Since its early days in the 19th century, medicinal chemistry has concentrated its efforts on the treatment of diseases, using tools from areas such as chemistry, pharmacology, and molecular biology. The understanding of biological mechanisms and signaling pathways is crucial information for the development of potential agents for the treatment of diseases mainly because they are such complex processes. Given the limitations that the experimental approach presents, computational chemistry is a valuable alternative for the study of these systems and their behavior. Thus, classical molecular dynamics, based on Newton's laws, is considered a technique of great accuracy, when appropriated force fields are used, and provides satisfactory contributions to the scientific community. However, as many configurations are generated in a large MD simulation, methods such as Statistical Inefficiency and Optimal Wavelet Signal Compression Algorithm are great tools that can reduce the number of subsequent QM calculations. Accordingly, this review aims to briefly discuss the importance and relevance of medicinal chemistry allied to computational chemistry as well as to present a case study where, through a molecular dynamics simulation of AMPK protein (50 ns) and explicit solvent (TIP3P model), a minimum number of snapshots necessary to describe the oscillation profile of the protein behavior was proposed. For this purpose, the RMSD calculation, together with the sophisticated OWSCA method was used to propose the minimum number of snapshots.

• MeSH
• Algorithms MeSH
• Chemistry, Pharmaceutical MeSH
• Quantum Theory MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• AMP-Activated Protein Kinases metabolism   chemistry   MeSH
• Molecular Dynamics Simulation * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

Label-free immunosensors are well suited for detection of microorganisms because of their fast response and reasonable sensitivity comparable to infection doses of common pathogens. Active (lever oscillator and frequency counter) and passive (impedance analyzer) modes of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) were used and compared for rapid detection of three strains of E. coli. Different approaches for antibody immobilization were compared, the immobilization of reduced antibody using Sulfo-SMCC was most effective achieving the limit of detection (LOD) 8 × 104 CFU·mL-1 in 10 min. For the passive mode, software evaluating impedance characteristics in real-time was developed and used. Almost the same results were achieved using both active and passive modes confirming that the sensor properties are not limited by the frequency evaluation method but mainly by affinity of the antibody. Furthermore, reference measurements were done using surface plasmon resonance. Effect of condition of cells on signal was observed showing that cells ruptured by ultrasonication provided slightly higher signal changes than intact microbes.

• MeSH
• Electric Impedance MeSH
• Escherichia coli isolation & purification   MeSH
• Immobilized Proteins metabolism   MeSH
• Immunoassay MeSH
• Calibration MeSH
• Quartz Crystal Microbalance Techniques methods   MeSH
• Microscopy, Atomic Force MeSH
• Surface Plasmon Resonance MeSH
• Antibodies metabolism   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

• MeSH
• Cells * MeSH
• Molecular Biology MeSH

• Conspectus
• Biochemie. Molekulární biologie. Biofyzika
• NML Fields
• molekulární biologie, molekulární medicína
• NML Publication type
• učebnice vysokých škol

Impulzní oscilometrie (IOS) je citlivá a neinvazivní metoda pro měření plicních funkcí. Patří mezi tzv. FOT metody - metody nucených oscilací (FOT- forced oscillation technique). FOT využívá nízkoamplitudové kmity překrývající normální dýchání (3). Proti konvenčním metodám funkčního vyšetřování má tu výhodu, že nevyžaduje provádění usilovných dechových manévrů.

Impulse oscillometry (IOS) is a sensitive and noninvasive method for the measurement of lung function. It is one of the so-called forced oscillation techniques (FOTs). FOTs use low amplitude oscillations superimposed on normal breathing. Unlike the conventional lung function tests, they have the advantage of not requiring strenuous respiratory memeuvers.

• MeSH
• Asthma diagnosis   MeSH
• Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive diagnosis   MeSH
• Breath Tests instrumentation   MeSH
• Diagnostic Techniques, Respiratory System * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Respiratory Tract Diseases diagnosis   MeSH
• Oscillometry * methods   MeSH
• Lung Diseases diagnosis   MeSH
• Respiratory Function Tests * methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

• MeSH
• Physical Phenomena MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH

• Conspectus
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NML Fields
• radiologie, nukleární medicína a zobrazovací metody
• NML Publication type
• kolektivní monografie

State-contributory supplementary pension insurance is a popular product in the Czech Republic. According to the Association of Pension Funds of the Czech Republic, as of 31 December 2010 the pension funds kept files of approximately 4.54 million participants, with savings amounting some 216,109 billion crowns. In the long run, the pension funds show stabilized financial results (however, in return for low revenue). Although the pension funds have always reached positive or at least zero appreciation of clients’ savings (as it was required by law), once you have included the inflation rate, the situation becomes very different. Regulatory restrictions on the side of the state, along with high costs on the side of the pension funds are the main reasons why the revenue allotted to the participants more or less only oscillates around the inflation rate. The state-contributory supplementary pension insurance in its current form does not fulfil its primary function. Moreover, without significant support provided by the state the scheme is not even capable of competing with life-cycle mutual funds or other substitutes offered on the financial market. If, for the future, the supplementary pension insurance is intended to be a part (to be one of the pillars) of the pension scheme, fundamental reform is needed. Therefore, besides the analysis of the status quo, this article deals with a framework determination of necessary reform measures as well.

• MeSH
• Retirement history   trends   legislation & jurisprudence   MeSH
• Pensions classification   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Insurance Pools economics   organization & administration   trends   MeSH
• Privatization economics   organization & administration   trends   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Social Problems history   trends   legislation & jurisprudence   MeSH
• Social Security economics   trends   MeSH
• Socioeconomic Factors history   MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH
• Age Factors MeSH
• Public Sector economics   organization & administration   trends   MeSH
• Employment economics   organization & administration   trends   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

Autoři v předkládané práci porovnávají stupeň čistoty stěny kořenového kanálku po ruční preparaci přímočarou obvodovou technikou pomocí Hedstroemových pilníčků, dále „modifikovanou metodou dvojího kónusu za použití balancované síly", dále po strojové preparaci systémem rotačních kořenových nástrojů Wizard CD Plus (všechny nástroje výrobce Medin, ČR) a po strojové preparaci oscilačním systémem AET Endo — EZE (Ultradent, USA). Za srovnatelných podmínek byla na extrahovaných zubech provedena zmíněná preparace. Po skončené preparaci byly zuby podélně rozštípnuty a vyšetřeny v rastrovacím elektronovém mikroskopu. Stupeň čistoty stěny kořenového kanálku byl měřen třístupňovou škálou. Část vzorků byla rozdělena příčnými řezy a pozorována lupou v pětinásobném zvětšení. Na plastových bločcích byla porovnána časová náročnost přímočaré obvodové techniky a rotační strojové preparace. Strojová preparace systémem Wizard CD Plus vykazovala výsledky plně srovnatelné s ruční preparací. Systém AET Endo — Eze vykazoval horší výsledky v porovnání s ostatními systémy. U všech způsobů opracování kořenového kanálku byla nalezena nedostatečně opracovaná místa. Čas potřebný pro strojovou preparaci byl kratší v porovnání s ruční preparací.

The authors compare the cleaning effect of various root canal preparation techniques (hand as well as power driven preparation). Two hand techniques (circumferential filing and balanced force technique) and two power driven techniques (the rotary system Wizard CD Plus, Medin, CR, and oscillating NiTi instruments AET Endo-EZE, Ultradent, USA) were used. The preparation was provided under standard conditions (lubrication with the EDTA gel, rinsing with 2% NaOCl). After the preparation the specimen were split longitudinaly and observed in SEM using the three step scala of the cleanliness of the root canal walls. Part of the specimen was split transversaly and observed macroscopically with magnification 5x. The time of the preparation (circumferential filing and rotary preparation) was comapred using the clear resin blocks. The cleanliness of the root canal walls after the hand preparation techniques was comparable to that after the rotary preparation. The preparation using the oscillating instruments (AET Endo —EZE) showed more smear layer and debris in comparsion to the others methods. In all cases the unprepared areas were found. The preparation with the rotary instruments was less time consuming in compasrion to the circumferential filing.

• MeSH
• Tissue Adhesions MeSH
• Cementation MeSH
• Endodontics methods   instrumentation   MeSH
• Research Support as Topic MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Root Canal Preparation methods   instrumentation   MeSH
• Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care MeSH
• Dental Instruments utilization   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

Impulzní oscilometrie (IOS) patří mezi novější metody vyšetřování plicních funkcí. Princip je znám již 20 let, ale zavedení do medicínské praxe umožnil až vývoj počítačové techniky. V rámci klasifikace metod funkčního plicního vyšetřování je IOS zařazována mezi tzv. FOT (forced oscillation technique) (1, 2) a v poslední době se dostává i do povědomí světové (3 - 8) i naší odborné veřejnosti (9, 10). IOS je neinvazivní, senzitivní a rychlá metoda měření rezistence, respektive impedance v dýchacích cestách. Zásadní rozdíl od konvenčních metod vyšetření plicních funkcí (spirometrie a body test) spočívá v rychlosti vyšetření, minimálních nárocích na spolupráci, a zejména v měření za podmínek klidového dýchání (odpadá nefyziologický manévr usilovného výdechu).

The Impulse Oscillometry (IOS) is regarded as quite recent method of lung functions measurement, despite its principle well known over 20 years, but available for clinical use due to the advanced computer technology. Framed in a classification of methods of measurements, the IOS is regarded as FOT (Forced Oscillation Technique) (1, 2) and recently recognized as a noninvasive, sensitive and quick method for measurement of impedance, including resistance, worldwide (3-8) and local (9, 10) specialists. The basic difference (and advantage) between IOS on one hand and conventional methods (spirometry, bodyplethysmography) on the other hand is a short duration of measurement, minimum of patients cooperation, and last but not least use of only tidal breathing, with no need for unnatural forced exspiration during measurement.

• MeSH
• Acoustics MeSH
• Electronic Data Processing MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Airway Obstruction diagnosis   MeSH
• Oscillometry methods   standards   instrumentation   MeSH
• Airway Resistance methods   standards   instrumentation   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH