• MeSH
• Memory MeSH
• Computers MeSH

People live and age together in social groups. Across a range of outcomes, research has identified interdependence in the cognitive and health trajectories of ageing couples. Various types of memory decline with age and people report using a range of internal and external, social, and material strategies to compensate for these declines. While memory compensation strategies have been widely studied, research so far has focused only on single individuals. We examined interdependence in the memory compensation strategies reported by spouses within 58 older couples. Couples completed the Memory Compensation Questionnaire, as well as an open-ended interview about their memory compensation practices. We found that internal, intra-individual memory compensation strategies were not associated within couples, but external, extra-individual strategies showed interdependence. Individuals' scores on material/technological compensation strategies were positively correlated with their partners'. Reported reliance on a spouse was higher for men and increased with age. Our open-ended interviews yielded rich insights into the complex and diverse resources that couples use to support memory in day-to-day life. Particularly evident was the extent of interaction and coordination between social and material compensation, such that couples jointly used external compensation resources. Our results suggest that individuals' reports of their compensation strategies do not tell the whole story. Rather, we propose that older couples show interdependence in their memory compensation strategies, and adopt complex systems of integrated material and social memory compensation in their day-to-day lives.

• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

• Conspectus
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NML Fields
• pneumologie a ftizeologie
• pracovní lékařství

Animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders are current topics in behavioral neuroscience. Application of non-competitive antagonists of NMDA receptors (such as MK-801) was proposed as a model of schizophrenia, as it leads to specific behavioral alterations, which are partly analogous to human psychotic symptoms. This study examined an animal model of schizophrenia induced by a systemic application of MK-801 (0.15 and 0.20 mg/kg) into rats tested in the active allothetic place avoidance (AAPA) task. Previous studies suggested that MK-801 may interact in vivo with other neurotransmitter systems, including noradrenergic system. Our experiments therefore evaluated the hypothesis that both locomotor stimulation and deficit in avoidance behavior in AAPA task induced by this drug would be reversible by application of alpha1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin (1 and 2 mg/kg). The results showed that both doses of prazosin partially reversed hyperlocomotion induced by higher doses of MK-801 and an avoidance deficit measured as number of entrances into the shock sector. Interestingly, no effect of prazosin on the MK-801-induced decrease of maximum time between two entrances (another measure of cognitive performance) was observed. These results support previous data showing that prazosin can compensate for the hyperlocomotion induced by MK-801 and newly show that this partial reduction sustains even in the forced locomotor conditions, which are involved in the AAPA task. The study also shows that certain parameters of avoidance efficiency may be closely related to locomotor activity, whereas other measures of cognition may more selectively reflect cognitive changes.

• MeSH
• Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists pharmacology   MeSH
• Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists MeSH
• Dizocilpine Maleate MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Locomotion drug effects   MeSH
• Disease Models, Animal MeSH
• Memory drug effects   MeSH
• Rats, Long-Evans MeSH
• Prazosin pharmacology   MeSH
• Spatial Behavior drug effects   MeSH
• Schizophrenic Psychology MeSH
• Schizophrenia chemically induced   MeSH
• Avoidance Learning drug effects   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH

BACKGROUND: Functional impairments are a necessary requirement for the diagnosis of a dementia along with observed cognitive impairment. Comparatively, functional abilities are often relatively intact in those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). OBJECTIVE: The current research examined the associations between memory clinic participants classified as cognitively intact, amnestic MCI, and mixed/dysexecutive MCI, using Jak-Bondi criteria, and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living - Compensation Scale (IADL-C) abilities, an informant-based questionnaire that quantifies functional abilities. The associations between functional abilities as assessed with the IADL-C and performance on neuropsychological tests were also investigated. METHODS: IADLC scores were obtained along with a comprehensive neuropsychological protocol on memory clinic participants (n = 100) classified as cognitively normal (CN), amnestic MCI (aMCI), or a combined mixed/dysexecutive (mixed/dys) MCI. Regression analyses were employed to determine how the IADLC related to neuropsychological test performance. RESULTS: On the IADLC, greater functional impairment was commonly observed in the mixed/dys MCI group compared to CN participants. Furthermore, the mixed/dys MCI group had lower scores on activities such as Money and Self-Management, Travel and Event Memory subscales compared to the CN group. Linear regression analyses found greater functional impairment in relation to lower scores on executive and episodic memory tests. CONCLUSIONS: Greater functional impairment as assessed with the IADL-C appears to be disproportionately associated with dysexecutive difficulty, and to a lesser degree, episodic memory.

• MeSH
• Activities of Daily Living psychology   MeSH
• Memory, Episodic * MeSH
• Cognitive Dysfunction * psychology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Intervalové časování je jedním z druhů časové percepce, který operuje s časovými intervaly v rozsahu desetin až desítek sekund a je pod silnou kognitivní kontrolou. Řada studií poukazuje na vzájemnou provázanost mezi pozorností, pracovní pamětí a intervalovým časováním. Časová percepce je v dětském věku méně přesná než u dospělých a skrze postupné zrání specifických mozkových struktur dochází k jejímu postupnému zpřesňování. Děti, kterým bylo diagnostikováno ADHD, vykazují výraznější variabilitu v časových úlohách, než je tomu u dětí z intaktní populace. Toto narušení časové percepce je pro ADHD příznačné a v průběhu dospívání se kompenzuje skrze maturaci specifických mozkových struktur, která vede ke snížení rozdílů mezi zdravou populací a lidmi, kterým bylo diagnostikováno ADHD. I přesto je však u dospělé populace s ADHD narušené časování nadále přítomno. Je tedy otázkou, zda narušení časové percepce představuje jádrový symptom, který by mohl sloužit jako jeden z indikátorů při diagnostice ADHD.

Interval timing is considered to be a specific type of time perception, which operates in durations ranging from tenths of a second to approximately a few tens of seconds and is under strong cognitive control. Recent studies show a mutual connection between interval timing and particular cognitive functions such as attention and working memory. Time perception tends to be less precise in child age than later in adulthood. It becomes more precise throughout the child’s development thanks to the gradual maturation of specific brain structures, which also correspond with attentional and memory functions. Children which were diagnosed with ADHD show significantly more variability during timing tasks when compared to children without ADHD. Alteration in time perception is one of the typical symptoms of ADHD and it is partially compensated through maturation of specific brain structures during the development. This leads to less pronounced differences between these two groups in adolescence but deficits in timing still persist in adults with ADHD. Therefore it is important to ask if deficits in timing represent a possible core symptom, which could be used as one of the indicators of ADHD during diagnostics.

• Keywords
• intervalové časování,
• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Mental Processes MeSH
• Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity * diagnosis   physiopathology   psychology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Brain growth & development   MeSH
• Memory MeSH
• Attention MeSH
• Time Perception MeSH
• Child Development MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH

Demencia je závažné neurodegeneratívne ochorenie, ktoré vedie k úbytku niektorých populácií neurónov. V dôsledku toho sú postihnuté vyššie kognitívne funkcie, ako sú pamäť, myslenie, orientácia, porozumenie, počítanie, schopnosť učenia sa, reči a úsudku. Vhodnou liečebnou a ošetrovateľskou starostlivosťou s využitím rôznych stratégií je možné do určitej miery kompenzovať postihnuté kognitívne funkcie a zachovanie kvality života pacienta s týmto ochorením. Terapia demencií sa zakladá na dvoch navzájom sa ovplyvňujúcich pilieroch – nefarmakologických postupoch a na farmakoterapii.

Dementia is a serious neurodegenerative disease that leads to a decline in some neuronal populations. As a result, higher cognitive functions are affected, such as memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension, counting, learning, speech, and judgment. Appropriate medical and nursing care using various strategies can, to a certain extent, compensate for the affected cognitive functions and maintain the quality of life of the patient with this disease. Dementia therapy is based on two interacting pillars – non-pharmacological procedures and pharmacotherapy.

• MeSH
• Alzheimer Disease therapy   MeSH
• Dementia * therapy   MeSH
• Cognition Disorders prevention & control   therapy   MeSH
• Cognitive Training methods   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

Hypoglykemie je relativně častá komplikace léčby diabetu mellitu inzulinem či některými jeho sekretagogy. Změny kognitivních funkcí při hypoglykemii byly testovány např. testem nahrazování čísel symboly (Digit Symbol Substitution Test; DSST) nebo Working-Memory testem (WMT) za současného zobrazení funkčními metodami – Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent funkční MR (BOLD-fMR) nebo PET-CT. Studie ukázaly, že během hypoglykemie může být narušena distribuce průtoku krve mozkem, což vede k méně efektivnímu zapojení určitých oblastí mozku do kognitivních procesů a nižšímu skóre v testech. Nicméně ne vždy došlo k očekávanému poklesu tohoto skóre při hypoglykemii ve srovnání s normoglykemií nebo byl pokles skóre pouze malý. Tento fenomén může být vysvětlen korelátem ze zobrazovacích metod, kdy v zapojených mozkových oblastech došlo ke kompenzatornímu zvýšení průtoku krve a tento nárůst byl větší v hypoglykemii než v normoglykemii. Zda je tato kompenzace dostatečná (a nedojde tedy k horšímu výsledku v testu), nebo nikoliv, je zřejmě individuální a závisí to na dalších faktorech. Oblasti, ve kterých došlo při hypoglykemii ke zmiňovaným změnám průtoku, byly závislé na použitém kognitivním testu. Patří sem např. aktivace striata, frontostriatální dráhy a prefrontálního kortexu, které odrážejí funkce pracovní paměti, nebo parietální asociační oblast zodpovědná za komplexnější plánovací procesy. Naopak byla u diabetiků v hypoglykemii pozorována porucha deaktivace těch oblastí mozku, které byly pro danou aktivitu nepodstatné.

Hypoglycemia is a relatively common complication of diabetes mellitus treatment with insulin or with some of its secretagogues. Changes in cognitive functions have been tested by e.g. Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) or Working Memory Test (WMT), whilst using functional imaging techniques – Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent functional MRI (BOLD-fMRI) or PET-CT. Studies have shown that during hypoglycemia, blood flow distribution through the brain can be disrupted, leading to less efficient engagement of certain brain regions in cognitive processes and lower test scores. However, there was not always the expected decrease in test scores during hypoglycemia compared to normoglycemia, or the decrease in scores was only small. This phenomenon may be explained by a correlation from imaging, where there was a compensatory increase in blood flow in the brain regions involved, and this increase was greater in hypoglycemia than in normoglycemia. Whether or not this compensation is sufficient (and therefore does not result in a worse test result) is probably individualized and depends on other factors. The areas where flow changes occurred during hypoglycemia depended on the cognitive test used. These included activating the striatum, frontostriatal pathway, and prefrontal cortex (those reflect working memory functions), or the parietal association area responsible for more complex planning processes. Conversely, impaired deactivation of brain regions irrelevant to the activity has been observed in diabetics in hypoglycemia.

• MeSH
• Central Nervous System physiopathology   MeSH
• Diabetes Mellitus diagnosis   MeSH
• Hypoglycemia * diagnosis   drug therapy   MeSH
• Clinical Studies as Topic MeSH
• Cognitive Dysfunction * diagnosis   physiopathology   MeSH
• Diabetes Complications diagnosis   classification   physiopathology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Brain physiopathology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

• MeSH
• Eye Movements MeSH
• Psychomotor Disorders MeSH
• Saccades MeSH

• Conspectus
• Psychologie
• NML Fields
• oftalmologie
• psychologie, klinická psychologie
• NML Publication type
• kolektivní monografie

• MeSH
• Risk Assessment methods   MeSH
• Nervous System drug effects   MeSH
• Neurotoxicity Syndromes etiology   MeSH
• Environmental Exposure MeSH

• Conspectus
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NML Fields
• neurologie
• toxikologie
• environmentální vědy
• NML Publication type
• publikace WHO