One way to effectively reduce the number of biogenic amines (BAs) in food is through enzymatic reduction using bacteria, such as lactic acid bacteria. This study focuses on the ability of the bacterial strain Lacticaseibacillus casei CCDM 198 to reduce the number of three important BAs (histamine, putrescine and cadaverine) over time, depending on different conditions (temperature and pH) in vitro and for the real dairy product - skimmed milk. The obtained results show that the studied strain significantly (P < 0.05) affects the number of individual amines, and the content of all amines has a decreasing character compared to the initial relative content of BAs at time zero. Furthermore, a statistical dependence (P < 0.05) of the rate of amine degradation on the combination of investigated factors was demonstrated. The presence and the activity of multicopper oxidase enzyme was also detected in this bacterial strain. This is the first known publication demonstrating multicopper oxidase activity in Lacticaseibacillus casei CCDM 198. Moreover, the studied strain is able to reduce the tested BAs in skimmed milk and would be a good candidate for degrading these toxic compounds in other dairy products, such as cheese. These findings could significantly enhance the food safety of dairy products.

• Keywords
• Biogenic amines degradation, Cadaverine, Dairy products, Histamine, Lacticaseibacillus casei, Multicopper oxidase, Putrescine,
• MeSH
• Bacteria metabolism   MeSH
• Biogenic Amines analysis   MeSH
• Histamine analysis   MeSH
• Cadaverine analysis   MeSH
• Lacticaseibacillus MeSH
• Lacticaseibacillus casei * MeSH
• Oxidoreductases metabolism   MeSH
• Putrescine analysis   MeSH
• Cheese * microbiology   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Biogenic Amines MeSH
• Histamine MeSH
• Cadaverine MeSH
• Oxidoreductases MeSH
• Putrescine MeSH

Adjuevan is an Ivorian traditional fermented fish used as a condiment. However, the fermentation process and storage conditions may lead to the production of biogenic amines (BA) which can induce severe human toxicological effects. Thus, this study aimed to reveal the bacterial community diversity and the BA contents during the storage. Samples of adjuevan from the fish species Chloroscombrus chrysurus, Galeoides decadactylus, and Thunnus thynnus were collected from local producers, stored at ambient temperature (28-30 °C) and in a refrigerator (4 °C) over a period of 8 weeks. At 2-week intervals, BA were determined by HPLC and the bacterial communities analyzed using high-throughput sequencing (NGS) of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Results showed that histamine, cadaverine, putrescine, and tyramine were the major compounds. In adjuevan from T. thynnus, the level of histamine was over the maximum level of 200 mg/kg determined by Codex Alimentarius. For the other amines, no safety concerns are related. In total, 21 bacterial genera with a relative abundance ≥ 1% and belonging to 14 families and 5 phyla were detected. The Bacillaceae family was the most found at ambient temperature while Staphylococcaceae and Enterococcaceae were the most abundant in a refrigerator. The analysis of correlation showed that the increase of Lentibacillus leads to a decrease of the major BA at ambient temperature. On the contrary, the increase of Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Psychrobacter, Peptostreptococcus, and Fusobacterium leads to an increase of these biogenic compounds. Thus, Lentibacillus acted as BA-oxidizing bacteria while the others were found as BA-producing bacteria during adjuevan storage.

• Keywords
• Adjuevan, Ambient temperature, Bacterial communities, Correlation, Refrigerator, Storage,
• MeSH
• Bacteria genetics   MeSH
• Biogenic Amines * analysis   MeSH
• Fermentation MeSH
• Histamine * analysis   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics   MeSH
• Fishes genetics   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Cote d'Ivoire MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Biogenic Amines * MeSH
• Histamine * MeSH
• RNA, Ribosomal, 16S MeSH

Degradation of undesirable biogenic amines (BAs) in foodstuffs by microorganisms is considered one of the most effective ways of eliminating their toxicity. In this study, we designed two sets of primers for the detection and quantification of the multicopper oxidase gene (MCO), which encodes an enzyme involved in BAs degradation, and endogenous (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) gene (GAPDH) in Lactobacillus casei group by real-time PCR (qPCR). We tested 15 Lactobacillus strains in the screening assays (thus, MCO gene possessing assay (PCR) and monitoring of BAs degradation by HPLC-UV), in which Lactobacillus casei CCDM 198 exhibited the best degradation abilities. For this strain, we monitored the expression of the target gene (MCO) in time (qPCR), the effect of redox treatments (cysteine, ascorbic acid) on the expression of the gene, and the ability to degrade BAs not only in a modified MRS medium (MRS/2) but also in a real food sample (milk). Moreover, decarboxylase activity (ability to form BAs) of this strain was excluded. According to the results, CCDM 198 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced BAs (putrescine, histamine, tyramine, cadaverine), up to 25% decline in 48 h. The highest level of relative expression of MCO (5.21 ± 0.14) was achieved in MRS/2 media with cysteine.

• Keywords
• Biogenic amines degradation, Histamine, Lactobacillus casei, Primers, qPCR,
• MeSH
• Bacterial Proteins genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Biogenic Amines analysis   metabolism   MeSH
• Cysteine analysis   metabolism   MeSH
• Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases genetics   MeSH
• Culture Media chemistry   MeSH
• Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction MeSH
• Ascorbic Acid analysis   metabolism   MeSH
• Lacticaseibacillus casei enzymology   genetics   growth & development   metabolism   MeSH
• Lactobacillus enzymology   genetics   growth & development   metabolism   MeSH
• Milk chemistry   MeSH
• Oxidoreductases genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial MeSH
• Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Bacterial Proteins MeSH
• Biogenic Amines MeSH
• Cysteine MeSH
• Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases MeSH
• Culture Media MeSH
• Ascorbic Acid MeSH
• Oxidoreductases MeSH

The selectivity for 15 biogenic amines and amino acids shown by three capillary cation-exchange columns, IonPac CS19, CS12A and CS17 (250 × 0.4 mm ID, all from Thermo Fisher Scientific), exhibiting medium, medium low and ultra-low hydrophobicity, and either carboxylic or mixed carboxylic/phosphonic acid functional groups, was investigated. A mixed mode retention mechanism was revealed with ion-exchange, hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions contributing to retention of polar organic molecules on these phases. The relative impact of these interactions was evaluated via the effect of concentration and pH of the eluent (methanesulfonic acid) on the retention of fifteen structurally similar biogenic amines and amino acids. Strong hydrogen bonding interactions were observed between the solute amino acid carboxylic groups and cation-exchange groups from the ion-exchangers. This is the first time retention data correlated with logP data has revealed clustering of the solutes in two groups, according to the presence or absence of a carboxylic acid functional group. In addition, stronger retention behaviour was found for the IonPac CS12A cation-exchanger, containing both carboxylic and phosphonic functional groups. Further assessment of the orthogonality plots of retention factors for the three stationary phases revealed that the columns exhibited different complimentary selectivity that can be utilised to achieve specific separations.

• Keywords
• Capillary liquid chromatography, Cation-exchange stationary phase, Ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene based ion-exchange resin, Hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions, Mixed-mode retention, Retention mechanism,
• MeSH
• Amino Acids chemistry   MeSH
• Biogenic Amines analysis   isolation & purification   MeSH
• Chromatography, Ion Exchange methods   MeSH
• Cations chemistry   MeSH
• Hydrogen-Ion Concentration MeSH
• Carboxylic Acids chemistry   MeSH
• Hydrogen Bonding MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Amino Acids MeSH
• Biogenic Amines MeSH
• Cations MeSH
• Carboxylic Acids MeSH

BACKGROUND: The present study determined the heavy metal contamination (mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic and nickel) of nori, restaurant-served sushi and ready-to-eat sushi meals available via retail chains. Moreover, both microbiological load and biogenic amine content in ready-to-eat sushi meals were analysed. RESULTS: All of the nori samples contained high levels of Cd (2.122 mg kg-1 ), Ni (0.715 mg kg-1 ), As (34.56 mg kg-1 ) and Pb (0.659 mg kg-1 ). The studied sushi samples contained high levels of Ni and Pb, reaching 0.194 and 0.142 mg kg-1 wet weight, respectively, being potentially hazardous to women during pregnancy and lactation and small children. None of the studied samples contained high levels of Hg. Overall, 37% of ready-to-eat sushi meals exceeded a microbiological load of 106 cfu g-1 . However, biogenic amine content in all of the samples was low, with a highest histamine content of 2.05 mg kg-1 . CONCLUSION: Sushi is not the source of high levels of biogenic amines even with high microbiological loads. Nevertheless, the high microbiological loads at the end of the shelf-life indicate that some processors might have problems with the distribution chain or implement a poor hygienic regime. Moreover as a result of possible risk associated with heavy metal contamination, the present study highlights the need to establish new regulations regarding the contamination of nori and sushi. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

• Keywords
• biogenic amines, heavy metals, nori, sushi, total viable count,
• MeSH
• Biogenic Amines analysis   MeSH
• Food Contamination analysis   economics   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Food Microbiology economics   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Food economics   MeSH
• Metals, Heavy analysis   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Poland MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Biogenic Amines MeSH
• Metals, Heavy MeSH

The aim of this study was to compare the biogenic amine production of two starter strains of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris (strains from the Culture Collection of Dairy Microorganisms - CCDM 824 and CCDM 946) with decarboxylase positive activity in a model system of Dutch-type cheese during a 90-day ripening period at 10°C. During ripening, biogenic amine and free amino acid content, microbiological characteristics and proximate chemical properties were observed. By the end of the ripening period, the putrescine content in both samples with the addition of the biogenic amine producing strain almost evened out and the concentration of putrescine was >800mg/kg. The amount of tyramine in the cheeses with the addition of the strain of CCDM 824 approached the limit of 400mg/kg by the end of ripening. In the cheeses with the addition of the strain of CCDM 946 it even exceeded 500mg/kg. In the control samples, the amount of biogenic amines was insignificant.

• Keywords
• Biogenic amines, Dutch-type cheese, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, Putrescine, Putrescine (PubChem CID: 1045), Ripening, Tyramine, Tyramine (PubChem CID: 5610),
• MeSH
• Biogenic Amines analysis   chemistry   MeSH
• Lactococcus lactis chemistry   MeSH
• Cheese microbiology   MeSH
• Tyramine analysis   chemistry   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Biogenic Amines MeSH
• Tyramine MeSH

Biogenic amine and fatty acid contents were determined in vacuum-packed fillets of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Samples were pressure treated at 300 and 500 MPa and were stored at 3.5 and 12°C for up to 28 days (control, 0 MPa) and 70 days (pressure-treated). The content of eight biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, spermine, histamine, tyramine, tryptamine, and phenylethylamine) were determined. Putrescine and cadaverine were influenced by all factors (temperature, pressurization level, and time of storage). Tyramine content was the most sensitive indicator of the improper status of sample; levels exceeding 10 mg/kg indicated both the loss of meat freshness and temperature abuse, in spite of persisting good sensory indices. Neither storage temperature nor pressurization level had a statistically important effect on the contents of fatty acids. Only polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased slightly if the storage time exceeded 42 days.

• MeSH
• Food Analysis * MeSH
• Biogenic Amines analysis   MeSH
• Carps MeSH
• Food Handling methods   MeSH
• Fatty Acids analysis   MeSH
• Food Packaging MeSH
• Seafood analysis   MeSH
• Vacuum MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Biogenic Amines MeSH
• Fatty Acids MeSH

The aim of the study was the monitoring of six biogenic amines (histamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, tryptamine, putrescine, and cadaverine) and two polyamines (spermidine and spermine) in 112 samples of dairy products purchased in the Czech Republic, namely in 55 cheeses made in small-scale farms and in 57 fermented dairy products. The products were tested at the end of their shelf-life period. Neither tryptamine nor phenylethylamine was detected in the monitored samples; histamine was found only in four cheese samples containing up to 25mg/kg. The contents of spermine and spermidine were low and did not exceed the values of 35 mg/kg. Significant amounts of tyramine, putrescine, and cadaverine occurred especially in cheeses produced from ewe's milk or in long-term ripened cheeses. In about 10% of the tested cheeses, the total concentration of all the monitored biogenic amines and polyamines exceeded the level of 200mg/kg, which can be considered toxicologically significant. In fermented dairy products, the tested biogenic amines occurred in relatively low amounts (generally up to 30 mg/kg) that are regarded safe for the consumer's health.

• MeSH
• Biogenic Amines analysis   MeSH
• Dairy Products analysis   standards   MeSH
• Milk chemistry   microbiology   MeSH
• Sheep MeSH
• Cattle MeSH
• Consumer Product Safety standards   MeSH
• Cheese analysis   standards   MeSH
• Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points * MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Cattle MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Biogenic Amines MeSH

The effects of vacuum packaging followed by high pressure processing on the shelf-life of fillets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined. Samples were pressure-treated at 300 and 500 MPa and were stored at 3.5 and 12 °C for up to 28 days (control--0 MPa) and 42 or 70 days (pressure-treated; 12 and 3.5 °C resp.). The content of eight biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, spermine, histamine, tyramine, tryptamine and phenylethylamine) were determined. Putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine showed very good correspondence with the level of applied pressure and organoleptic properties. Samples of very good quality contained less than 10 mg/kg of each of these amines. Polyamines spermidine and spermine did not show statistically significant changes with the level of applied pressure and the time of storage. Tryptamine, phenylethylamine and histamine (with the single exception of a sample stored for 70 days) were not detected in pressure-treated samples kept at 3.5 °C.

• MeSH
• Biogenic Amines analysis   MeSH
• Food Preservation instrumentation   methods   MeSH
• Meat analysis   MeSH
• Food Packaging MeSH
• Seafood analysis   MeSH
• Trout MeSH
• Food Storage MeSH
• Vacuum MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Evaluation Study MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Biogenic Amines MeSH

The aim of the study was to explore production of seven biogenic amines (phenylethylamine, histamine, cadaverine, tyramine, putrescine, spermine and/or spermidine) by selected staphylococci and enterococci. Thirty three enterococcal strains isolated from rabbit meat (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domesticus) and 21 staphylococcal strains isolated from intestinal content of trout (Salmo trutta morpha fario) were tested. Production of biogenic amines was evaluated after cultivation of the tested microorganisms in the de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe Broth (enterococci) or in the Brain Heart Infusion Broth (staphylococci). Both the above cultivation media were enriched with selected amino acids (histidine, tyrosine, arginine, ornithine and lysine; 2g/L each) serving as precursors of biogenic amines. After cultivation, levels of the monitored biogenic amines in broths were analysed by a high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a UV/VIS DAD detector. Among 21 staphylococci, 18 strains produced tyramine or cadaverine, 13 strains formed putrescine or phenylethylamine and only one strain generated histamine. Two staphylococcal strains produced cadaverine levels above 1000 mg/L. Among 33 enterococcal strains, 27 formed cadaverine, 18 strains produced tyramine, 10 strains generated phenylethylamine, and 2 strains gave putrescine. Most of the tyramine producing enterococci generated more than 1000 mg/L of this biogenic amine. Production of spermine or spermidine by the studied strains was not proved.

• MeSH
• Biogenic Amines analysis   biosynthesis   MeSH
• Decarboxylation MeSH
• Enterococcus classification   growth & development   isolation & purification   metabolism   MeSH
• Rabbits * MeSH
• Meat microbiology   MeSH
• Trout * MeSH
• Staphylococcus classification   growth & development   isolation & purification   metabolism   MeSH
• Intestines microbiology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rabbits * MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Biogenic Amines MeSH