniles and females, respectively. These results support the hypothesis that holocentric lineages may originate and thrive better in times of increased exposure to chromosome-breaking factors.

• MeSH
• chromozomy účinky záření   MeSH
• členovci genetika   účinky záření   MeSH
• kontrola škůdců * MeSH
• sterilizace * MeSH
• zlomy chromozomů účinky záření   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Přestože bylo prokázáno, že skladištní členovci (tj. roztoči a hmyz) mohou vyvolávat u člověka závažné alergické reakce, chybí základní informace o současném rozsahu zamoření zemědělských potravinářských komodit v ČR. Proto bylo cílem této studie vyhodnotit aktuální výskyt (tj. druhové složení, častost /= frekvenci/ výskytu a populační výši /= abundanci/) potenciálně alergenních členovců ve skladovaném potravinářském obilí. Tyto informace mají sloužit pro hodnocení a predikci rizik zamoření cereálních potravin a vzdušného prostředí sil a skladů alergeny členovců v ČR. Bylo odebráno a analyzováno 379 vzorků z uskladněného obilí (1 vzorek = 1 kg) ze sil a podlahových skladů z celého území ČR. Ve studovaném materiálu bylo zjištěno cca 130 000 jedinců skladištních škůdců v 56 druzích. Byly zjištěny statisticky významné rozdíly v abundanci a frekvenci různých skupin skladištních členovců. Roztoči infestovali 64 % vzorků, zatímco pisivky 19 % a brouci 30 %. Roztoči jsou nejvíce abundantní skupina (91 % jedinců) a převládají nad pisivkami (4 %) a brouky (5 %). Skladištní členovci se vyskytovali v uskladněném obilí v agregacích; průměrná abundance je 308 roztočů, 10 pisivek a 19 jedinců brouků na jeden obilní vzorek. Maximální nalezené počty v jednom vzorku jsou: 25 500 roztočů, 1957 pisivek a 2012 brouků v 1 kg obilovin. Více než 100 jedinců roztočů bylo nalezeno v 22 % obilných vzorků. Z těchto výsledků vyplývá, že roztoči jsou nejvýznamnějšími donory alergenů do skladovaného obilí. Podle abundance a nejvyšší frekvence ve vzorcích jsou nejvíce důležité tyto druhy: (i) roztoči Acarus siro > Tydeus interruptus > Lepidoglyphus destructor > Tyrophagus putrescentiae > Tarsonemus granarius; (ii) pisivky Liposcelis decolor > L. entomophila > L. paeta; (iii) brouci Tribolium castaneum > Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica. Výsledky této práce indikují, že nejvíce nebezpeční z hlediska produkce alergií v cereálních potravinách jsou roztoči. Nicméně chemická (fumigace) kontrola skladištních členovců na farmách je zaměřena na nápadné brouky (2 mm), zatímco mikroskopičtí roztoči kontrolováni nejsou.

There is well documented that the storage pest arthropods (mites and insects) cause an important allergy troubles in human population. In spite of this fact, we have a little information on the extent of infestation of food grain stored in the Czech Republic (CZ). The aim of this study is to evaluate the actual occurrence of stored product pests in stored grain. The species composition, frequency (occurrence in the cores of stored grain) and pests’ abundance (population density) are evaluated and compared. These data would help to predict the risk of storage pests contamination of food and grain stores by allergens in CZ. Three hundred seventy nine samples of stored grain (weight of sample – 1kg) were collected in silos and storey brice (flat) stores in CZ. Fifty-six pests species in about 130 000 individuals were sampled. Their abundance and frequency were evaluated. The mites infested 64% of samples were, while only 19 and 30% by psocids and beetles. 22% of grain contained more than 100 mites. The mites were the most abundant group, followed by psocids and beetles (91, 4 and 5% respectively). The pests imoportance according to abundance and frequency decreased in the following order: (a) mites Acarus siro > Tydeus interruptus > Lepidoglyphus destructor > Tyrophagus putrescentiase > Tarsonemus granarius; (b) psocids Liposcelis decolor > L. entomophila > L. paeta; (c) beetles Tribolium castaneum > Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica. The occurrence of all pests was strongly aggregated, the mean abundance was 308, 10 and 19, maximal abundance = 25 500 mites, 1957 psocids, 2012 beetles per kg of the grain. The findings of this study suggest that mites are the most important source of allergens in stored grain in the conditions stored grain in Central Europe. Notwithstanding to these facts, the chemical pest control measures are aimed at the beetles.

• MeSH
• alergeny MeSH
• jedlá semena MeSH
• jedy členovců MeSH
• kontrola potravin MeSH
• konzervace potravin MeSH
• potravinářská parazitologie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Arthropods are a documented cause of occupational allergy in cereal stores. Since the current allergenic risk of various arthropods in grain stores is not known, we evaluated its extent using data from the Czech Republic (CZ). We surveyed 514 grain storage units for pest composition and density. Recalculating literature data we established 4 density dependent classes of pooled mite "allergy-risk level" (ARL) in stored grain: (i) safe-ARL: 0 mites.g(-1) grain, (ii) low-ARL: up to 1 mite.g(-1) grain, (iii) high-ARL: from 1 to 5 mites.g(-1) grain, (iv) danger-acute asthma-ARL: higher than 5 mites.g(-1) grain. Farmers (15) were questioned for pest taxon-related pesticide treatments. Mites constituted the largest group of collected pests (92%) followed by psocids (5%), beetles (3%) and moths (0%). 60% of mites belonged to known allergen producing species; the most abundant were Acarus siro, A. faris, Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Lepidoglyphus destructor. Grain samples belonged to the established ARL classes as follows: (i) safe-ARL: 37% (ii) low-ARL: 53%; (iii) high-ARL: 6%; (iv) danger-acute asthma-ARL: 4%. The enquiry among farmers revealed that almost no pesticides were targeted solely to control mites. This study suggests that mites represent, due to their allergenic potential, density and frequency, the most serious source of allergens in stored grain in CZ. However, the medical aspect of pest control--such as allergy avoidance strategy--is overlooked since grain feeding insects were mostly chemically controlled, regardless of their relatively low density and allergen production in comparison with mites.

• MeSH
• alergeny MeSH
• členovci imunologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• hmyz imunologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• hustota populace MeSH
• imunoglobulin E krev   MeSH
• jedlá semena parazitologie   MeSH
• kontaminace potravin analýza   MeSH
• kontrola škůdců metody   MeSH
• kožní testy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• manipulace s potravinami MeSH
• nemoci z povolání epidemiologie   etiologie   imunologie   MeSH
• nemoci zemědělců epidemiologie   etiologie   imunologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• respirační alergie epidemiologie   etiologie   imunologie   MeSH
• roztoči imunologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Transgenic maize MON88017, expressing the Cry3Bb1 toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt maize), confers resistance to corn rootworms (Diabrotica spp.) and provides tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate. However, prior to commercialization, substantial assessment of potential effects on non-target organisms within agroecosystems is required. The MON88017 event was therefore evaluated under field conditions in Southern Bohemia in 2009-2011, to detect possible impacts on the above-ground arthropod species. The study compared MON88017, its near-isogenic non-Bt hybrid DK315 (treated or not treated with the soil insecticide Dursban 10G) and two non-Bt reference hybrids (KIPOUS and PR38N86). Each hybrid was grown on five 0.5 ha plots distributed in a 14-ha field with a Latin square design. Semiquantitative ELISA was used to verify Cry3Bb1 toxin levels in the Bt maize. The species spectrum of non-target invertebrates changed during seasons and was affected by weather conditions. The thrips Frankliniella occidentalis was the most abundant species in all three successive years. The next most common species were aphids Rhopalosiphum padi and Metopolophium dirhodum. Frequently observed predators included Orius spp. and several species within the Coccinellidae. Throughout the three-year study, analysis of variance indicated some significant differences (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the abundance and diversity of plant dwelling insects was similar in maize with the same genetic background, for both Bt (MON88017) and non-Bt (DK315) untreated or insecticide treated. KIPOUS and PR38N86 showed some differences in species abundance relative to the Bt maize and its near-isogenic hybrid. However, the effect of management regime on arthropod community was insignificant and accounted only for a negligible portion of the variability.

• MeSH
• biologická kontrola škůdců * MeSH
• brouci fyziologie   MeSH
• endotoxiny metabolismus   MeSH
• genetické inženýrství * MeSH
• geneticky modifikované rostliny genetika   metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• insekticidy farmakologie   MeSH
• kukuřice setá genetika   metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• rezistence k insekticidům * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Pesticide resistance is going to change rapidly our antibiotics and insecticides arsenal. In this scenario, plant-derived natural products are considered valuable candidates to reverse this negative trend. Growing research attention is focused on neem (Azadirachta indica, Meliaceae), exploring the utility of its products as insecticides and antibiotics. In this review, we summarised the knowledge on neem oil and neem cake by-products in arthropod pest control, with special reference to mosquito vectors of public health importance. To the best of our knowledge, neem-borne products currently showed effective and eco-friendly features, including little non-target effects, multiple mechanisms of action, low cost, easy production in countries with limited industrial facilities. In particular, the potentiality of neem cake as ideal and affordable source of mosquitocidal compounds in anopheline and aedine control programmes is outlined. Overall, we propose the employ of neem-based products as an advantageous alternative to build newer and safer arthropod control tools.

• MeSH
• Azadirachta * MeSH
• etnobotanika MeSH
• glyceridy farmakologie   MeSH
• insekticidy farmakologie   MeSH
• kontrola škůdců MeSH
• terpeny farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• členovci MeSH
• jedlá semena MeSH
• kontrola škůdců MeSH

Publikace se zařuje na lékařskou entomologii. Především na členovce škodící lidskému zdraví, jejich výskyt, prevenci a boj proti nim a na onemocnění, která způsobují. Také popisuje vliv životního prostředí a lidské aktivity na výskyt těchto členovců. Jedná se o příručku pro studenty lékařských fakult.

• MeSH
• členovci - vektory klasifikace   parazitologie   MeSH
• členovci klasifikace   parazitologie   MeSH
• entomologie MeSH
• epidemiologie MeSH
• kontrola infekčních nemocí MeSH
• kontrola škůdců metody   MeSH
• paraziti klasifikace   parazitologie   MeSH
• životní prostředí MeSH
• Publikační typ
• příručky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice
• NLK Obory
• environmentální vědy
• infekční lékařství
• NLK Publikační typ
• kolektivní monografie

• MeSH
• členovci MeSH
• hlodavci MeSH
• kontrola škůdců MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• velkoměsta MeSH