Climate change presents numerous challenges for agriculture, including frequent events of plant abiotic stresses such as elevated temperatures that lead to heat stress (HS). As the primary driving factor of climate change, HS threatens global food security and biodiversity. In recent years, HS events have negatively impacted plant physiology, reducing plant's ability to maintain disease resistance and resulting in lower crop yields. Plants must adapt their priorities toward defense mechanisms to tolerate stress in challenging environments. Furthermore, selective breeding and long-term domestication for higher yields have made crop varieties vulnerable to multiple stressors, making them more susceptible to frequent HS events. Studies on climate change predict that concurrent HS and biotic stresses will become more frequent and severe in the future, potentially occurring simultaneously or sequentially. While most studies have focused on singular stress effects on plant systems to examine how plants respond to specific stresses, the simultaneous occurrence of HS and biotic stresses pose a growing threat to agricultural productivity. Few studies have explored the interactions between HS and plant-biotic interactions. Here, we aim to shed light on the physiological and molecular effects of HS and biotic factor interactions (bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, nematodes, insect pests, pollinators, weedy species, and parasitic plants), as well as their combined impact on crop growth and yields. We also examine recent advances in designing and developing various strategies to address multi-stress scenarios related to HS and biotic factors.

• Klíčová slova
• biotic stress, climate change, climate-resilient crops, heat stress, microbiome, plant immunity, plant stress, plant–biotic interactions,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

In response to severe environmental stresses eukaryotic cells shut down translation and accumulate components of the translational machinery in stress granules (SGs). Since they contain mainly mRNA, translation initiation factors and 40S ribosomal subunits, they have been referred to as dominant accumulations of stalled translation preinitiation complexes. Here we present evidence that the robust heat shock-induced SGs of S. cerevisiae also contain translation elongation factors eEF3 (Yef3p) and eEF1Bγ2 (Tef4p) as well as translation termination factors eRF1 (Sup45p) and eRF3 (Sup35p). Despite the presence of the yeast prion protein Sup35 in heat shock-induced SGs, we found out that its prion-like domain is not involved in the SGs assembly. Factors eEF3, eEF1Bγ2 and eRF1 were accumulated and co-localized with Dcp2 foci even upon a milder heat shock at 42°C independently of P-bodies scaffolding proteins. We also show that eEF3 accumulations at 42°C determine sites of the genuine SGs assembly at 46°C. We suggest that identification of translation elongation and termination factors in SGs might help to understand the mechanism of the eIF2α factor phosphorylation-independent repression of translation and SGs assembly.

• MeSH
• cytoplazmatická granula metabolismus   MeSH
• elongační faktory chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• fyziologický stres MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• peptidy - faktory ukončení chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• reakce na tepelný šok * MeSH
• ribonukleoproteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae - proteiny chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolismus   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• elongační faktory MeSH
• peptidy - faktory ukončení MeSH
• ribonukleoproteiny MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae - proteiny MeSH

We determined the susceptibility to oxidative stress and assessed the four virulence factors of the 38 Candida glabrata clinical isolates originating from two teaching hospitals in Slovakia. All the isolates were susceptible to hydrogen peroxide, diamide, and 7-chlorotetrazolo[5,1-c]benzo[1,2,4]triazine (CTBT) inducing an increased formation of reactive oxygen species in fungal cells. The mean relative cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of isolates was 21.9, ranging from 1.92 to 56.96. All isolates showed biofilm formation. A high biofilm formation was observed among 60.5% of isolates. Positive correlations were observed between biofilm formation and moderate values of CSHs. The 76.3% and 84.2% of isolates displayed varying degrees of proteinase and phospholipase activity, respectively. These results demonstrate a differential distribution of factors contributing to virulence of C. glabrata clinical isolates and point to their significance in pathogenesis that would be targeted by novel antifungals.

• MeSH
• biofilmy růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Candida glabrata účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   fyziologie   MeSH
• diamid toxicita   MeSH
• faktory virulence metabolismus   MeSH
• fosfolipasy metabolismus   MeSH
• fyziologický stres * MeSH
• hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce MeSH
• kandidóza mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemocnice fakultní MeSH
• oxidační stres * MeSH
• oxidancia toxicita   MeSH
• peroxid vodíku toxicita   MeSH
• proteasy metabolismus   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• triaziny toxicita   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 7-chlorotetrazolo(5,1-c)benzo(1,2,4)triazine MeSH Prohlížeč
• diamid MeSH
• faktory virulence MeSH
• fosfolipasy MeSH
• oxidancia MeSH
• peroxid vodíku MeSH
• proteasy MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH
• triaziny MeSH

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of heart function and then an intriguing therapeutic target for plenty of diseases. The problem raised is that many data in this area are contradictory, thus limiting the use of miRNA-based therapy. The goal of this review is to describe the hub-mechanisms regulating the biogenesis and function of miRNAs, which could help in clarifying some contradictions in the miRNA world. With this scope, we analyse an array of factors, including several known agents of stress response, mediators of epigenetic changes, regulators of alternative splicing, RNA editing, protein synthesis and folding and proteolytic systems. All these factors are important in cardiovascular function and most of them regulate miRNA biogenesis, but their influence on miRNAs was shown for non-cardiac cells or some specific cardiac pathologies. Finally, we consider that studying the stress response factors, which are upstream regulators of miRNA biogenesis, in the diseased heart could help in (1) explaining some contradictions concerning miRNAs in heart pathology, (2) making the role of miRNAs in pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease more clear, and therefore, (3) getting powerful targets for its molecular therapy.

• Klíčová slova
• cardiac pathophysiology, hub-mechanisms, miRNAs biogenesis, stress response,
• MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• epigeneze genetická MeSH
• fyziologický stres genetika   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikro RNA biosyntéza   genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mikro RNA MeSH

Wheat (Triticum aestivum; T. durum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) agricultural production is severely limited by various abiotic and biotic stress factors. Proteins are directly involved in plant stress response so it is important to study proteome changes under various stress conditions. Generally, both abiotic and biotic stress factors induce profound alterations in protein network covering signaling, energy metabolism (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ATP biosynthesis, photosynthesis), storage proteins, protein metabolism, several other biosynthetic pathways (e.g., S-adenosylmethionine metabolism, lignin metabolism), transport proteins, proteins involved in protein folding and chaperone activities, other protective proteins (LEA, PR proteins), ROS scavenging enzymes as well as proteins affecting regulation of plant growth and development. Proteins which have been reported to reveal significant differences in their relative abundance or posttranslational modifications between wheat, barley or related species genotypes under stress conditions are listed and their potential role in underlying the differential stress response is discussed. In conclusion, potential future roles of the results of proteomic studies in practical applications such as breeding for an enhanced stress tolerance and the possibilities to test and use protein markers in the breeding are suggested.

• Klíčová slova
• abiotic stress factors, barley, biotic stress factors, protein markers, proteome, wheat,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Rhodococci are bacteria which can survive under various extreme conditions, in the presence of toxic compounds, and in other hostile habitats. Their tolerance of unfavorable conditions is associated with the structure of their cell wall and their large array of enzymes, which degrade or detoxify harmful compounds. Their physiological and biotechnological properties, together with tools for their genetic manipulation, enable us to apply them in biotransformations, biodegradation and bioremediation. Many such biotechnological applications cause stresses that positively or negatively affect their efficiency. Whereas numerous reviews on rhodococci described their enzyme activities, the optimization of degradation or production processes, and corresponding technological solutions, only a few reviews discussed some specific effects of stresses on the physiology of rhodococci and biotechnological processes. This review aims to comprehensively describe individual stress responses in Rhodococcus strains, the interconnection of different types of stresses and their consequences for cell physiology. We examine here the responses to (1) environmental stresses (desiccation, heat, cold, osmotic and pH stress), (2) the presence of stress-inducing compounds (metals, organic compounds and antibiotics) in the environment (3) starvation and (4) stresses encountered during biotechnological applications. Adaptations of the cell envelope, the formation of multicellular structures and stresses induced by the interactions of hosts with pathogenic rhodococci are also included. The roles of sigma factors of RNA polymerase in the global regulation of stress responses in rhodococci are described as well. Although the review covers a large number of stressful conditions, our intention was to provide an overview of the selected stress responses and their possible connection to biotechnological processes, not an exhaustive survey of the scientific literature. The findings on stress responses summarized in this review and the demonstration of gaps in current knowledge may motivate researchers working to fill these gaps.

• Klíčová slova
• Biodegradation, Biofilm, Cell aggregation, Environment, Rhodococcus, Sigma factors, Starvation, Stress, Toxic compounds,
• MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• biotechnologie MeSH
• biotransformace MeSH
• fyziologický stres MeSH
• Rhodococcus * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) variant AChER expression increases with acute stress, and this persists for an extended period, although the timing, strain and laterality differences, have not been explored previously. Acute stress transiently increases acetylcholine release, which in turn may increase activity of cholinesterases. Also the AChE gene contains a glucocorticoid response element (GRE), and stress-inducible AChE transcription and activity changes are linked to increased glucocorticoid levels. Corticotropin-releasing hormone knockout (CRH-KO) mice have basal glucocorticoid levels similar to wild type (WT) mice, but much lower levels during stress. Hence we hypothesized that CRH is important for the cholinesterase stress responses, including butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). We used immobilization stress, acute (30 or 120 min) and repeated (120 min daily × 7) in 48 male mice (24 WT and 24 CRH-KO) and determined AChER, AChE and BChE mRNA expression and AChE and BChE activities in left and right brain areas (as cholinergic signaling shows laterality). Immobilization decreased BChE mRNA expression (right amygdala, to 0.5, 0.3 and 0.4, × control respectively) and AChER mRNA expression (to 0.5, 0.4 and 0.4, × control respectively). AChE mRNA expression increased (1.3, 1.4 and 1.8-fold, respectively) in the left striatum (Str). The AChE activity increased in left Str (after 30 min, 1.2-fold), decreased in right parietal cortex with repeated stress (to 0.5 × control). BChE activity decreased after 30 min in the right CA3 region (to 0.4 × control) but increased (3.8-fold) after 120 min in the left CA3 region. The pattern of changes in CRH-KO differed from that in WT mice.

• Klíčová slova
• Acetylcholinesterase, amygdala, butyrylcholinesterase, laterality, stress, striatum,
• MeSH
• acetylcholinesterasa metabolismus   MeSH
• butyrylcholinesterasa metabolismus   MeSH
• funkční lateralita fyziologie   MeSH
• fyzické omezení MeSH
• fyziologický stres fyziologie   MeSH
• hormon uvolňující kortikotropin genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• mozek metabolismus   MeSH
• myši knockoutované MeSH
• myši MeSH
• psychický stres metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acetylcholinesterasa MeSH
• butyrylcholinesterasa MeSH
• hormon uvolňující kortikotropin MeSH

Biotic stresses threaten to destabilize global food security and cause major losses to crop yield worldwide. In response to pest and pathogen attacks, plants trigger many adaptive cellular, morphological, physiological, and metabolic changes. One of the crucial stress-induced adaptive responses is the synthesis and accumulation of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs). PSMs mitigate the adverse effects of stress by maintaining the normal physiological and metabolic functioning of the plants, thereby providing stress tolerance. This differential production of PSMs is tightly orchestrated by master regulatory elements, Transcription factors (TFs) express differentially or undergo transcriptional and translational modifications during stress conditions and influence the production of PSMs. Amongst others, microRNAs, a class of small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, also play a vital role in controlling the expression of many such TFs. The present review summarizes the role of stress-inducible TFs in synthesizing and accumulating secondary metabolites and also highlights how miRNAs fine-tune the differential expression of various stress-responsive transcription factors during biotic stress.

• Klíčová slova
• miRNAs, pathogen infection, pest attack, plant specialized/secondary metabolites, transcription factors,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

As sessile organisms, plants are unable to escape from the many abiotic and biotic factors that cause a departure from optimal conditions of growth and development. Low temperature represents one of the most harmful abiotic stresses affecting temperate plants. These species have adapted to seasonal variations in temperature by adjusting their metabolism during autumn, increasing their content of a range of cryo-protective compounds to maximise their cold tolerance. Some of these molecules are synthesised de novo. The down-regulation of some gene products represents an additional important regulatory mechanism. Ways in which plants cope with cold stress are described, and the current state of the art with respect to both the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and crop plants in the area of gene expression and metabolic pathways during low-temperature stress are discussed.

• MeSH
• aklimatizace fyziologie   MeSH
• Arabidopsis genetika   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• fyziologický stres fyziologie   MeSH
• nízká teplota * MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• transkripční faktory genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zemědělské plodiny metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH
• transkripční faktory MeSH

Transcription factors (TFs) fine-tune the host defense transcriptome in response to pathogen invasions. No information is available on Zingiber zerumbet (Zz) TFs involved in defense response against Pythium myriotylum. Here, we provide a global identification, characterization, and temporal expression profiling of Zz TFs following an incompatible interaction with P. myriotylum using a transcriptome sequencing approach. We identified a total of 903 TFs belonging to 96 families based on their conserved domains. Evolutionary analysis clustered the Zz TFs according to their phylogenetic affinity, providing glimpses of their functional diversities. High throughput expression array analysis highlighted a complex interplay between activating and repressing transcription factors in fine-tuning Zz defense response against P. myriotylum. The high differential modulation of TFs involved in cell wall fortification, lignin biosynthesis, and SA/JA hormone crosstalk allows us to envisage that this mechanism plays a central role in restricting P. myriotylum proliferation in Zz. This study lays a solid foundation and provides valuable resources for the investigation of the evolutionary history and biological functions of Zz TF genes involved in defense response.

• Klíčová slova
• Biotic stress, Defense response, Ginger, Plant-pathogen interaction, Transcriptional reprogramming,
• MeSH
• fyziologický stres MeSH
• imunita rostlin * MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• Pythium patogenita   MeSH
• responzivní elementy MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transkripční faktory genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transkriptom * MeSH
• zázvorníkovité genetika   imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH
• transkripční faktory MeSH