Cíl práce: Zjistit aktuální situaci séroprevalence protilátek a proočkovanosti proti virové hepatitidě A (VHA) v běžné populaci Jihomoravského kraje (JMK). Materiál a metodika: V roce 2016 bylo během probíhající epidemie VHA v rámci protiepidemických opatření prováděných Krajskou hygienickou stanicí JMK epidemiologicky vyšetřeno téměř 3 500 osob. Zjištěny byly mimo jiné základní osobní údaje a informace o absolvování očkování proti VHA. Údaj o provedeném očkování byl ověřen ve zdravotnické dokumentaci evidujícího praktického lékaře nebo v očkovacím průkazu dané osoby. V případě negativní historie očkování byly osoby odeslány k lékaři k sérologickému vyšetření. Pro účely této retrospektivní prevalenční studie byla analyzována data dostupná celkem u 3 130 osob. Podle věku byla populace rozdělena do deseti věkových skupin (0–4 roky, 5–9 let, 10–14 let, 15–19 let, 20–24 let, 25–34 let, 35–44 let, 45–54 let, 55–65 let a 65 a více let). V této populaci byly zjištěny počty osob s platným očkováním a pozitivními celkovými protilátkami a počet osob s výsledkem negativním. Získaná data byla statisticky zpracována pomocí tabulkového procesoru Microsoft Excel. Výsledky: V daném souboru 3 130 osob bylo zjištěno celkem 659 (21,05 %) séropozitivních osob, z čehož bylo 320 (10,22 %) osob očkovaných. Séroprevalence ve věkových skupinách nad 35 let stoupala s věkem, nejvyšší zastoupení imunních osob je ve věku nad 65 let (51,40 %). Proočkovanost byla nejvyšší u osob ve věku 10–14 let (20,73 %) a 15–19 let (20,77 %). Závěr: Séroprevalence protilátek proti VHA ve studované běžné populaci JMK je velmi nízká (21,05 %) a hluboko pod výsledky dříve realizovaných studií. Proočkovanost proti VHA je 10,22 %. Výsledky ukazují na vyšší proočkovanost u osob narozených po zavedení očkování proti VHA, nejčastěji jsou očkovány děti. Dospělí doporučené očkování využívají v menší míře. Tento fakt napomáhá riziku šíření nákazy a vzniku epidemií, pro které je v poslední době charakteristické šíření od osob vykazujících rizikové chování do běžné populace mladých dospělých v produktivním věku.

Aim: To map the current seroprevalence of antibodies and vaccine coverage against viral hepatitis A (VHA) in the general population of the South Moravian Region (SMR). Material and methods: During the VHA outbreak in 2016, nearly 3500 persons were investigated epidemiologically by the Regional Public Health Authority of the SMR within the anti-epidemic measures. The data collected were, among others, basic personal data and information whether the person has been vaccinated against VHA. For the reportedly vaccinated, the information was checked in the GP records or vaccination card. Those who reported to be unvaccinated were referred for serological testing. For the purposes of this retrospective prevalence study, available data on 3130 persons were analysed. The study population was divided into 10 age groups (0–4 years, 5–9 years, 10–14 years, 15–19 years, 20–24 years, 25–34 years, 35–44 years, 45–54 years, 55–65 years, and 65 years and over). The numbers of vaccinated persons with positive total antibodies and of those who tested negative were determined. The data obtained were statistically analysed using the Microsoft Excel tabular processor. Results: Of the study cohort of 3130 persons, 659 (21.05 %) turned out to be seropositive, and 320 (10.22 %) of the seropositives were vaccinated. The seroprevalence rates in the age groups over 35 years were increasing with increasing age, being the highest (51.40 %) in those aged 65 years and older. The highest vaccine coverage rates were achieved in the age groups 10–14 years (20.73 %) and 15–19 years (20.77 %). Conclusion: The seroprevalence rates of antibodies against VHA in the general population of the SMR are very low (21.05 %), being even lower than previously reported. The vaccine coverage rate against VHA is 10.22 %. The results show higher vaccine coverage rates in those born after the vaccine against VHA was implemented. Children show the highest vaccine coverage rates. Adults tend to get vaccinated less often. This fact promotes the risk of infection spread and outbreaks, as recently evidenced by the spread of infection from persons engaging in risky behaviours to the general population of young working-age adults.

• Keywords
• proočkovanost,
• MeSH
• Hepatitis A Antibodies analysis   immunology   MeSH
• Hepatitis A * diagnosis   epidemiology   pathology   MeSH
• Data Interpretation, Statistical MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Serologic Tests * MeSH
• Vaccination instrumentation   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

AIM: To ensure that children are vaccinated, different national governments use diverse strategies. We compared childhood vaccination coverage rates between New York State (NYS) and New Zealand (NZ) as the vaccination strategies are different. METHODS: We used vaccination records from the NYS Immunisation Information System and the National Immunisation Register of NZ to measure (i) vaccination coverage by school entry and by age six; (ii) coverage of different socio-demographic groups; and (iii) trend in vaccination coverage between 2011 and 2015. RESULTS: We analysed the records of 583 767 NYS children and 269 800 NZ children 7 years of age. NZ children were 3.3-21.5% more likely than NYS children to receive each of the vaccines. Compared to NYS, NZ children were 39.6% more likely to be up-to-date by the start of school and 28.1% more likely to be up-to-date by age 6 years. Both NYS and NZ had statistically significant increases in the proportion of children who were up to date on each vaccine and all vaccines by the start of school and by 6 years of age (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We identified under-vaccinated groups and examined the point in the vaccine series where children were most vulnerable to being under-vaccinated. This information is useful in targeting future investigations and interventions aimed at mitigating disparities in vaccine coverage. This comparison of regions with different vaccination programmes and policies is important when considering whether the particular vaccination coverage strategies of one region could be adapted and applied for the benefit of another.

• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Incidence MeSH
• Communicable Disease Control methods   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Urban Population MeSH
• Immunization Schedule MeSH
• Vaccination Coverage statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Poliovirus Vaccines administration & dosage   MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine administration & dosage   MeSH
• Hepatitis B Vaccines administration & dosage   MeSH
• Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine administration & dosage   MeSH
• Rural Population MeSH
• Viral Vaccines MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Comparative Study MeSH
• Geographicals
• New York MeSH
• New Zealand MeSH

Článek v úvodu zmiňuje obecná fakta o rotavirových enteritidách a následně pojednává po-drobně o přechodné hepatopatii jako vzácné komplikaci rotavirové infekce u dvouapůlletépacientky. Zdůrazňuje význam očkování, míru proočkovanosti na rotavirové infekce v ČRa v závěru stručně rozebírá faktory, které mohou proočkovanost významně ovlivnit.

The article introduces general facts about rotavirus enteritis and subsequently discusses tran-sient hepatopathy as a rare complication of rotavirus infection in a two-and-a-half-year-oldpatient. It emphasizes the importance of vaccination, the coverage rate of vaccination for ro-tavirus infections in the Czech Republic, and at the end, it briefly analyzes the factors thatcan significantly influence the vaccination coverage rate.

• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Gastroenteritis complications   blood   virology   MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Vaccination Coverage organization & administration   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Rotavirus Infections * complications   MeSH
• Rotavirus Vaccines therapeutic use   MeSH
• Professional-Family Relations MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH

Routine vaccination of certain groups of persons, including children and the elderly might provide additional protection to persons at risk for influenza complications and reduce the overall influenza burden. The aim of the paper was to estimate the influenza vaccine coverage in persons aged 0–4 years and >65 years in Poland in 2004–2007. Official data collected by National Institute of Hygiene, National Institute of Public Health and Central Statistical Office were analyzed. Among vaccinations performed in all persons, the percentage of vaccinations performed in children aged 0–4 years varied from 1.6% to 2.0%. The estimated vaccination coverage in this age group of population was <2%. Among persons aged >65 years the influenza vaccine coverage increased from 7% in 2004 to 14% in 2007. Subjects aged >65 years represented 25–36% of all vaccinated individuals. The influenza vaccination rates among age-related risk groups in Poland remain low. No or very low increase in a total vaccination coverage rates, as demonstrated in our paper, indicates that meeting the WHO targets concerning influenza vaccination coverage will be very difficult, if no further action is taken concerning vaccine uptake.

• MeSH
• Influenza, Human complications   prevention & control   MeSH
• Mass Vaccination methods   statistics & numerical data   utilization   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Immunization Programs methods   statistics & numerical data   utilization   MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH
• Influenza Vaccines immunology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Age Factors MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Geographicals
• Poland MeSH

Background Childhood vaccination rates fluctuate over time and do not always meet the levels recommended by the WHO. Objective This study aims to provide an overview of measures countries have introduced to increase vaccination rates. Methods We developed a structured data collection template that was completed by country experts from Europe, Israel, the USA, and Canada. Experts were identified using the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies' HSPM (Health Systems and Policy Monitor) network. We approached experts from 32 countries and received responses from 22 countries. In the template we asked for measures introduced between 2014 and 2019. The experts were asked to indicate the type of intervention, the target population, possible positive and negative effects, and evidence on effectiveness. The information was collected between September 2019 and January 2020. Results We identified four main types of interventions: restrictive measures for the unvaccinated, financial incentives, measures supporting the logistics of vaccination, and vaccination promotion campaigns. Restrictive measures often involved expanding existing mandatory vaccination policies or limiting access to pre-school activities for unvaccinated children. Financial incentives for healthcare providers showed some positive effects. Regarding logistical support, several countries used schools as alternative vaccination sites, though this presented organisational challenges. Many countries invested in improving knowledge among both healthcare professionals and parents to encourage vaccine uptake. Conclusions Most initiatives implemented in the countries covered focussed on communication and knowledge enhancement. However, there is limited evidence on the impact of these measures on vaccination coverage.

• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Internationality MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Immunization Programs * MeSH
• Health Promotion * methods   MeSH
• Vaccination Coverage * statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Vaccination * statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Health Policy MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Comparative Study MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH
• Israel MeSH
• Canada MeSH
• United States MeSH

V letech 1997–2017 bylo v rámci systému pro hlášení infekčních onemocnění v ČR (EpiDat) hlášeno celkem 76232 případůrotavirových gastroenteritid (RG, incidence 34,9/100 000 obyv.). Nejvyšší průměrná věkově specifická incidence byla ve věkové skupině 0–1 rok: 556,6/100 000 obyv.; ve skupině 1–4 r: 426,4/100 000 obyv. a skupině 5–9 let: 91,9/100 000 obyv. Hospitalizováno bylo 59 564 osob (78,1 %) a bylo zaznamenáno celkem 34 úmrtí. Celosvětově se však předpokládá vysoká podhlášenost u RG s mírnějším průběhem a nehospitalizovaných jedinců. Reálně lze předpokládat podstatně vyšší incidenci RG také v ČR. Očkování proti RG je dostupné od roku 2006 a Světová zdravotnická organizace doporučila, aby očkování proti RG bylo od roku 2009 součástí národního očkovacího programu každé země. V ČR patří očkování proti RG mezi doporučená očkování od roku 2007. Proočkovanost je v ČR kolem 5 %. V EpiDatu jsou záznamy o očkování u nemocných osob dostupné od roku 2012. Celkem bylo hlášeno 396 onemocnění RG u očkovaných jedinců. Podíl hospitalizací je ve skupině očkovaných jedinců nižší než ve skupině neočkovaných a úmrtí u očkovaných lidí v ČR nebylo zaznamenáno.

In 1997-2017, 76 232 cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RG), i.e. 34.9 cases per 100 000 population, were reported within the EpiDat reporting system for infectious diseases in the Czech Republic. The highest average agespecific incidence was found in 0-1-year-olds, i.e. 556.6 per 100 000 population, followed by 1-4-year-olds (426.4 per 100 000 population), and 5-9-year-olds (91.9 per 100 000 population). Altogether 59 564 (78.1 %) persons required hospitalization and 34 died. At the global level, RG appears to be underreportedin persons with a milder course not requiring hospital admission. This also seems to be true in the Czech Republic. Vaccine against RG has been available since 2006, and the World Health Organization recommended to include it into the national immunization schedule of each country since 2009. In the Czech Republic, RG vaccine has been among the recommended vaccines since 2007. The RG vaccine coverage rate in the Czech Republic is around 5%. Data on RG vaccine status in patients have been available in the EpiDat since 2012. Altogether 396 RG cases were reported in vaccinated persons. The rate of hospital admissions is lower in vaccinated than in unvaccinated patients, and no death has been reported in vaccinated persons in the Czech Republic.

• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Retroviridae Infections * epidemiology   prevention & control   MeSH
• Vaccination statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH

We studied the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in the Czech Republic by analysing two sources of data. The incidence of pneumococcal meningitis based on routine notification data varied between 0.4 and 0.6/100 000 population between 1997 and 2006. The incidence of IPD based on laboratory surveillance varied between 2.3 and 4.3/100 000 population between 2000 and 2006. The annual IPD incidence remained stable during the study period. Estimates of absolute IPD case-load in the entire country varied from 235 to 437 per year. The age-specific incidence was highest in the <1 year age group, reaching 4.3/100 000 for pneumococcal meningitis in routine notification and 15.7/100 000 for IPD in laboratory-based surveillance data, respectively. A total of 1236 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from cerebrospinal fluid and sterile body sites were investigated. The most frequent serotypes causing IPD in all ages were 3, 4, 14, 8 and 19F, accounting for 41.5% of all isolates. The most frequent serotypes by age group were: <1 year (6B and 19F); 1-4 years (14, 6B and 23F); 40-64 years (3, 8 and 4), and > or = 65 years (3, 4, 9N and 14). The coverage of serotypes in all age groups by pneumococcal vaccines ranged from 41.5% for 7-valent conjugate vaccine to 67.9% for 13-valent conjugate vaccine. The coverage of serotypes causing IPD is significantly different between infants/children and adults/elderly. PCV-7 coverage by age group was: <1 year (66.0%), 1-4 years (65.1%), 40-64 years (34.4%) and > or = 65 years (39.3%). Similar age differences between infants/children and adults/elderly were found in coverage by PCV-9, PCV-11 and PCV-13. The distribution of serotypes in the total population and individual age groups was stable during the period 2000-2006.

• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Disease Notification MeSH
• Incidence MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Meningitis, Pneumococcal epidemiology   immunology   microbiology   prevention & control   MeSH
• Pneumococcal Infections microbiology   prevention & control   MeSH
• Pneumococcal Vaccines administration & dosage   MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Streptococcus pneumoniae immunology   classification   MeSH
• Age Distribution MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

Seasonal influenza can have serious morbid consequences and can even result in death, particularly in at-risk populations, including healthcare professionals (HCPs), elderly and those living with a medical risk condition. Although in Europe recommendations exist for annual influenza vaccination in these populations in most countries, the vaccination coverage rate (VCR) is often well below the World Health Organization target of 75% coverage. In our previous survey in 2009 we showed that some elements of national vaccination policies, e.g. reminder systems, strong official recommendation, and easy access, seemed to contribute to achieving higher influenza VCRs among elderly. We repeated the survey in 2016, using the same methodology to assess changes in influenza VCRs among the elderly and in the impact of policy elements on these VCRs. In addition, we collected information about VCRs among HCPs, and those living with a medical risk condition. The median VCR in the 21 countries that had recommendations for influenza vaccination in the elderly was 35.3%, ranging from 1.1% in Estonia to 74.5% in Scotland. The average VCRs for HCPs and those living with medical risk conditions, available in 17 and 10 countries, respectively, were 28.3% (range 7% in Czech Republic to 59.1% in Portugal) and 32.2% (range from 20.0% in the Czech Republic and Hungary to 59.6% in Portugal), respectively. Fewer countries were able to provide data from HCP and those living with medical risk conditions. Since the initial survey during the 2007-2008 influenza season, VCRs have decreased in the elderly in the majority of countries, thus, achieving high VCRs in the elderly and the other target groups is still a major public health challenge in Europe. This could be addressed by the identification, assessment and sharing of best practice for influenza vaccination policies.

• MeSH
• Influenza, Human prevention & control   MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Immunization Programs organization & administration   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Vaccination Coverage statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Seasons MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Health Policy * MeSH
• Health Plan Implementation organization & administration   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Infant MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH

V České republice je každoročně prováděna administrativní kontrola proočkovanosti u dětí podle stanovených jednotných kritérií. V roce 2019 byla kontrolována proočkovanost proti 9 vybraným infekčním onemocněním, která jsou podle platné legislativy zahrnuta do rámce povinného očkování. V souladu s celostátně platnou metodikou hlavní hygieničky ČR tvořily cílovou skupinou kontroly děti s příjmením začínajícím písmenem „M“, u kterých byla kontrolována proočkovanost se stavem k 31. prosinci 2019. Výsledky analýzy administrativní kontroly proočkovanosti jsou do určité míry stále ještě limitovány změnami v povinném očkování dětí danými novelou vyhlášky č. 537/2006 Sb. o očkování proti infekčním nemocem platnou od 1. ledna 2018.

Annual administrative estimates of vaccination coverage in children have been performed in the Czech Republic according to the uniform criteria. In 2019, the vaccine coverage rates for nine selected infectious diseases included in the mandatory childhood immunization schedule under the legislation in force were estimated. In accordance with the nationally applied methodology of the Chief Public Health Officer of the Czech Republic, the target group were children whose surname started with the letter M, and the estimate was based on administrative data reported by 31 December 2019. The results of the analysis are limited due to changes in the mandatory childhood immunization schedule laid down in the amendment to Regulation No. 537/2006 on vaccination against infectious diseases in force as of 1 January 2018.

• Keywords
• proočkovanost, kontrola proočkovanosti,
• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Vaccines, Combined classification   MeSH
• Communicable Disease Control * methods   organization & administration   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Vaccination Refusal statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine MeSH
• Vaccination * statistics & numerical data   legislation & jurisprudence   MeSH
• Age Factors MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• News MeSH

V souladu s cíly programu Světové zdravotnické organizace „Zdraví pro všechny ve 21. století“ je v České republice každoročně prováděna administrativní kontrola proočkovanosti u dětí podle jednotných kritérií stanovených hlavním hygienikem ČR. V roce 2010 byla kontrolována proočkovanost proti 9 vybraným infekčním onemocněním, která jsou z pohledu platné legislativy začleněna do povinného očkování, a to u dětí s příjmení začínajícím písmenem „L“, se stavem k 31. prosinci 2010. Výsledky kontroly ukázaly, že u kontrolovaných kohort dětí dosahuje proočkovanost v celostátním měřítku adekvátní úrovně k navození kolektivní imunity proti vybraným infekčním onemocněním.

In line with the objectives of the World Health Organization global strategy „Health for all in the 21st century“, annual administrative estimates of vaccination coverage in children have been performed in the Czech Republic according to the uniform criteria set by the Chief Public Health Officer. In 2010, the vaccine coverage rates for nine selected infectious diseases included in the compulsory childhood immunization schedule in accordance with the Czech regulations were estimated in children whose surname started with the letter L, based on administrative data reported by December 31, 2010. The results confirmed that the national vaccine coverage rates in the cohorts of children analyzed were as high as needed to induce herd immunity against the selected infectious diseases.

• Keywords
• infekční onemocnění, děti, kontrola,
• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Haemophilus influenzae type b pathogenicity   MeSH
• Hepatitis B prevention & control   transmission   MeSH
• Communicable Diseases etiology   transmission   MeSH
• Community Medicine methods   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Communicable Disease Control methods   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Poliomyelitis prevention & control   MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH
• Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine therapeutic use   MeSH
• Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine therapeutic use   MeSH
• Vaccination statistics & numerical data   trends   utilization   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH