xMonitorace glukózy pomocí kontinuálních monitorů u pacientů s diabetem je v současné době běžným standardem v managementu kompenzace a léčby diabetu. Senzory se staly běžnou součástí života pacientů. Kromě záznamů běžných dní našich pacientů se diabetolog může setkat i se zcela nestandardním záznamem. Takový záznam analyzuje i následující kazuistika, která popisuje případ mladého muže s diabetes mellitus 1. typu, který měl v době tragické události aplikovaný glukózový senzor.
Glucose monitoring using continuous monitors in patients with diabetes is currently a common standard in the management of diabetes control and treatment. Sensors have become a common part of patients’ lives. In addition to the recorded data of the patients’ ordinary days, a diabetologist may also encounter a completely non-standard data record. Such a record is analysed in the following case report, which describes the case of a young man with type 1 diabetes mellitus who had a glucose sensor applied at the time of the tragic event.
AIM: To determine whether people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) initiating glucose sensor monitoring experience greater improvements in HbA1c when provided with education on carbohydrate counting and flexible insulin dosing than those who do not receive nutrition education. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our retrospective observational study included 329 people with T1D initiating glucose sensor monitoring between 2015 and 2021. The participants were divided into two groups: one group attended at least one structured educational session with a registered dietitian (n = 126), while the other group did not receive structured education (n = 203). After 12 months of glucose sensor initiation, we compared glycaemic outcomes and CGM metrics between the two groups. RESULTS: At glucose sensor initiation, both groups with and without education had similar HbA1c levels (7.64% [60.0 mmol/mol] vs. 7.66% [60.2 mmol/mol]). After twelve months, the education group demonstrated greater improvement in glycemic outcomes (HbA1c 7.17% [54.9mmol/mol] vs. 7.37% [57.1 mmol/mol], p < 0.05) and spent significantly more time in the target range than did the group without structured education (68.8% vs. 64.1%, p < 0.05). We observed an inverse correlation between the number of completed educational sessions and HbA1c after 12 months, as well as between the number of educational sessions and the change in HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS: People with T1D who initiated glucose sensor monitoring alongside nutrition education showed greater improvements in HbA1c and increased time spent in the target glucose range compared to individuals who did not receive structured education. TRAIL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06264271.
- MeSH
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 * blood MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Glycated Hemoglobin * analysis metabolism MeSH
- Hypoglycemic Agents administration & dosage MeSH
- Insulin administration & dosage MeSH
- Blood Glucose * analysis metabolism MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Glycemic Control MeSH
- Retrospective Studies MeSH
- Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring * MeSH
- Patient Education as Topic * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Observational Study MeSH
Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia remains an issue even in the era of modern technologies, as patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) face stricter requirements for glycemic targets. The evaluation of hypoglycemia awareness can be accomplished using questionnaires (Clarke and Gold scores) in combination with clinical appearance and sensor data. A 45-year-old man with T1DM was referred to our clinic in July 2019 due to impaired hypoglycemia awareness and repeated severe hypoglycemic episodes resulting in unconsciousness. At that time, he was driving both a car and a motorcycle. Despite good compliance, increased target values and implementation of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) with alarms, prolonged hypoglycemias were not eliminated. Therefore, the patient was referred for pancreatic islet transplantation, but he decided not to undergo. In May 2021, his driving license was suspended, which eventually led him to accept treatment with a hybrid closed-loop insulin pump (AID). Shortly after initiation, he achieved satisfactory glycemic control, reduced time spent in hypoglycemia, and had no severe hypoglycemic episodes. According to the questionnaires, the hypoglycemia awareness has improved and his driving license was reinstated. This case study highlights the critical importance of identifying impaired awareness of hypoglycemia, its potential social impacts, and the opportunities for using new technologies to reverse this complication.
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Case Reports MeSH
Prevalence interních chorob zvyšující se s věkem je příčinou zvýšeného zastoupení seniorů mezi hospitalizovanými na lůžkách nechirurgických oborů. Nemoc, která je důvodem hospitalizace, u pacienta s diabetem obvykle rozkolísá glykemie. Řada vyšetřovacích metod vyžaduje přípravu se změnou příjmu a složení stravy, určitou dobu lačnění před výkonem či po něm. Toto vše zvyšuje riziko hypo/hyperglykemie. Ohrožuje zdraví i život pacienta. Prevencí je zejména frekventní monitorování glykemie. Přes pokročilý vývoj odběru a měření glykemie v kapilární krvi se jeví možnou pozitivní alternativou kontinuální měření glukózy senzorem. Proto jsme ihned po zprovoznění lůžek GIK využili možností, které nabízí Intermitentně skenované kontinuální měření glykemie (isCGM). Naše první zkušenosti s využitím isCGM u seniorů hospitalizovaných na GIK jsou velmi pozitivní. Při implementaci metody bylo překvapivým zjištěním, že ve vědecké literatuře není mnoho dostupných dat, která by hodnotila přínosy/rizika isCGM během běžné hospitalizace mimo JIP u pacientů vyžadujících časté monitorování glykemie.
The prevalence of internal diseases increasing with age is the reason for the increased number of seniors among those hospitalized in non-surgical beds. The disease that is the reason for hospitalization in a patient with diabetes usually fluctuates blood sugar. A number of examination methods require preparation with a change in intake and diet composition, a certain period of fasting before or after the procedure. All this increases the risk of hypo/hyperglycemia. It threatens the health and life of the patient. Prevention is especially frequent monitoring of blood glucose. Despite the advanced development of collection and measurement of glucose in capillary blood, continuous glucose measurement with a sensor appears to be a possible positive alternative. Therefore, immediately after the GIK beds were put into operation, we took advantage of the possibilities offered by Intermittently Scanned Continuous Glycemic Measurement (isCGM). Our first experiences with the use of isCGM in elderly patients hospitalized at GIK are very positive. When implementing the method, it was a surprising finding that there is not much data available in the scientific literature evaluating the benefits/risks of isCGM during routine non-ICU hospitalization in patients requiring frequent glycemic monitoring.
- MeSH
- Diabetes Mellitus * prevention & control MeSH
- Glycated Hemoglobin analysis MeSH
- Inpatients MeSH
- Continuous Glucose Monitoring * methods MeSH
- Blood Glucose analysis MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Používání glukózových senzorů nejprve změnilo selfmonitoring a léčbu pacientů s diabetem mellitem 1. typu, protože umožnilo bezpečněji a flexibilněji dosáhnout fyziologických hodnot glykemie. I přes určité rozporuplnosti provedených následných studií je zřejmé, že tato forma glykemického selfmonitoringu má potenciál zlepšit kompenzaci rovněž pacientů s diabetem 2. typu (DM2), případně s jinými formami diabetu. Navíc je i pacienty s DM2 obecně velmi dobře přijímána. Efekt používání osobní kontinuální monitorace koncentrace glukózy (ať už v reálném čase nebo formou tzv. intermitentního skenování) u pacientů s DM2 vyžadujících inzulinoterapii, a to zejména ve formě intenzifikovaného inzulinového režimu, byl průkazně zdokumentován v randomizovaných kontrolovaných studiích. Jednalo se přitom v některých pracích i o pacienty, které měli primárně v péči praktičtí lékaři. Stejně tak existují i pozitivní zprávy o přínosu kontinuální monitorace koncentrace glukózy pro pacienty s DM2 léčené jinak než intenzifikovaným inzulinovým režimem. V současné době je v České republice nicméně úhrada glukózových senzorů pojišťovnou vázána na diagnózu diabetu mellitu 1. typu. Pacienti s DM2 je mohou samozřejmě používat, ale jako samoplátci.
The use of glucose sensors first changed self-monitoring and also the treatment of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, as it enabled safer and more flexible reaching of physiological blood glucose values. Despite certain inconsistencies in subsequent studies, it is clear that this form of glycaemic self-monitoring has the potential to improve diabetes control in patients with type 2 diabetes as well (DM2; possibly also with other forms of diabetes). In addition, DM2 patients generally appreciate this type of glycaemic self-monitoring. The effect of using personal continuous monitoring of glucose concentration (either in real time or in the form of so-called intermittent scanning) in patients with DM2 requiring insulin therapy, especially in the form of an intensified insulin regimen, has been convincingly documented in randomized controlled trials. Moreover, in some studies, these patients were treated primarily by general practitioners. There are also positive reports on the benefit of continuous glucose monitoring in DM2 patients treated by other forms of therapy than with an intensified insulin regimen. Currently, in the Czech Republic, however, reimbursement of glucose sensors by the insurance company is restricted to a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Patients with DM2 can of course use them, but as self-payers.
- MeSH
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 * therapy MeSH
- Glycated Hemoglobin analysis MeSH
- Clinical Studies as Topic MeSH
- Continuous Glucose Monitoring * economics methods instrumentation statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Risk MeSH
- Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring economics methods instrumentation MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
AIM: To compare open-source AndroidAPS (AAPS) and commercially available Control-IQ (CIQ) automated insulin delivery (AID) systems in a prospective, open-label, single-arm clinical trial. METHODS: Adults with type 1 diabetes who had been using AAPS by their own decision entered the first 3-month AAPS phase then were switched to CIQ for 3 months. The results of this treatment were compared with those after the 3-month AAPS phase. The primary endpoint was the change in time in range (% TIR; 70-80 mg/dL). RESULTS: Twenty-five people with diabetes (mean age 34.32 ± 11.07 years; HbA1c 6.4% ± 3%) participated in this study. CIQ was comparable with AAPS in achieving TIR (85.72% ± 7.64% vs. 84.24% ± 8.46%; P = .12). Similarly, there were no differences in percentage time above range (> 180 and > 250 mg/dL), mean sensor glucose (130.3 ± 13.9 vs. 128.3 ± 16.9 mg/dL; P = .21) or HbA1c (6.3% ± 2.1% vs. 6.4% ± 3.1%; P = .59). Percentage time below range (< 70 and < 54 mg/dL) was significantly lower using CIQ than AAPS. Even although participants were mostly satisfied with CIQ (63.6% mostly agreed, 9.1% strongly agreed), they did not plan to switch to CIQ. CONCLUSIONS: The CODIAC study is the first prospective study investigating the switch between open-source and commercially available AID systems. CIQ and AAPS were comparable in achieving TIR. However, hypoglycaemia was significantly lower with CIQ.
- MeSH
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 * drug therapy MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Glycated Hemoglobin MeSH
- Hypoglycemic Agents therapeutic use MeSH
- Insulin therapeutic use MeSH
- Insulin Infusion Systems MeSH
- Insulins * MeSH
- Blood Glucose MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Prospective Studies MeSH
- Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Prevalence diabetes mellitus 1. typu u dětí stoupá a diagnostikuje se stále v mladším věku. Jednou z velmi důležitých součástí léčby diabetu je selfmonitoring, který prošel dlouhým, ale zato efektivním vývojem, od domácího měření hodnot glykemie pomocí osobního glukometru, až po glykemické senzory. Hlavním cílem je předejít komplikacím, současně však i pomoci dětem vést plnohodnotný život bez vyřazení z kolektivu svých vrstevníků.
The prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children is increasing and is being diagnosed at an increasingly younger age. One of the very important components of diabetes treatment is self-monitoring, which has undergone a long but effective development, from home measurement of blood glucose values using a personal glucometer to blood glucose sensors. The main goal is to prevent complications, but at the same time to help children lead a fulfilling life without being excluded from the group of their peers.
- Keywords
- Freestyle Libre, Dexcom,
- MeSH
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 * diagnosis blood prevention & control MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Glycosuria prevention & control MeSH
- Ketosis prevention & control MeSH
- Diabetes Complications prevention & control MeSH
- Continuous Glucose Monitoring classification methods instrumentation MeSH
- Blood Glucose analysis MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring * classification methods instrumentation MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Nové možnosti nabízející technologické pokroky v kontinuálním měření glykemie budou jistě vy- užívány i u diabetiků starších 65 let. K hodnocení výsledků měření glykemie senzorem bylo ustanoveno několik nových indexů. Jejich význam a přínos pro léčbu diabetiků seniorů shrnuje přehledný text.
New options offering technological advances in continuous blood glucose measurement will certainly be used by diabetics over 65 years of age. Several new indexes have been established to evaluate the results of glucose measurement by the sensor. Their importance and contribution to the treatment of diabetics and the elderly is summarized in a clear text.
The introduction of glucose sensors has been a major shift in glycemic self-monitoring. The aim of the study was to analyze the medical effect of Flash Glucose Monitoring (FGM) in type 1 diabetes patients at our clinic, in the context of the introduction of full reimbursement of FGM technology from public health insurance. We studied 64 women and 51 men (median age 42 years). All patients were treated with an intensified insulin regimen. No previous experience with any glucose sensors was reported by 61 patients (43%). Data on diabetes control prior to the introduction of the full FGM reimbursement (2019) and 12 months later (2020) were compared. Additionally, cost-effectiveness analysis was done. Diabetes control improved significantly (p = 0.001 for HbA1c interannual decrease). Results were influenced mainly by the number of applied sensors; surprisingly only 30 patients (29.6%) used all covered sensors. If we consider, for example, a decrease of the risk of the progression of diabetic kidney disease to the end stage of chronic renal failure by 1/3 (due to diabetes control improvement which is achieved by using glucose sensors), there will also be an economic benefit as the cost-effectiveness ratio was calculated for this model situation 6 and the net cost of USD 7,281. The financial barrier is clearly not the only barrier to the widespread use of modern technologies. The results of the study led to the implementation of long-term nudge strategies targeted at both patients and health professionals in our center to improve patients' prognosis.
- MeSH
- Cost-Effectiveness Analysis MeSH
- Cost-Benefit Analysis MeSH
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 prevention & control MeSH
- Continuous Glucose Monitoring MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Retrospective Studies MeSH
- Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring * methods MeSH
- Insurance, Health, Reimbursement MeSH
- Insurance, Health economics MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
