BACKGROUND: Widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) has reduced vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We describe the serotype distribution of IPD after extensive use of ten-valent PCV (PCV10; Synflorix, GSK) and 13-valent PCV (PCV13; Prevenar 13, Pfizer) globally. METHODS: IPD data were obtained from surveillance sites participating in the WHO-commissioned Pneumococcal Serotype Replacement and Distribution Estimation (PSERENADE) project that exclusively used PCV10 or PCV13 (hereafter PCV10 and PCV13 sites, respectively) in their national immunisation programmes and had primary series uptake of at least 70%. Serotype distribution was estimated for IPD cases occurring 5 years or more after PCV10 or PCV13 introduction (ie, the mature period when the serotype distribution had stabilised) using multinomial Dirichlet regression, stratified by PCV product and age group (<5 years, 5-17 years, 18-49 years, and ≥50 years). FINDINGS: The analysis included cases occurring primarily between 2015 and 2018 from 42 PCV13 sites (63 362 cases) and 12 PCV10 sites (6806 cases) in 41 countries. Sites were mostly high income (36 [67%] of 54) and used three-dose or four-dose booster schedules (44 [81%]). At PCV10 sites, PCV10 serotypes caused 10·0% (95% CI 6·3-12·9) of IPD cases in children younger than 5 years and 15·5% (13·4-19·3) of cases in adults aged 50 years or older, while PCV13 serotypes caused 52·1% (49·2-65·4) and 45·6% (40·0-50·0), respectively. At PCV13 sites, PCV13 serotypes caused 26·4% (21·3-30·0) of IPD cases in children younger than 5 years and 29·5% (27·5-33·0) of cases in adults aged 50 years or older. The leading serotype at PCV10 sites was 19A in children younger than 5 years (30·6% [95% CI 18·2-43·1]) and adults aged 50 years or older (14·8% [11·9-17·8]). Serotype 3 was a top-ranked serotype, causing about 9% of cases in children younger than 5 years and 14% in adults aged 50 years or older at both PCV10 and PCV13 sites. Across all age and PCV10 or PCV13 strata, the proportion of IPD targeted by higher-valency PCVs beyond PCV13 was 4·1-9·7% for PCV15, 13·5-36·0% for PCV20, 29·9-53·8% for PCV21, 15·6-42·0% for PCV24, and 31·5-50·1% for PCV25. All top-ten ranked non-PCV13 serotypes are included in at least one higher-valency PCV. INTERPRETATION: The proportion of IPD due to serotypes included in PCVs in use was low in mature PCV10 and PCV13 settings. Serotype distribution differed between PCV10 and PCV13 sites and age groups. Higher-valency PCVs target most remaining IPD and are expected to extend impact. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation as part of the WHO Pneumococcal Vaccines Technical Coordination Project.

• MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• očkovací programy MeSH
• pneumokokové infekce * prevence a kontrola   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• pneumokokové vakcíny * aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• séroskupina * MeSH
• Streptococcus pneumoniae * klasifikace   imunologie   MeSH
• vakcíny konjugované aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• komunikace MeSH
• očkovací programy MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• šíření informací MeSH
• vakcíny proti chřipce MeSH
• vakcíny MeSH

• Konspekt
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NLK Publikační typ
• závěrečné práce

Background Childhood vaccination rates fluctuate over time and do not always meet the levels recommended by the WHO. Objective This study aims to provide an overview of measures countries have introduced to increase vaccination rates. Methods We developed a structured data collection template that was completed by country experts from Europe, Israel, the USA, and Canada. Experts were identified using the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies' HSPM (Health Systems and Policy Monitor) network. We approached experts from 32 countries and received responses from 22 countries. In the template we asked for measures introduced between 2014 and 2019. The experts were asked to indicate the type of intervention, the target population, possible positive and negative effects, and evidence on effectiveness. The information was collected between September 2019 and January 2020. Results We identified four main types of interventions: restrictive measures for the unvaccinated, financial incentives, measures supporting the logistics of vaccination, and vaccination promotion campaigns. Restrictive measures often involved expanding existing mandatory vaccination policies or limiting access to pre-school activities for unvaccinated children. Financial incentives for healthcare providers showed some positive effects. Regarding logistical support, several countries used schools as alternative vaccination sites, though this presented organisational challenges. Many countries invested in improving knowledge among both healthcare professionals and parents to encourage vaccine uptake. Conclusions Most initiatives implemented in the countries covered focussed on communication and knowledge enhancement. However, there is limited evidence on the impact of these measures on vaccination coverage.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• internacionalita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• očkovací programy * MeSH
• podpora zdraví * metody   MeSH
• pokrytí očkováním * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• vakcinace * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• zdravotní politika MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Izrael MeSH
• Kanada MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are highly prevalent sexually transmitted infections, notably associated with various cancers. This study analyses the health and economic impacts of HPV-associated diseases in the Czech Republic and evaluates the cost-effectiveness of a catch-up vaccination program. METHODS: Utilizing a Markov multistate model, the study assesses the lifetime impacts and costs related to HPV infections. Cohorts of ages 15-21 were simulated to assess the impact of catch-up vaccination outside the 11-year-old age group. RESULTS: The total quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) for the female and male cohorts (together 119,362 individuals) were higher in the vaccination scenario compared to the non-vaccination scenario. The increase in QALYs was 122,246 and 200,852 respectively, when considering the actual vaccination rates. Across both cohorts, 329 cancer-related deaths were prevented. In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis for the female population, vaccination was the dominant strategy in 99.3% of iterations. In the male population, vaccination was the dominant strategy in 80.3% of iterations. The implementation of catch-up vaccination for the 15-21 age group significantly increased QALY gains and reduced life-years-lost (LYLs). In the female cohort, all analysed rates of catch-up vaccination were the dominant strategy, while in the male cohort, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) remained consistently below 42,000 CZK/QALY. CONCLUSIONS: The catch-up vaccination program for 15-21-year-olds is cost-effective and can prevent a significant number of HPV-related cancers in both men and women.

• MeSH
• analýza nákladové efektivity MeSH
• analýza nákladů a výnosů * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• infekce papilomavirem * prevence a kontrola   ekonomika   MeSH
• kvalitativně upravené roky života * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Markovovy řetězce * MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• očkovací programy ekonomika   MeSH
• osobní újma zaviněná nemocí MeSH
• vakcíny proti papilomavirům * ekonomika   aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• MeSH
• adaptivní imunita imunologie   MeSH
• antigeny imunologie   klasifikace   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• imunologická paměť imunologie   MeSH
• kolektivní imunita imunologie   MeSH
• očkovací programy metody   MeSH
• očkovací schéma MeSH
• vakcíny * farmakologie   imunologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• chřipka lidská prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• COVID-19 prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• očkovací programy * MeSH
• služby zdravotní péče o pracující MeSH
• vakcinace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• vakcíny proti chřipce MeSH
• vakcíny proti COVID-19 MeSH
• zaměstnavatel - náklady na zdravotní péči MeSH
• zdravotničtí pracovníci MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• novinové články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: By March, 2023, 54 countries, areas, and territories (hereafter CAT) in the WHO European Region had reported more than 2·2 million COVID-19-related deaths to the WHO Regional Office for Europe. Here, we estimated how many lives were directly saved by vaccinating adults in the WHO European Region from December, 2020, to March, 2023. METHODS: In this retrospective surveillance study, we estimated the number of lives directly saved by age group, vaccine dose, and circulating variant-of-concern (VOC) period, regionally and nationally, using weekly data on COVID-19 mortality and infection, COVID-19 vaccination uptake, and SARS-CoV-2 virus characterisations by lineage downloaded from The European Surveillance System on June 11, 2023, as well as vaccine effectiveness data from the literature. We included data for six age groups (25-49 years, 50-59 years, ≥60 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years, and ≥80 years). To be included in the analysis, CAT needed to have reported both COVID-19 vaccination and mortality data for at least one of the four older age groups. Only CAT that reported weekly data for both COVID-19 vaccination and mortality by age group for 90% of study weeks or more in the full study period were included. We calculated the percentage reduction in the number of expected and reported deaths. FINDINGS: Between December, 2020, and March, 2023, in 34 of 54 CAT included in the analysis, COVID-19 vaccines reduced deaths by 59% overall (CAT range 17-82%), representing approximately 1·6 million lives saved (range 1·5-1·7 million) in those aged 25 years or older: 96% of lives saved were aged 60 years or older and 52% were aged 80 years or older; first boosters saved 51% of lives, and 60% were saved during the Omicron period. INTERPRETATION: Over nearly 2·5 years, most lives saved by COVID-19 vaccination were in older adults by first booster dose and during the Omicron period, reinforcing the importance of up-to-date vaccination among the most at-risk individuals. Further modelling work should evaluate indirect effects of vaccination and public health and social measures. FUNDING: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * prevence a kontrola   mortalita   epidemiologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• očkovací programy statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 * imunologie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH
• vakcíny proti COVID-19 * aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

• MeSH
• cestování MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• očkovací programy MeSH
• očkovací schéma MeSH
• slezina imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• těhotenství účinky léků   MeSH
• vakcinace * metody   MeSH
• vakcíny klasifikace   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství účinky léků   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• Varilrix, Varivax,
• MeSH
• analýza dat MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• epidemiologické monitorování * MeSH
• hlášení nemocí statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• očkovací programy MeSH
• plané neštovice * epidemiologie   etiologie   komplikace   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• rutinně sbírané zdravotní údaje MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• vakcína proti planým neštovicím * aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• Varilrix, Varivax, Priorix-Tetra,
• MeSH
• atenuované vakcíny aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• očkovací programy ekonomika   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• plané neštovice * epidemiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• postexpoziční profylaxe metody   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
• vakcína proti planým neštovicím * dějiny   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH