shoot branching
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The total aboveground biomass production, nutritional status, bearing and branching behaviors of the central leader and one year old shoots of young apple trees have been analyzed. The shoots were further characterized according to the length, shoot demography, and the production of terminal and lateral flowers. All the characteristics are described in connection with nitrogen supply and cultivar. Nitrogen represents one of the major macronutrients involved in the growth and development of the fruit trees. The understanding of the effect of nitrogen supply for flower bud formation can be further improved by detailed analyses of tree architecture. While the biomass production was cultivar specific, the trees within particular cultivar were characterized by almost similar growth with respect to the nitrogen supply. Cultivar ́Rubinola ́ exhibited similar branching pattern, but higher vigor than ́Topaz ́. As a result of higher apical dominance, ́Rubinola ́ produced higher proportion of long shoots, but a lower quality of short shoots than ́Topaz ́. Consequently, cultivar ́Rubinola ́ produced only few terminal flowers on short shoots and lateral flowers dominantly in the distal zone, while ́Topaz ́ was characterized by intensive terminal flowering, but the lateral flowers were more abundant in the median zone. Even a lower dose of spring nitrogen improved the flower bud formation on both terminal and lateral positions extending the flowering zone on one-year-old shoots. This further changed the branching and bearing behavior of the apple trees, which particularly allows to optimize their fertilization management. However, this effect appears to be further regulated by mechanism connected with apical dominance.
- MeSH
- dusík MeSH
- fertilizace MeSH
- květy MeSH
- listy rostlin MeSH
- Malus * MeSH
- stromy MeSH
- výhonky rostlin MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Dne 8. června 1972 došlo k únosu československého letadla OK ADN společnosti Slov-air typu L410 Turbolet na pravidelné lince Mariánské Lázně - Praha do Německé spolkové republiky. Asi 8 minut po startu z letiště v Mariánských Lázních se pravděpodobný vedoucí skupiny únosců vrhl na kapitána letadla. Během potyčky s jedním z cestujících únosce jedním výstřelem z pistole ráže 7.65 mm Browning smrtelně zranil kapitána letadla. Další členové skupiny únosců napadli ostatní cestující. Po smrti kapitána letadla druhý pilot převzal řízení a přistál na letišti sportovního klubu u Weidenu. Po přistání byli únosci zadrženi policií. Deset únosců zůstalo v NSR. Letadlo s ostatními cestujícími a rakví zastřeleného kapitána letadla přistálo v Praze Ruzyni následujícího dne. Dne 12. června 1972 byla provedena v Ústřední vojenské nemocnici v Praze repitva zastřeleného kapitána letadla. Byl zjištěn stav po provedené pitvě v NSR. Při této repitvě bylo možné zrekonstruovat střelný kanál pouze neúplně, protože při předchozí pitvě bylo excidováno místo střelné rány vlevo na krku. Střelný kanál začínal otvorem v kůži umístěným 10 cm nad pravou prsní bradavkou, pokračoval doleva a lehce vzhůru podkožním vazivem, procházel 2. žebrem vpravo ve vzdálenosti 4,5 cm od hrudní kosti, pokračoval spodní a vnitřní stranou pravé klíční kosti, tečoval na přední straně chrupavku prstencovou a první prstenec průdušnice a na spodní straně levý lalok štítné žlázy, procházel na přední straně levé společné krkavice a pokračoval do prostoru levého kývače. Excidovaný otvor výstřelu se nacházel na levé polovině krku. Směr kanálu průstřelu odprava doleva byl z provedené repitvy patrný pouze z úlomku 2. žebra vpravo, který byl vylomen směrem doleva a navnitř. Příčinou smrti kapitána letadla byl úrazový šok. Shledané střelné poranění bylo způsobeno krátkou střelnou zbraní malé razance. Doplňkové faktory střelby na kůži nebyly nalezeny, stejně tak nebyly patrny známky působení tlaku plynů. Na žádost znalců provádějících repitvu jim byl lékařem provádějícím původní pitvu zaslán opis pitevního protokolu. V něm se kromě jiného uvádělo, že na levé straně krku 6,5 cm pod dolním úponem ucha se nacházela příčně oválná 2,5 cm dlouhá a až 1,2 cm široká červenočerná zaschlina vrchní pokožky, z jejíhož středu vytéká trochu červené krve. V závěru pitevního protokolu se konstatuje, že bylo zjištěno střelné poranění v oblasti levé strany krku a pravé strany hrudi. Vstřel dle zaslaného opisu pitevního protokolu ležel na levé straně krku, střela pronikla krčním svalstvem, roztrhla vnitřní větev krční tepny, prošla průdušnicí, pronikla klíční kostí, roztříštila 2. žebro vpravo asi 2 cm vedle hrudní kosti a na pravé straně hrudi 10 cm nad prsní bradavkou vystoupila z těla. Směr průniku střely tělem tedy měl opačnou orientaci oproti závěrům repitvy. Na základě tohoto zjištění byl posudek z repitvy doplněn v tom směru, že pro závěr o vstřelu na levé straně krku není v pitevním protokole z NSR žádný důkaz. Oba znalci provádějící repitvu prohlédli prostor kabiny letadla. Z prohlídky vyplynulo, že z levé strany, tj. do krku mohl být kapitán letadla zasažen pouze tehdy, jestliže by útočník držel pistoli v levé ruce ve zcela nepřirozené poloze tak, že by měl předloktí vytaženo vzhůru nad levé rameno zasaženého těsně při levé straně kabiny a ruku ohnutou v zápěstí ve strmém úhlu směrem dolů doprava. Poloha ruky střelce by byla přirozenější, pokud by se kapitán letadla před výstřelem otočil dozadu přes levé rameno a pootočil by trup doleva. To by však bylo vzhledem k situaci zcela bezúčelné, neboť by hleděl do levé stěny kabiny. Přirozenější by bylo otočení doprava přes pravé rameno. V takovém případě by mohl být zasažen do pravé strany hrudníku. Střílející únosce spáchal sebevraždu v cele v noci z 12. na 13. 1. 1973. S odstupem doby není možné na základě dostupných informací rozhodnout, jak přesně střelný kanál probíhal. Čeští znalci neměli k dispozici oděvní svršky ani závěry o jejich zkoumání a střelná rána na levé straně krku byla excidovaná německým znalcem a nebyla české straně přes žádost poskytnuta. Rozhodnout nebylo možné ani na základě vyšetřovacího pokusu, který provedli autoři tohoto sdělení. Za zvláštní je možné považovat to, že pitva byla provedena v tomto poměrně závažném případě mimo renomovaná soudnělékařská pracoviště.
On 8 June 1972, the Czechoslovak OK DNN aircraft carrier L410 Turbolet was delivered to the regular line Marianske Lazne - Prague to the Federal Republic of Germany. About 8 minutes after the launch from Marianske Lazne Airport, the likely head of the group of kidnappers threw the captain of the plane. During the fight with one of the passenger, the head of the group of kidnappers killed the captain of the aircraft by a shot from 7.65 mm pistol. Other members of the hijackers group attacked other passengers. After the aircraft captain’s death, the second pilot took command and landed at the sports club at Weiden. After the landing, the kidnappers were detained by the police. Ten kidnappers stayed in the Federal Republic of Germany. An airplane with other passengers and coffin of a shot captain landed in Prague Ruzyne the following day. On June 12, 1972, the re-autopsy of the captain of the aircraft was performed at the Central Military Hospital in Prague. Post-autopsy status was detected. In this re-autopsy, it was possible to reconstruct the fire channel only incompletely, because during the previous autopsy performed in Federal Republic of Germany was excised the shot wound left on the neck. The fire channel began with a hole in the skin 10 cm above the right breast nipple, continued to the left and slightly upward through the subcutaneous tissue, passed through the 2nd rib at the right at a distance of 4.5 cm from the sternum, continued the lower and inner sides of the right collarbone, flowing on the front the ring cartilage and the first ring of the trachea, and on the underside of the left lobes of the thyroid gland, passed on the front of the left common carotid and continued into the area of the left SCM. The exid shot hole was on the left half of the neck. The direction of the shotway canal from right side to left side was detectable only by the fragment of the 2nd rib, which was broken out to the left and inside. The cause of the captain’s death was a traumatic shock. The injury was caused by a short firearm of small stance. Additional factors of firing were not found on the skin, as well as no signs of gas pressure. At the request of the experts performing the autopsy, a copy of the autopsy protocol from Germany was sent to them by an autopsied doctor. Among other things, it was reported that a 6.5 cm under the lower end of the left ear was a transversely oval, 2.5 cm long and 1.2 cm wide, red-black dried place of the upper skin, from which center run out a little red blood. At the conclusion of the autopsy protocol, it was found that there was a nbsp;shotgun injury at the left side of the neck and the right side of the chest. The entrance wound according to the sent copy of the autopsy protocol, lay on the left side of the neck, the bullet penetrated the neck muscles, broke the inner branch of the cervical artery, passed through the trachea, penetrated the collarbone, split the 2nd rib to the right about 2 cm next to the sternum and the right chest 10 cm above the breast the nipple stepped out of the body. The direction of the penetration of the projectile through the body therefore had the opposite orientation compared to the re- autopsy. On the basis of this finding, the expert opinion from the re-autopsy was supplemented in the sense that there is no evidence in the autopsy protocol from Germany for the conclusion of the shot on the left side of the neck. Both autopsy experts examined the space of the aircraft cabin. The inspection showed that from the left, that is to the neck, the captain of the aircraft could be hit only if the attacker held the pistol in his left hand in a completely unnatural position so that his forearm was pulled upward over the left shoulder of the captain just to the left of the cabin and a hand bent in the wrist at a steep angle down to the right. The position of the shooter’s hand would be more natural if the captain of the aircraft turned backward over his left shoulder and turned the hull to the left. But this would be completely useless because of the situation, as he would look into the left cabin wall. More natural would be turning right over his right shoulder. In that case, he could be hit on the right side of the chest. The shooting kidnapper committed suicide in a cell overnight from 12 to 13 January 1973. It is not possible, based on the information available, to decide exactly how the gunshot has been going on. Czech experts did not have clothing of the captain or conclusions about their examination, and the hole on the left side of the neck was cut out by the German expert and was not provided to the Czech party through the request. It may be considered strange that the autopsy in Germany was performed in this relatively serious case outside the renowned forensic medicine department.ut out by the German expert and was not provided to the Czech party through the request. It may be considered strange that the autopsy in
- Klíčová slova
- únos letadla, vstřel, výstřel, směr střelby,
- MeSH
- letadla MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pitva MeSH
- soudní balistika MeSH
- soudní lékařství * metody MeSH
- střelné rány MeSH
- zločin * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Cytokinins are naturally occurring substances that act as plant growth regulators promoting plant growth and development, including shoot initiation and branching, and also affecting apical dominance and leaf senescence. Aromatic cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) has been widely used in micropropagation systems and biotechnology. However, its 9-glucoside (BAP9G) accumulates in explants, causing root inhibition and growth heterogenity. To overcome BAP disadvantages, a series of ring-substituted 2'-deoxy-9-(β)-d-ribofuranosylpurine derivatives was prepared and examined in different classical cytokinin bioassays. Amaranthus, senescence and tobacco callus bioassays were employed to provide details of cytokinin activity of 2'-deoxy-9-(β)-d-ribosides compared to their respective free bases and ribosides. The prepared derivatives were also tested for their recognition by cytokinin receptors of Arabidopsis thaliana AHK3 and CRE1/AHK4. The ability of aromatic N6-substituted adenine-2'-deoxy-9-(β)-d-ribosides to promote plant growth and delay senescence was increased considerably and, in contrast to BAP, no loss of cytokinin activity at higher concentrations was observed. The presence of a 2'-deoxyribosyl moiety at the N9-position led to an increase in cytokinin activities in comparison to the free bases and ribosides. The antioxidant capacity, cytotoxicity and effect on the MHV-68 gammaherpesvirus strain were also examined.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- Arabidopsis účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- Cercopithecus aethiops MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- purinové nukleosidy chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- Vero buňky MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
In most temperate fruit trees, fruits are located on one-year old shoots. In Prunus species, flowers and fruits are born in axillary position along those shoots. The axillary bud fate and branching patterns are thus key components of the cultivar potential fruit production. The objective of this study was to analyze the branching and bearing behaviors of 1-year-old shoots of apricot cultivars and clones genetically closely related. Shoot structures were analyzed in terms of axillary bud fates using hidden semi-Markov chains and compared depending on the genotype, year and shoot length. The shoots were composed of three successive zones containing latent buds (basal zone), central flower buds (median zone) and vegetative buds (distal zone), respectively. The last two zones contained few associated flower buds. The zones length (in number of metamers) and occurrence strongly depended on shoot development in the two successive years. With decrease in the number of metamers per shoot, the last two zones become shorter or may not develop. While the number of metamers of the basal and distal zones and the number of associated flower buds correlated to the number of metamers of the shoot, the number of metamers of the median zone and the transition probability from the median to the distal zone were cultivar specific.
Several Botryosphaeriaceae species are known to occur worldwide, causing dieback, canker and fruit rot on various hosts. Surveys conducted in ten commercial citrus orchards in the northern region of Algeria revealed five species of Botryosphaeriaceae belonging to three genera associated with diseased trees. Morphological and cultural characteristics as well as phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α) identified Diplodia mutila, Diplodia seriata, Dothiorella viticola, Lasiodiplodia mediterranea and a novel species which is here described as Lasiodiplodia mithidjana sp. nov.. Of these, L. mithidjana (14.1% of the samples) and L. mediterranea (13% of the samples) were the most widespread and abundant species. Pathogenicity tests revealed that L. mediterranea and D. seriata were the most aggressive species on citrus shoots. This study highlights the importance of Botryosphaeriaceae species as agents of canker and dieback of citrus trees in Algeria.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota klasifikace genetika patogenita MeSH
- DNA fungální genetika MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- pomerančovník čínský mikrobiologie MeSH
- virulence MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Alžírsko MeSH
The benefits of in vitro plant cultivation are mainly due to very high multiplication rate. Cultivation of plant material in vitro can be carried out during the whole year regardless of the time of the year or weather conditions. We create artificial conditions in the lab (heat, light, humidity), and we can regulate these conditions at any time. For the preservation of cultivar identity, we recommend establishing in vitro cultures from shoot tips usually larger than 0.2 mm. In practice, in vitro cultivation of plants uses these growth regulators to achieve organogenesis, for example, root formation, prolonged growth, or multiplication. During each subculture, these cultures are then transferred on a solid agar medium in the form of actively growing multiple shoots with a well-differentiated shoot tip containing meristematic area. Cytokinins are important for cell division and causes branching of plants. Auxins, both endogenous and exogenous, act at as a trigger for the differentiation and formation of root primordia. Morphological characteristics (formation of leaves or callus) and shoot development should be observed during in vitro multiplication and after transfer to ex vitro conditions.
- MeSH
- aklimatizace fyziologie MeSH
- cytokininy farmakologie MeSH
- kultivační média chemie farmakologie MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové farmakologie MeSH
- meristém účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- proliferace buněk účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin farmakologie MeSH
- Rosaceae účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- techniky in vitro MeSH
- techniky tkáňových kultur metody MeSH
- výhonky rostlin účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The floral repressor APETALA2 (AP2) in Arabidopsis regulates flowering through the age pathway. The AP2 ortholog in the alpine perennial Arabis alpina, PERPETUAL FLOWERING 2 (PEP2), was previously reported to control flowering through the vernalization pathway via enhancing the expression of another floral repressor PERPETUAL FLOWERING 1 (PEP1), the ortholog of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). However, PEP2 also regulates flowering independently of PEP1. To characterize the function of PEP2, we analyzed the transcriptomes of pep2 and pep1 mutants. The majority of differentially expressed genes were detected between pep2 and the wild type or between pep2 and pep1, highlighting the importance of the PEP2 role that is independent of PEP1. Here, we demonstrate that PEP2 activity prevents the up-regulation of the A. alpina floral meristem identity genes FRUITFUL (AaFUL), LEAFY (AaLFY), and APETALA1 (AaAP1), ensuring floral commitment during vernalization. Young pep2 seedlings respond to vernalization, suggesting that PEP2 regulates the age-dependent response to vernalization independently of PEP1. The major role of PEP2 through the PEP1-dependent pathway takes place after vernalization, when it facilitates PEP1 activation both in the main shoot apex and in axillary branches. These multiple roles of PEP2 in the vernalization response contribute to the A. alpina life cycle.
- MeSH
- Arabis genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- květy genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- stonky rostlin genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- transkripční faktory genetika metabolismus MeSH
- transkriptom * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Besides signalling to soil organisms, strigolactones (SLs) control above- and below-ground morphology, in particular shoot branching. Furthermore, SLs interact with stress responses, possibly thanks to a crosstalk with the abscisic acid (ABA) signal. In grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), ABA drives the accumulation of anthocyanins over the ripening season. In this study, we investigated the effects of treatment with a synthetic strigolactone analogue, GR24, on anthocyanin accumulation in grape berries, in the presence or absence of exogenous ABA treatment. Experiments were performed both on severed, incubated berries, and on berries attached to the vine. Furthermore, we analysed the corresponding transcript concentrations of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, and in ABA biosynthesis, metabolism, and membrane transport. During the experiment time courses, berries showed the expected increase in soluble sugars and anthocyanins. GR24 treatment had no or little effect on anthocyanin accumulation, or on gene expression levels. Exogenous ABA treatment activated soluble sugar and anthocyanin accumulation, and enhanced expression of anthocyanin and ABA biosynthetic genes, and that of genes involved in ABA hydroxylation and membrane transport. Co-treatment of GR24 with ABA delayed anthocyanin accumulation, decreased expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, and negatively affected ABA concentration. GR24 also enhanced the ABA-induced activation of ABA hydroxylase genes, while it down-regulated the ABA-induced activation of ABA transport genes. Our results show that GR24 affects the ABA-induced activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in this non-climacteric fruit. We discuss possible mechanisms underlying this effect, and the potential role of SLs in ripening of non-ABA-treated berries.
Life in unpredictably changing habitats is a great challenge, especially for sessile organisms like plants. Fruit and seed heteromorphism is one way to cope with such variable environmental conditions. It denotes the production of distinct types of fruits and seeds that often mediate distinct life-history strategies in terms of dispersal, germination and seedling establishment. But although the phenomenon can be found in numerous species and apparently evolved several times independently, its developmental time course or molecular regulation remains largely unknown. Here, we studied fruit development in Aethionema arabicum, a dimorphic member of the Brassicaceae family. We characterized fruit morph differentiation by comparatively analyzing discriminating characters like fruit growth, seed abortion and dehiscence zone development. Our data demonstrate that fruit morph determination is a 'last-minute' decision happening in flowers after anthesis directly before the first morphotypical differences start to occur. Several growth experiments in combination with hormone and gene expression analyses further indicate that an accumulation balance of the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin in open flowers together with the transcript abundance of the Ae. arabicum ortholog of BRANCHED1, encoding a transcription factor known for its conserved function as a branching repressor, may guide fruit morph determination. Thus, we hypothesize that the plasticity of the fruit morph ratio in Ae. arabicum may have evolved through the modification of a preexisting network known to govern correlative dominance between shoot organs.
This study is focused on the vascular anatomy of the stomach in relation to the gastric pull-up construction. The vascular anatomy was studied on forty-one human specimens. We find out the differences in blood supplement between anterior and posterior wall. It was maked an review of the main trunk arteries of the stomach. To display the vessels of the stomach we used diaphanoscopy, digital shooting in special mode and micro preparation of the vessels. We find out that left gastric artery gives more branches to the posterior wall and right gastroepiploic artery (RGEA) gives more branches to the anterior wall. But brunches of RGEA are longer on the posterior wall than on the anterior. Also we are offering the new classification of the RGEA related to gastric pull-up construction. This classification based not only on the anatomical shapes of RGEA but on the properties of the flow dynamics through the artery.
- MeSH
- anatomická variace MeSH
- arteria gastroepiploica anatomie a histologie MeSH
- gastroplastika metody MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mrtvola MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- transiluminace MeSH
- žaludek krevní zásobení diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
