diffuse alveolar damage
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Background: A 69-year-old man with multiple myeloma and left-sided heart failure presented to the hospital with a two-month fever. Method: A transjugular liver biopsy was performed due to the rapid progression of liver failure. The procedure was complicated by an intraperitoneal hemorrhage. The bleeding was managed expectantly. Result: Significantly elevated serum bilirubin levels occurred on the 13th day after liver biopsy. Increasing serum bilirubin levels were observed until the patient's death due to a biliovenous fistula at the liver biopsy site. Simultaneously, his slightly elevated liver enzymes returned to normal. The patient died 23 days after liver biopsy due to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Fistulous communication between the biliary tree and the hepatic venous system with subsequent bile leakage into the venous system (bilhemia) can lead to bile deposition in the lungs. Bile deposition in the lungs may potentiate and accelerate the development of diffuse alveolar damage with hyaline membranes. Conclusions: Lambda and kappa light chain deposition in the pulmonary alveoli in patients with multiple myeloma can mimic typical hyaline membranes.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
Je popsána kazuistika pacientky s nově diagnostikovanou granulomatózou s polyangiitidou (GPA) po prodělání infekce covid-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019). GPA náleží mezi ANCA-asociované vaskulitidy, ty se vyznačují přítomností autoprotilátek proti cytoplazmatickým enzymům neutrofilů (Anti Neutrophil Cytoplasmatic Antibodies). Jedná se o vaskulitidu postihující zejména malé cévy vedoucí k postižení ledvin, plic a horních dýchacích cest včetně paranazálních dutin a orbit. Toto onemocnění může vyústit ve stav akutně ohrožující životní funkce. Mezi takovéto komplikace náleží difuzní alveolární hemoragie (DAH), což je stav vyznačující se únikem krve z plicních cév do alveolů, nezřídka vede k akutnímu ohrožení životních funkcí až respiračnímu selhání. DAH může mít mnoho příčin - autoimunitní choroby včetně vaskulitid i neimunologickou etiologii. Včasná a adekvátní komplexní terapie včetně imunosupresivní léčby (cyklofosfamid/rituximab a glukokortikoidy) může být život zachraňující.
A case report of a patient with newly diagnosed granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) after undergoing COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) is discussed. GPA is one of the ANCA-associated vasculitis, which is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against cytoplasmic enzymes neutrophils (Anti Neutrophil Cytoplasmatic Antibodies). It is a vasculitis that mainly affects small blood vessels, leading to damage to the kidneys, lungs, and upper respiratory tract, including the paranasal sinuses and orbits. This disease can result in an acute life-threatening condition. Such complications include diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), a condition characterized by blood leakage from the pulmonary vessels into the alveoli, often leading to acute vital signs and even respiratory failure. DAH can have many causes - autoimmune diseases including vasculitides as well as non-immunological causes. Early and adequate comprehensive therapy including immunosuppressive treatment (cyclophosphamide/rituximab and glucocorticoids) can be life-saving.
- Klíčová slova
- difuzní alveolární hemoragie,
- MeSH
- COVID-19 komplikace MeSH
- cyklofosfamid terapeutické užití MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- granulomatóza s polyangiitidou * diagnóza terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- plazmaferéza MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Cryptococcal superinfection is a rare but potentially fatal complication, especially if its detection and subsequent treatment are delayed. Histopathological findings of pulmonary parenchyma from a deceased patient with these complications were acquired. Quite interestingly, only a minimal inflammatory reaction could be seen in an individual with no previously known immune suppression, indicating a disturbance of the immune system. This finding was well in concordance with the described changes in cellular immunity in COVID-19. We report the case of a 60 year old male with critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) complicated by cryptococcal pneumonia and multiorgan failure. Both X-ray and CT scans revealed lung infiltrates corresponding with COVID-19 infection early after the onset of symptoms. Despite receiving standard treatment, the patient progressed into multiple organ failure, requiring mechanical ventilation, circulatory support, and haemodialysis. Cryptococcus neoformans was detected by subsequent BAL, and specific antifungal treatment was instituted. His clinical status deteriorated despite all treatment, and he died of refractory circulatory failure after 21 days from hospital admission. Histopathological findings confirmed severe diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) caused by COVID-19 and cryptococcal pneumonia. Timely diagnosis of cryptococcal superinfection may be challenging; therefore, PCR panels detecting even uncommon pathogens should be implemented while taking care of critical COVID-19 patients.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is known to be independently attributable to aspiration-induced lung injury. Mechanical ventilation as a high pressure/volume support to maintain sufficient oxygenation of a patient could initiate ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and thus contribute to lung damage. Although these phenomena are rare in the clinic, they could serve as the severe experimental model of alveolar-capillary membrane deterioration. Lung collapse, diffuse inflammation, alveolar epithelial and endothelial damage, leakage of fluid into the alveoli, and subsequent inactivation of pulmonary surfactant, leading to respiratory failure. Therefore, exogenous surfactant could be considered as a therapy to restore lung function in experimental ARDS. This study aimed to investigate the effect of modified porcine surfactant in animal model of severe ARDS (P/F ratio =13.3 kPa) induced by intratracheal instillation of hydrochloric acid (HCl, 3 ml/kg, pH 1.25) followed by VILI (V(T) 20 ml/kg). Adult rabbits were divided into three groups: untreated ARDS, model treated with a bolus of poractant alfa (Curosurf®, 2.5 ml/kg, 80 mg phospholipids/ml), and healthy ventilated animals (saline), which were oxygen-ventilated for an additional 4 h. The lung function parameters, histological appearance, degree of lung edema and levels of inflammatory and oxidative markers in plasma were evaluated. Whereas surfactant therapy with poractant alfa improved lung function, attenuated inflammation and lung edema, and partially regenerated significant changes in lung architecture compared to untreated controls. This study indicates a potential of exogenous surfactant preparation in the treatment of experimental ARDS.
- MeSH
- edém MeSH
- králíci MeSH
- kyselina chlorovodíková toxicita terapeutické užití MeSH
- plíce MeSH
- plicní surfaktanty * terapeutické užití farmakologie MeSH
- poškození plic mechanickou ventilací * farmakoterapie MeSH
- povrchově aktivní látky farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- syndrom dechové tísně * chemicky indukované farmakoterapie MeSH
- zánět MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- králíci MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Základním patologickým projevem covid-19 je intersticiální pneumonie charakteru difuzního alveolárního poškození. Od DAD/ARDS z jiných příčin má však několik zvláštních histopatologických rysů: v plicním parenchymu se často nacházejí současně všechna stadia DAD - akutní, subakutní i chronické; ve všech typech plicních cév (mikrocirkulaci, tepnách i žilách) bývají destičkové a fibrinové tromby s tvorbou plicních infarktů; zánět má výraznou hemoragickou složku - prokrvácení plic; jsou přítomny atypické pneumocyty II. typu; v kapilárách se nacházejí zvláštní megakaryocyty; elektronmikroskopicky lze prokázat v buňkách viry; je výrazná tendence k bakteriální či mykotické superinfekci. V srdci jsou při covid-19 patologické nálezy časté, zatím však nebyla prokázána žádná specifická reprodukovatelná histopatologie covid-19 myokardiálního poškození. Fatální myokarditida je vzácná. Příčinou myokardiálního postižení je nejspíše toxický a kardiodepresorický vliv mediátorů zánětu, které jsou excesivně zvýšené při těžkém průběhu onemocnění.
In covid-19, the basic lesion is interstitial pneumonia presenting as diffuse alveolar damage. However, unlike DAD/ARDS from other causes, there are several rather specific histopathological features: in the lung parenchyma, there is frequently a combination of all stages of DAD - acute, subacute, and chronic; platelet, and fibrin-rich thrombi are found in all types of pulmonary vessels - microcirculation, arteries, and veins, with formation of lung infarctions; the inflammation has a marked hemorrhagic character - alveolar bleeding; presence of atypical activated type II pneumocytes; unusual ("naked") megakaryocytes within the microvasculature; presence of virions in lung cells; and tendency to bacterial or fungal superinfection. In the heart, no specific, reproducible histopathology of covid-19 myocardial injury has been shown at autopsy and the rates of fatal myocarditis are low.
... apical periodontitis and periapical Normal healing of an extraction socket 117 -- § granuloma 81 Alveolar ... ... osseointegration 85 Acute osteomyelitis 120 -- Tooth wear 85 Chronic osteomyelitis 122 -- Attrition 85 Diffuse ... ... Rhabdomyosarcoma 380 -- Sarcomas of fibroblasts 380 -- Kaposi\'s sarcoma 380 -- 26 Oral pigmented lesions 383 -- Diffuse ... ... Fungal sinusitis 444 -- Allergic fungal sinusitis 444 -- Invasive fungal sinusitis 445 -- Surgical damage ... ... patients 474 -- Painful mucosal lesions 475 -- Pain in the jaws 475 -- Postsurgical pain and nerve damage ...
Ninth edition xiii, 545 stran : ilustrace ; 28 cm
- MeSH
- patologie ústní dutiny MeSH
- stomatologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- monografie MeSH
- Konspekt
- Stomatologie
- NLK Obory
- zubní lékařství
V kazuistike autori popisujú histomorfologické nálezy akútneho poškodenia pľúc s laboratórne potvrdenou vírusovou pneumóniou chrípky typu A(H1N1), ktoré po 27 dňovej hospitalizácii u 30-ročného neočkovaného muža viedlo k smrti. Histologicky boli prítomné neobvykle všetky tri druhy akútneho poškodenia pľúc (difúzne alveolárne poškodenie, akútna intersticiálna pneumónia, organizujúca sa pneumónia) v rôznej fáze rezorpcie a reparácie s prechodom do rozsiahlej fibrózy.
In this case report the authors describe histomorphological findings of acute lung injury with laboratory-confirmed influenza type A(H1N1) pneumonia leading to the death of a 30 year-old unvaccinated man after 27 days of hospitalisation. Histologically all three types of acute lung injuries were unusually present (diffuse alveolar damage, acute interstitial pneumonia, organizing pneumonia) in different phases of resorption and reparation with transition to extensive fibrosis.
- MeSH
- akutní poškození plic * diagnóza etiologie terapie MeSH
- chřipka lidská * epidemiologie mortalita MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fatální výsledek MeSH
- fibróza diagnóza MeSH
- imunohistochemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pitva MeSH
- plíce anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- pneumonie diagnóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Aberrant antioxidant activity and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) are hallmarks of interstitial lung diseases (ILD). It is known that oxidative stress alters the ECM, but extracellular antioxidant defence mechanisms in ILD are incompletely understood. Here, we extracted abundance and detergent solubility of extracellular antioxidant enzymes from a proteomic dataset of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice and assessed regulation and distribution of glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) in murine and human lung fibrosis. Superoxide dismutase 3 (Sod3), Gpx3, and Gpx activity were increased in mouse BALF during bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. In lung tissue homogenates, Gpx3, but not Sod3, was upregulated and detergent solubility profiling indicated that Gpx3 associated with ECM proteins. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that Gpx3 was expressed by bronchial epithelial cells and interstitial fibroblasts and localized to the basement membrane and interstitial ECM in lung tissue. As to human ILD samples, BALF of some patients contained high levels of GPX3, and GPX3 was upregulated in lung homogenates from IPF patients. GPX3 expression in primary human bronchial epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts was downregulated by TNF-α, but more variably regulated by TGF-β1 and menadione. In conclusion, the antioxidant enzyme GPX3 localizes to lung ECM and is variably upregulated in ILD.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia metabolismus MeSH
- bleomycin MeSH
- bronchoalveolární lavážní tekutina MeSH
- bronchy patologie MeSH
- demografie MeSH
- down regulace účinky léků MeSH
- epitelové buňky enzymologie MeSH
- extracelulární matrix enzymologie MeSH
- fibroblasty účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- glutathionperoxidasa metabolismus MeSH
- intersticiální plicní nemoci enzymologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků MeSH
- plicní fibróza enzymologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- TNF-alfa metabolismus MeSH
- transformující růstový faktor beta1 metabolismus MeSH
- upregulace MeSH
- vitamin K 3 farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by diffuse alveolar damage, inflammation, and transmigration and activation of inflammatory cells. This study evaluated if intravenous dexamethasone can influence lung inflammation and apoptosis in lavage-induced ALI. ALI was induced in rabbits by repetitive saline lung lavage (30 ml/kg, 9+/-3-times). Animals were divided into 3 groups: ALI without therapy (ALI), ALI treated with dexamethasone i.v. (0.5 mg/kg, Dexamed; ALI+DEX), and healthy non-ventilated controls (Control). After following 5 h of ventilation, ALI animals were overdosed by anesthetics. Total and differential counts of cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) were estimated. Lung edema was expressed as wet/dry weight ratio. Concentrations of IL-1beta, IL-8, esRAGE, S1PR3 in the lung were analyzed by ELISA methods. In right lung, apoptotic cells were evaluated by TUNEL assay and caspase-3 immunohistochemically. Dexamethasone showed a trend to improve lung functions and histopathological changes, reduced leak of neutrophils (P<0.001) into the lung, decreased concentrations of pro-inflammatory IL-1beta (P<0.05) and marker of lung injury esRAGE (P<0.05), lung edema formation (P<0.05), and lung apoptotic index (P<0.01), but increased immunoreactivity of caspase-3 in the lung (P<0.001). Considering the action of dexamethasone on respiratory parameters and lung injury, the results indicate potential of this therapy in ALI.
- MeSH
- akutní poškození plic farmakoterapie metabolismus patologie MeSH
- antiflogistika aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- apoptóza účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- bronchoalveolární lavážní tekutina cytologie MeSH
- dexamethason aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- intravenózní infuze MeSH
- králíci MeSH
- mediátory zánětu antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech * MeSH
- neutrofily účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- plíce cytologie účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- králíci MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH