Single-atom (SA) cocatalysts (SACs) have garnered significant attention in photocatalysis due to their unique electronic properties and high atom utilization efficiency. This review provides an overview of the concept and principles of SA cocatalyst in photocatalysis, emphasizing the intrinsic differences to SAs used in classic chemical catalysis. Key factors that influence the efficiency of SAs in photocatalytic reactions, particularly in photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) production, are highlighted. This review further covers synthesis methods, stabilization strategies, and characterization techniques for common SAs used in photocatalysis. Notably, "reactive deposition" method, which often shows a self-homing effect and thus achieves a maximum utilization efficiency of SA cocatalysts, is emphasized. Furthermore, the applications of SA cocatalysts in various photocatalytic processes, including H2 evolution, carbon dioxide reduction, nitrogen fixation, and organic synthesis, are comprehensively reviewed, along with insights into common artifacts in these applications. This review concludes by addressing the challenges faced by SACs in photocatalysis and offering perspectives on future developments, with the aim of informing and advancing research on SAs for photocatalytic energy conversion.

Department of Materials Science WW4 LKO University of Erlangen Nuremberg Martensstraße 7 91058 Erlangen Germany

Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Šlechtitelů 27 Olomouc 78371 Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Yang X.‐F., Wang A., Qiao B., Li J., Liu J., Zhang T., Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46, 1740. PubMed

Wang A., Li J., Zhang T., Nat. Rev. Chem. 2018, 2, 65.

Liu L., Corma A., Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 4981. PubMed PMC

Gawande M. B., Fornasiero P., Zbořil R., ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 2231.

Lang R., Du X., Huang Y., Jiang X., Zhang Q., Guo Y., Liu K., Qiao B., Wang A., Zhang T., Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 11986. PubMed

Wei Y.‐S., Zhang M., Zou R., Xu Q., Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 12089. PubMed

Zhang T., Chen Z., Walsh A. G., Li Y., Zhang P., Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2002910. PubMed

Fu Q., Saltsburg H., Flytzani‐Stephanopoulos M., Science 2003, 301, 935. PubMed

Qiao B., Wang A., Yang X., Allard L. F., Jiang Z., Cui Y., Liu J., Li J., Zhang T., Nat. Chem. 2011, 3, 634. PubMed

Guo W., Wang Z., Wang X., Wu Y., Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2004287. PubMed

Zhang H., Liu G., Shi L., Ye J., Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1701343.

Li J., Stephanopoulos M. F., Xia Y., Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 11699. PubMed

Kaiser S. K., Chen Z., Faust Akl D., Mitchell S., Pérez‐Ramírez J., Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 11703. PubMed

Wu S.‐M., Wu L., Denisov N., Badura Z., Zoppellaro G., Yang X.‐Y., Schmuki P., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 16363. PubMed

Kerketta U., Kim H., Denisov N., Schmuki P., Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2302998.

Hu S., Qiao P., Yi X., Lei Y., Hu H., Ye J., Wang D., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, 202304585. PubMed

Shi X., Huang Y., Bo Y., Duan D., Wang Z., Cao J., Zhu G., Ho W., Wang L., Huang T., Xiong Y., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, 202203063. PubMed

Xing J., Chen J. F., Li Y. H., Yuan W. T., Zhou Y., Zheng L. R., Wang H. F., Hu P., Wang Y., Zhao H. J., Wang Y., Yang H. G., Chem. ‐ Eur. J. 2014, 20, 2138. PubMed

Zhang Q., Guan J., Sol. RRL 2020, 4, 2000283.

Shang Z., Feng X., Chen G., Qin R., Han Y., Small 2023, 19, 2304975. PubMed

Zeng H., Chen Y., Xu J., Li J., Li D., Zhang J., J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2023, 11, 110681.

Li H., Li R., Liu G., Zhai M., Yu J., Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2301307. PubMed

Zhou P., Luo M., Guo S., Nat. Rev. Chem. 2022, 6, 823. PubMed

Hu P., Huang Z., Amghouz Z., Makkee M., Xu F., Kapteijn F., Dikhtiarenko A., Chen Y., Gu X., Tang X., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 3418. PubMed

Tauster S. J., Acc. Chem. Res. 1987, 20, 389.

Yang J., Wang D., Han H., Li C., Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46, 1900. PubMed

Ran J., Zhang J., Yu J., Jaroniec M., Qiao S. Z., Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 7787. PubMed

Schneider J., Matsuoka M., Takeuchi M., Zhang J., Horiuchi Y., Anpo M., Bahnemann D. W., Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 9919. PubMed

Ma Y., Wang X., Jia Y., Chen X., Han H., Li C., Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 9987. PubMed

Sang L., Zhao Y., Burda C., Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 9283. PubMed

Cargnello M., Gordon T. R., Murray C. B., Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 9319. PubMed

Wang X., Li Z., Shi J., Yu Y., Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 9346. PubMed

Lee K., Mazare A., Schmuki P., Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 9385. PubMed

Wang L., Sasaki T., Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 9455. PubMed

Fattakhova‐Rohlfing D., Zaleska A., Bein T., Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 9487. PubMed

Bai Y., Mora‐Seró I., De Angelis F., Bisquert J., Wang P., Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 10095. PubMed

Hoffmann M. R., Martin S. T., Choi W., Bahnemann D. W., Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 69.

Eisenreich F., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, 202301303. PubMed

Ran J., Talebian‐Kiakalaieh A., Zhang S., Hashem E. M., Guo M., Qiao S.‐Z., Chem. Sci. 2024, 15, 1611. PubMed PMC

Fujihira M., Satoh Y., Osa T., Nature 1981, 293, 206.

Wang Z., Li C., Domen K., Chem. Soc. Rev. 2019, 48, 2109. PubMed

Wang Y., Wang X., Antonietti M., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 68. PubMed

Wang X., Maeda K., Thomas A., Takanabe K., Xin G., Carlsson J. M., Domen K., Antonietti M., Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 76. PubMed

Cao S., Low J., Yu J., Jaroniec M., Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 2150. PubMed

Lin J., Tian W., Zhang H., Sun H., Wang S., Acc. Chem. Res. 2024, 57, 2303. PubMed

Rocha G. F. S. R., da Silva M. A. R., Rogolino A., Diab G. A. A., Noleto L. F. G., Antonietti M., Teixeira I. F., Chem. Soc. Rev. 2023, 52, 4878. PubMed

Trasatti S., J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 1972, 39, 163.

Chen X., Mao S. S., Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 2891. PubMed

Yamada Y., Kanemitsu Y., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 101, 133907.

Sharma B., Metal‐Semiconductor Schottky Barrier Junctions and Their Applications, Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin: 2013.

Kraeutler B., Bard A. J., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 4317.

Wenderich K., Mul G., Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 14587. PubMed

Zhou X., Liu N., Schmuki P., ACS Catal. 2017, 7, 3210.

Gao C., Low J., Long R., Kong T., Zhu J., Xiong Y., Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 12175. PubMed

Macyk W., Kisch H., Chem. ‐ Eur. J. 2001, 7, 1862. PubMed

Choi J., Park H., Hoffmann M. R., J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 783.

Kumaravel V., Mathew S., Bartlett J., Pillai S. C., Appl. Catal., B 2019, 244, 1021.

Kim S., Hwang S.‐J., Choi W., J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 24260. PubMed

Sood S., Umar A., Mehta S. K., Kansal S. K., J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2015, 450, 213. PubMed

Li J., Yi D., Zhan F., Zhou B., Gao D., Guo D., Liu S., Wang X., Yao J., Appl. Catal., B 2020, 271, 118925.

Gao G., Jiao Y., Waclawik E. R., Du A., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 6292. PubMed

Li Y., Wang Z., Xia T., Ju H., Zhang K., Long R., Xu Q., Wang C., Song L., Zhu J., Jiang J., Xiong Y., Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 6959. PubMed

Tong T., Zhu B., Jiang C., Cheng B., Yu J., Appl. Surf. Sci. 2018, 433, 1175.

Jin C., Dai Y., Wei W., Ma X., Li M., Huang B., Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 426, 639.

Lee B.‐H., Park S., Kim M., Sinha A. K., Lee S. C., Jung E., Chang W. J., Lee K.‐S., Kim J. H., Cho S.‐P., Kim H., Nam K. T., Hyeon T., Nat. Mater. 2019, 18, 620. PubMed

Batalović K., Radaković J., Bundaleski N., Rakočević Z., Pašti I., Skorodumova N. V., Rangel C. M., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2020, 22, 18536. PubMed

Karvinen S., Hirva P., Pakkanen T. A., J. Mol. Struct.: THEOCHEM 2003, 626, 271.

O'Regan B., Grätzel M., Nature 1991, 353, 737.

Rajeshwar K., Fundamentals of Semiconductor Electrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry, (Ed.: Bard A. J.), 10.1002/9783527610426.bard060001. DOI

Kasap S. O., Electronic Materials and Devices, McGraw‐Hill, New York: 2006.

Kraya R. A., Kraya L. Y., J. Appl. Phys. 2012, 111, 064302.

Qin S., Will J., Kim H., Denisov N., Carl S., Spiecker E., Schmuki P., ACS Energy Lett. 2023, 8, 1209.

Wang Q., Huang X., Zhao Z. L., Wang M., Xiang B., Li J., Feng Z., Xu H., Gu M., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 7425. PubMed

Zuo Q., Liu T., Chen C., Ji Y., Gong X., Mai Y., Zhou Y., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 10198. PubMed

Hai X., Xi S., Mitchell S., Harrath K., Xu H., Akl D. F., Kong D., Li J., Li Z., Sun T., Yang H., Cui Y., Su C., Zhao X., Li J., Pérez‐Ramírez J., Lu J., Nat. Nanotechnol. 2022, 17, 174. PubMed

Qin S., Denisov N., Will J., Kolařík J., Spiecker E., Schmuki P., Sol. RRL 2022, 6, 2101026.

Lazaar N., Wu S., Qin S., Hamrouni A., Sarma B. B., Doronkin D. E., Denisov N., Lachheb H., Schmuki P., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 202416453. PubMed PMC

Gärtner W. W., Phys. Rev. 1959, 116, 84.

Butler M. A., J. Appl. Phys. 1977, 48, 1914.

Tauc J., Grigorovici R., Vancu A., Physica Status Solidi 1966, 15, 627.

O'Leary S. K., Johnson S. R., Lim P. K., J. Appl. Phys. 1997, 82, 3334.

Mott N. F., Davis E. A., Electronic Processes in Non‐Crystalline Materials, OUP, Oxford: 2012.

Gerischer H., Surf. Sci. 1969, 18, 97.

Marcus R. A., Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 1964, 15, 155.

Boudart M., Vannice M. A., Benson J. E., Z. Phys. Chem. 1969, 64, 171.

Sinfelt J., Lucchesi P., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 3365.

Esposito D. V., Levin I., Moffat T. P., Talin A. A., Nat. Mater. 2013, 12, 562. PubMed

Joo J. B., Dillon R., Lee I., Yin Y., Bardeen C. J., Zaera F., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, 7942. PubMed PMC

Panayotov D. A., Burrows S. P., J. T. Yates, Jr. , Morris J. R., J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 22400.

Yang K., Zhou G., Appl. Surf. Sci. 2021, 536, 147831.

Tan Z., Chen J., Lin S., ACS Catal. 2024, 14, 2194.

Hu J., Kim E. M., Janik M. J., Alexopoulos K., J. Phys. Chem. C 2022, 126, 7482.

Bowker M., Chem. Soc. Rev. 2007, 36, 1656. PubMed

Hansen J. N., Prats H., Toudahl K. K., Mørch Secher N., Chan K., Kibsgaard J., Chorkendorff I., ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 1175. PubMed PMC

Cao S., Piao L., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 18312. PubMed

Low J., Zhang C., Ma J., Murzin D. Y., Xiong Y., Trends Chem. 2023, 5, 121.

Melchionna M., Fornasiero P., ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 5493. PubMed PMC

Hejazi S., Mohajernia S., Osuagwu B., Zoppellaro G., Andryskova P., Tomanec O., Kment S., Zbořil R., Schmuki P., Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1908505. PubMed

Zhou X., Wang Y., Denisov N., Kim H., Kim J., Will J., Spiecker E., Vaskevich A., Schmuki P., Small 2024, 20, 2404064. PubMed PMC

Wang Y., Denisov N., Qin S., Gonçalves D. S., Kim H., Sarma B. B., Schmuki P., Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2400626. PubMed

Wan Q., Hu S., Dai J., Chen C., Li W.‐X., J. Phys. Chem. C 2019, 123, 11020.

Thang H. V., Pacchioni G., DeRita L., Christopher P., J. Catal. 2018, 367, 104.

DeRita L., Resasco J., Dai S., Boubnov A., Thang H. V., Hoffman A. S., Ro I., Graham G. W., Bare S. R., Pacchioni G., Pan X., Christopher P., Nat. Mater. 2019, 18, 746. PubMed

Zang W., Lee J., Tieu P., Yan X., Graham G. W., Tran I. C., Wang P., Christopher P., Pan X., Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 998. PubMed PMC

Qin S., Denisov N., Osuagwu B., Kolařík J., Sarma B. B., Badura Z., Schmuki P., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 20242308.

Li X., Bi W., Zhang L., Tao S., Chu W., Zhang Q., Luo Y., Wu C., Xie Y., Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 2427. PubMed

Artero V., Chavarot‐Kerlidou M., Fontecave M., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 7238. PubMed

Chang T.‐Y., Tanaka Y., Ishikawa R., Toyoura K., Matsunaga K., Ikuhara Y., Shibata N., Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 134. PubMed

Mo F., Zhou Q., Xue W., Liu W., Xu S., Hou Z., Wang J., Wang Q., Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13, 2301711.

An S., Zhang G., Wang T., Zhang W., Li K., Song C., Miller J. T., Miao S., Wang J., Guo X., ACS Nano 2018, 12, 9441. PubMed

Kment Š., Bakandritsos A., Tantis I., Kmentová H., Zuo Y., Henrotte O., Naldoni A., Otyepka M., Varma R. S., Zbořil R., Chem. Rev. 2024, 124, 11767. PubMed PMC

Xue Z.‐H., Luan D., Zhang H., Lou X. W., Joule 2022, 6, 92.

Chen Y., Ji S., Chen C., Peng Q., Wang D., Li Y., Joule 2018, 2, 1242.

Kerketta U., Tesler A. B., Schmuki P., Catalysts 2022, 12, 1223.

Ostgard D. J., Kustov L., Poeppelmeier K. R., Sachtler W. M. H., J. Catal. 1992, 133, 342.

Fonseca J., Lu J., ACS Catal. 2021, 11, 7018.

Heiz U., Sanchez A., Abbet S., Schneider W. D., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3214.

Wu S.‐M., Yang X.‐Y., Janiak C., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 12340. PubMed

Jiao L., Jiang H.‐L., Chem 2019, 5, 786.

Hasija V., Patial S., Raizada P., Aslam Parwaz Khan A., Asiri A. M., Van Le Q., Nguyen V.‐H., Singh P., Coord. Chem. Rev. 2022, 452, 214298.

Yao Y., Huang Z., Xie P., Wu L., Ma L., Li T., Pang Z., Jiao M., Liang Z., Gao J., He Y., Kline D. J., Zachariah M. R., Wang C., Lu J., Wu T., Li T., Wang C., Shahbazian‐Yassar R., Hu L., Nat. Nanotechnol. 2019, 14, 851. PubMed

Jones J., Xiong H., DeLaRiva A. T., Peterson E. J., Pham H., Challa S. R., Qi G., Oh S., Wiebenga M. H., Pereira Hernández X. I., Wang Y., Datye A. K., Science 2016, 353, 150. PubMed

Lang R., Xi W., Liu J.‐C., Cui Y.‐T., Li T., Lee A. F., Chen F., Chen Y., Li L., Li L., Lin J., Miao S., Liu X., Wang A.‐Q., Wang X., Luo J., Qiao B., Li J., Zhang T., Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 234. PubMed PMC

Han G.‐F., Li F., Rykov A. I., Im Y.‐K., Yu S.‐Y., Jeon J.‐P., Kim S.‐J., Zhou W., Ge R., Ao Z., Shin T. J., Wang J., Jeong H. Y., Baek J.‐B., Nat. Nanotechnol. 2022, 17, 403. PubMed

He X., Deng Y., Zhang Y., He Q., Xiao D., Peng M., Zhao Y., Zhang H., Luo R., Gan T., Ji H., Ma D., Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 2020, 1, 100004.

Vajda S., White M. G., ACS Catal. 2015, 5, 7152.

Miller J. T., Schreier M., Kropf A. J., Regalbuto J. R., J. Catal. 2004, 225, 203.

Wang Y., Qin S., Denisov N., Kim H., Bad'ura Z., Sarma B. B., Schmuki P., Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2211814. PubMed

Gracia F., Miller J., Kropf A., Wolf E., J. Catal. 2002, 209, 341.

Lee S.‐Y., Aris R., Catal. Rev. 1985, 27, 207.

Maatman R., Prater C., Ind. Eng. Chem. 1957, 49, 253.

Eskandari S., Li Y., Tao F. F., Regalbuto J. R., Catal. Today 2019, 334, 187.

Jiang S. P., Mater. Sci. Eng., A 2006, 418, 199.

Dugger D. L., Stanton J. H., Irby B. N., McConnell B. L., Cummings W. W., Maatman R. W., J. Phys. Chem. 1964, 68, 757.

Sun J., Zhang J., Fu H., Wan H., Wan Y., Qu X., Xu Z., Yin D., Zheng S., Appl. Catal., B 2018, 229, 32.

Chen X., Wang X.‐B., Han S., Wang D., Li C., Guan W., Li W.‐Y., Liang C., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 590. PubMed

Schreier M., Regalbuto J. R., J. Catal. 2004, 225, 190.

Samad J. E., Hoenig S., Regalbuto J. R., ChemCatChem 2015, 7, 3460.

Brunelle J. P., in Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, Vol. 3 (Eds: Delmon B., Grange P., Jacobs P., Poncelet G.), Elsevier, New York: 1979, p. 211.

Conţescu C., Vass M. I., Appl. Catal. 1987, 33, 259.

Regalbuto J. R., in Surface and Nanomolecular Catalysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL: 2006, p. 175.

Subramanian S., Schwarz J. A., Hejase Z., J. Catal. 1989, 117, 512.

Noh J. S., Schwarz J. A., J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1989, 130, 157.

Katzer J., Schuit G., Van Hooff J., J. Catal. 1979, 59, 278.

Archibald E. H., J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 1920, 117, 1104.

Spieker W. A., Liu J., Miller J. T., Kropf A. J., Regalbuto J. R., Appl. Catal., A 2002, 232, 219.

Wu S.‐M., Hwang I., Osuagwu B., Will J., Wu Z., Sarma B. B., Pu F.‐F., Wang L.‐Y., Badura Z., Zoppellaro G., Spiecker E., Schmuki P., ACS Catal. 2023, 13, 33.

Naldoni A., Altomare M., Zoppellaro G., Liu N., Kment Š., Zbořil R., Schmuki P., ACS Catal. 2019, 9, 345. PubMed PMC

Wu Z., Hwang I., Cha G., Qin S., Tomanec O., Badura Z., Kment S., Zboril R., Schmuki P., Small 2022, 18, 2104892. PubMed

Raza W., Tesler A. B., Mazare A., Tomanec O., Kment S., Schmuki P., ChemCatChem 2023, 15, 202300327.

Qin S., Denisov N., Sarma B. B., Hwang I., Doronkin D. E., Tomanec O., Kment S., Schmuki P., Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 9, 2200808.

Denisov N., Qin S., Will J., Vasiljevic B. N., Skorodumova N. V., Pašti I. A., Sarma B. B., Osuagwu B., Yokosawa T., Voss J., Wirth J., Spiecker E., Schmuki P., Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2206569. PubMed

Watanabe T., Nano Plating – Microstructure Formation Theory of Plated Films and a Database of Plated Films, Elsevier Science, New York: 2004.

Venkatesh A., Lund A., Rochlitz L., Jabbour R., Gordon C. P., Menzildjian G., Viger‐Gravel J., Berruyer P., Gajan D., Copéret C., Lesage A., Rossini A. J., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 18936. PubMed

Frank F. C., van der Merwe J. H., Mott N. F., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 1997, 198, 216.

Volmer M., Z. Phys. Chem. 1926, 119, 277.

Hansen T. W., DeLaRiva A. T., Challa S. R., Datye A. K., Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46, 1720. PubMed

Liu N., Schneider C., Freitag D., Hartmann M., Venkatesan U., Müller J., Spiecker E., Schmuki P., Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 3309. PubMed

Yu J., Qi L., Jaroniec M., J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 13118.

Yang H. G., Sun C. H., Qiao S. Z., Zou J., Liu G., Smith S. C., Cheng H. M., Lu G. Q., Nature 2008, 453, 638. PubMed

Wu S.‐M., Schmuki P., Energy Technol. 2023, 11, 2300052.

Wang Y., Hwang I., Wu Z., Schmuki P., Electrochem. Commun. 2021, 133, 107166.

Jian M., Liu J.‐X., Li W.‐X., Chem. Sci. 2021, 12, 10290. PubMed PMC

Viciano‐Chumillas M., Mon M., Ferrando‐Soria J., Corma A., Leyva‐Pérez A., Armentano D., Pardo E., Acc. Chem. Res. 2020, 53, 520. PubMed

Liu J., Goetjen T. A., Wang Q., Knapp J. G., Wasson M. C., Yang Y., Syed Z. H., Delferro M., Notestein J. M., Farha O. K., Hupp J. T., Chem. Soc. Rev. 2022, 51, 1045. PubMed

Nasalevich M. A., Goesten M. G., Savenije T. J., Kapteijn F., Gascon J., Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 10575. PubMed

Capano G., Ambrosio F., Kampouri S., Stylianou K. C., Pasquarello A., Smit B., J. Phys. Chem. C 2020, 124, 4065.

Chambers M. B., Wang X., Ellezam L., Ersen O., Fontecave M., Sanchez C., Rozes L., Mellot‐Draznieks C., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 8222. PubMed

Cao F., Oskam G., Meyer G. J., Searson P. C., J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 17021.

Qin S., Guo J., Chen X., Cao R., Denisov N., Song Y.‐Y., Schmuki P., J. Mater. Chem. A 2023, 11, 17759.

Kim J. H., Wu S., Zdrazil L., Denisov N., Schmuki P., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, 202319255. PubMed

Shi Y., Zhou Y., Lou Y., Chen Z., Xiong H., Zhu Y., Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2201520. PubMed PMC

Song Z., Zhang L., Doyle‐Davis K., Fu X., Luo J.‐L., Sun X., Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2001561.

Zhao M., Wang Y., Ma Q., Huang Y., Zhang X., Ping J., Zhang Z., Lu Q., Yu Y., Xu H., Zhao Y., Zhang H., Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 7372. PubMed

Fateeva A., Chater P. A., Ireland C. P., Tahir A. A., Khimyak Y. Z., Wiper P. V., Darwent J. R., Rosseinsky M. J., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 7440. PubMed

Macak J. M., Albu S. P., Schmuki P., Phys. Status Solidi RRL 2007, 1, 181.

Maraghechi S., Hoefnagels J. P. M., Peerlings R. H. J., Rokoš O., Geers M. G. D., Exp. Mech. 2019, 59, 489. PubMed PMC

Mishra R., Ishikawa R., Lupini A. R., Pennycook S. J., MRS Bull. 2017, 42, 644.

Suzuta A., Yamazaki K., Gohara K., Uchida T., J. Phys. Chem. C 2022, 126, 12780.

Zhou X., Shen Q., Yuan K., Yang W., Chen Q., Geng Z., Zhang J., Shao X., Chen W., Xu G., Yang X., Wu K., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 554. PubMed

Karhu H., Kalantar A., Väyrynen I. J., Salmi T., Murzin D. Y., Appl. Catal., A 2003, 247, 283.

Binnig G., Rohrer H., Gerber C., Weibel E., Phys. Rev. Lett. 1982, 49, 57.

Therrien A. J., Hensley A. J. R., Marcinkowski M. D., Zhang R., Lucci F. R., Coughlin B., Schilling A. C., McEwen J.‐S., Sykes E. C. H., Nat. Catal. 2018, 1, 192.

Puntscher L., Daninger K., Schmid M., Diebold U., Parkinson G. S., Electrochim. Acta 2023, 449, 142190.

Pelz J. P., Koch R. H., Phys. Rev. B 1990, 41, 1212. PubMed

Han B., Guo Y., Huang Y., Xi W., Xu J., Luo J., Qi H., Ren Y., Liu X., Qiao B., Zhang T., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 11824. PubMed

Liu G., Huang Y., Lv H., Wang H., Zeng Y., Yuan M., Meng Q., Wang C., Appl. Catal., B 2021, 284, 119683.

Zhou P., Zhang Q., Chao Y., Wang L., Li Y., Chen H., Gu L., Guo S., Chem 2021, 7, 1033.

Yin H., Chen Z., Peng Y., Xiong S., Li Y., Yamashita H., Li J., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, 202114242. PubMed

Shen C., Meng X.‐Y., Zou R., Sun K., Wu Q., Pan Y.‐X., Liu C.‐J., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, 202402369. PubMed

Altomare M., Qin S., Saveleva V. A., Badura Z., Tomanec O., Mazare A., Zoppellaro G., Vertova A., Taglietti A., Minguzzi A., Ghigna P., Schmuki P., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 26122. PubMed PMC

Sarma B. B., Kim J., Amsler J., Agostini G., Weidenthaler C., Pfänder N., Arenal R., Concepción P., Plessow P., Studt F., Prieto G., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 5806. PubMed PMC

Albrahim M., Thompson C., Leshchev D., Shrotri A., Unocic R. R., Hong J., Hoffman A. S., Meloni M. J., Runnebaum R. C., Bare S. R., Stavitski E., Karim A. M., J. Phys. Chem. C 2021, 125, 11048.

Zabilska A., Clark A. H., Ferri D., Nachtegaal M., Kröcher O., Safonova O. V., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2022, 24, 21916. PubMed PMC

Jousseaume T., Colin J.‐F., Chandesris M., Lyonnard S., Tardif S., ACS Energy Lett. 2023, 8, 3323. PubMed PMC

Katrib A., J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 1980, 18, 275.

Fanning P. E., Vannice M. A., Carbon 1993, 31, 721.

Gao P., Liang G., Ru T., Liu X., Qi H., Wang A., Chen F.‐E., Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 4698. PubMed PMC

Kwak J. H., Hu J., Mei D., Yi C.‐W., Kim D. H., Peden C. H. F., Allard L. F., Szanyi J., Science 2009, 325, 1670. PubMed

Li S., Li Y.‐l., Bai H.‐m., Zhou D.‐y., Liu Y., Liu R.‐h., Han B.‐h., Liu X., Li F.‐t., Appl. Catal., B 2024, 345, 123703.

Sun G., Liu D., Li M., Tao S., Guan Z., Chen Y., Liu S., Du Q., Guo H., Yuan X., Zhang X., Zhu H., Liu B., Pan Y., Sci. Bull. 2023, 68, 503. PubMed

Li X., Yang X., Zhang J., Huang Y., Liu B., ACS Catal. 2019, 9, 2521.

Liu Y., Su X., Ding J., Zhou J., Liu Z., Wei X., Yang H. B., Liu B., Chem. Soc. Rev. 2024, 53, 11850. PubMed

Sarma B. B., Maurer F., Doronkin D. E., Grunwaldt J.‐D., Chem. Rev. 2023, 123, 379. PubMed PMC

Kiwi J., Grätzel M., J. Phys. Chem. 1984, 88, 1302.

Furlong D. N., Wells D., Sasse W. H., J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 1922.

Hwang I., Mazare A., Will J., Yokosawa T., Spiecker E., Schmuki P., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2207849.

Zhou P., Lv F., Li N., Zhang Y., Mu Z., Tang Y., Lai J., Chao Y., Luo M., Lin F., Zhou J., Su D., Guo S., Nano Energy 2019, 56, 127.

Zhang L., Long R., Zhang Y., Duan D., Xiong Y., Zhang Y., Bi Y., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 6224. PubMed

Cao S., Li H., Tong T., Chen H.‐C., Yu A., Yu J., Chen H. M., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1802169.

Zhou P., Li N., Chao Y., Zhang W., Lv F., Wang K., Yang W., Gao P., Guo S., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 14184. PubMed

Akinaga Y., Kawawaki T., Kameko H., Yamazaki Y., Yamazaki K., Nakayasu Y., Kato K., Tanaka Y., Hanindriyo A. T., Takagi M., Shimazaki T., Tachikawa M., Yamakata A., Negishi Y., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2303321.

Zeng L., Dai C., Liu B., Xue C., J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 24217.

Jiang X.‐H., Zhang L.‐S., Liu H.‐Y., Wu D.‐S., Wu F.‐Y., Tian L., Liu L.‐L., Zou J.‐P., Luo S.‐L., Chen B.‐B., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 23112. PubMed

Yu Z., Li Y., Torres‐Pinto A., LaGrow A. P., Diaconescu V. M., Simonelli L., Sampaio M. J., Bondarchuk O., Amorim I., Araujo A., Silva A. M. T., Silva C. G., Faria J. L., Liu L., Appl. Catal., B 2022, 310, 121318.

Wang G., Zhang T., Yu W., Si R., Liu Y., Zhao Z., ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 5715.

Zhang W., Peng Q., Shi L., Yao Q., Wang X., Yu A., Chen Z., Fu Y., Small 2019, 15, 1905166. PubMed

Cao Y., Chen S., Luo Q., Yan H., Lin Y., Liu W., Cao L., Lu J., Yang J., Yao T., Wei S., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 12191. PubMed

Jin X., Wang R., Zhang L., Si R., Shen M., Wang M., Tian J., Shi J., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 6827. PubMed

Lv S., Pei M., Liu Y., Si Z., Wu X., Ran R., Weng D., Kang F., Nano Res. 2022, 15, 5848. PubMed

Cha G., Hwang I., Hejazi S., Dobrota A. S., Pašti I. A., Osuagwu B., Kim H., Will J., Yokosawa T., Badura Z., Kment Š., Mohajernia S., Mazare A., Skorodumova N. V., Spiecker E., Schmuki P., iScience 2021, 24, 102938. PubMed PMC

Wang H., Qi H., Sun X., Jia S., Li X., Miao T. J., Xiong L., Wang S., Zhang X., Liu X., Wang A., Zhang T., Huang W., Tang J., Nat. Mater. 2023, 22, 619. PubMed

Qureshi M., Takanabe K., Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 158.

Zhang Y., Zhao J., Wang H., Xiao B., Zhang W., Zhao X., Lv T., Thangamuthu M., Zhang J., Guo Y., Ma J., Lin L., Tang J., Huang R., Liu Q., Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 58. PubMed PMC

Chen Y., Ji S., Sun W., Lei Y., Wang Q., Li A., Chen W., Zhou G., Zhang Z., Wang Y., Zheng L., Zhang Q., Gu L., Han X., Wang D., Li Y., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 1295. PubMed

Qiu Z.‐s., Zhou T., Ma Y.‐w., Ma Y.‐x., Lv T.‐p., Zhao J.‐h., Zhang J., Zhang Y.‐m., Liu Q.‐j., ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2023, 6, 23524.

Yuan C., Shen Y., Zhu C., Zhu P., Yang F., Liu J., An C., ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2022, 10, 10311.

Xiao M., Zhang L., Luo B., Lyu M., Wang Z., Huang H., Wang S., Du A., Wang L., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 7230. PubMed

Zhai H., Tan P., Jiang M., Zhang M., Ren R., Sa R., Pan J., ACS Catal. 2023, 13, 8063.

Hao X.‐l., Chu X.‐s., Liu X.‐y., Li W., J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2022, 621, 160. PubMed

Pan J., Zhang G., Guan Z., Zhao Q., Li G., Yang J., Li Q., Zou Z., J. Energy Chem. 2021, 58, 408.

Dong P., Wang Y., Zhang A., Cheng T., Xi X., Zhang J., ACS Catal. 2021, 11, 13266.

Zhou P., Chen H., Chao Y., Zhang Q., Zhang W., Lv F., Gu L., Zhao Q., Wang N., Wang J., Guo S., Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 4412. PubMed PMC

Wu Y., Wu Q., Zhang Q., Lou Z., Liu K., Ma Y., Wang Z., Zheng Z., Cheng H., Liu Y., Dai Y., Huang B., Wang P., Energy Environ. Sci. 2022, 15, 1271.

Inoue T., Fujishima A., Konishi S., Honda K., Nature 1979, 277, 637.

Olivo A., Ghedini E., Signoretto M., Compagnoni M., Rossetti I., Energies 2017, 10, 1394.

Li X., Wang M., Wang R., Wang Y., Zhu M., Zhang L., Shi J., ACS Nano 2024, 18, 5741. PubMed

Cao Y., Guo L., Dan M., Doronkin D. E., Han C., Rao Z., Liu Y., Meng J., Huang Z., Zheng K., Chen P., Dong F., Zhou Y., Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 1675. PubMed PMC

Si S., Shou H., Mao Y., Bao X., Zhai G., Song K., Wang Z., Wang P., Liu Y., Zheng Z., Dai Y., Song L., Huang B., Cheng H., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, 202209446. PubMed

Wang Z., Yang J., Cao J., Chen W., Wang G., Liao F., Zhou X., Zhou F., Li R., Yu Z.‐Q., Zhang G., Duan X., Wu Y., ACS Nano 2020, 14, 6164. PubMed

Tan C.‐L., Qi M.‐Y., Tang Z.‐R., Xu Y.‐J., ACS Catal. 2023, 13, 8317.

Cheng L., Yin H., Cai C., Fan J., Xiang Q., Small 2020, 16, 2002411. PubMed

Wang G., He C.‐T., Huang R., Mao J., Wang D., Li Y., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 19339. PubMed

Shen Y., Ren C., Zheng L., Xu X., Long R., Zhang W., Yang Y., Zhang Y., Yao Y., Chi H., Wang J., Shen Q., Xiong Y., Zou Z., Zhou Y., Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 1117. PubMed PMC

Lee B.‐H., Gong E., Kim M., Park S., Kim H. R., Lee J., Jung E., Lee C. W., Bok J., Jung Y., Kim Y. S., Lee K.‐S., Cho S.‐P., Jung J.‐W., Cho C.‐H., Lebègue S., Nam K. T., Kim H., In S.‐I., Hyeon T., Energy Environ. Sci. 2022, 15, 601.

Wang W.‐N., An W.‐J., Ramalingam B., Mukherjee S., Niedzwiedzki D. M., Gangopadhyay S., Biswas P., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 11276. PubMed

Kuriki R., Sekizawa K., Ishitani O., Maeda K., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 2406. PubMed

Ran J., Jaroniec M., Qiao S.‐Z., Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1704649. PubMed

Huang P., Huang J., Pantovich S. A., Carl A. D., Fenton T. G., Caputo C. A., Grimm R. L., Frenkel A. I., Li G., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 16042. PubMed

Masana J. J., Xiao J., Zhang H., Lu X., Qiu M., Yu Y., Appl. Catal., B 2023, 323, 122199.

Wang Y.‐J., Zhuang G.‐L., Zhang J.‐W., Luo F., Cheng X., Sun F.‐L., Fu S.‐S., Lu T.‐B., Zhang Z.‐M., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, 202216592. PubMed

Xiong X., Mao C., Yang Z., Zhang Q., Waterhouse G. I. N., Gu L., Zhang T., Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2002928.

Gong S., Ni B., He X., Wang J., Jiang K., Wu D., Min Y., Li H., Chen Z., Energy Environ. Sci. 2023, 16, 5956.

Chen C., Wu M., Xu Y., Ma C., Song M., Jiang G., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 9163. PubMed

Huang J.‐R., Shi W.‐X., Xu S.‐Y., Luo H., Zhang J., Lu T.‐B., Zhang Z.‐M., Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2306906.

Hu S., Lei Y., Zhang X., Zhang F., Qiao P., Ye J., Wang D., ChemCatChem 2024, 16, 202301684.

Ran L., Li Z., Ran B., Cao J., Zhao Y., Shao T., Song Y., Leung M. K. H., Sun L., Hou J., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 17097. PubMed

Zhang H., Wei J., Dong J., Liu G., Shi L., An P., Zhao G., Kong J., Wang X., Meng X., Zhang J., Ye J., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 14310. PubMed

Fang X., Choi J. Y., Stodolka M., Pham H. T. B., Park J., Acc. Chem. Res. 2024, 57, 2316. PubMed

Xie L. S., Skorupskii G., Dincă M., Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 8536. PubMed PMC

Kavan L., Grätzel M., Gilbert S. E., Klemenz C., Scheel H. J., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 6716.

Li Y., Li B., Zhang D., Cheng L., Xiang Q., ACS Nano 2020, 14, 10552. PubMed

Chen C., Wang T., Yan K., Liu S., Zhao Y., Li B., Inorg. Chem. Front. 2022, 9, 4753.

Zeng D., Wang H., Zhu X., Cao H., Zhou Y., Wang W., Zhang L., Wang W., Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 451, 138801.

Zhang K., Gao Q., Xu C., Zhao D., Zhu Q., Zhu Z., Wang J., Liu C., Yu H., Sun C., Liu X., Xuan Y., Carbon Neutrality 2022, 1, 10.

Wang S., Jiang B., Henzie J., Xu F., Liu C., Meng X., Zou S., Song H., Pan Y., Li H., Yu J., Chen H., Ye J., Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 2534. PubMed PMC

Khan I. S., Mateo D., Shterk G., Shoinkhorova T., Poloneeva D., Garzón‐Tovar L., Gascon J., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 26476. PubMed

Ban C., Wang Y., Feng Y., Zhu Z., Duan Y., Ma J., Zhang X., Liu X., Zhou K., Zou H., Yu D., Tao X., Gan L., Han G., Zhou X., Energy Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 518.

Ranjit K. T., Varadarajan T. K., Viswanathan B., J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 1996, 96, 181.

Geng Z., Liu Y., Kong X., Li P., Li K., Liu Z., Du J., Shu M., Si R., Zeng J., Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1803498. PubMed

Han L., Liu X., Chen J., Lin R., Liu H., Lü F., Bak S., Liang Z., Zhao S., Stavitski E., Luo J., Adzic R. R., Xin H. L., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 2321. PubMed

Huang P., Liu W., He Z., Xiao C., Yao T., Zou Y., Wang C., Qi Z., Tong W., Pan B., Wei S., Xie Y., Sci. China: Chem. 2018, 61, 1187.

Ren G., Shi M., Liu S., Li Z., Zhang Z., Meng X., Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 454, 140158.

Liu S., Wang Y., Wang S., You M., Hong S., Wu T.‐S., Soo Y.‐L., Zhao Z., Jiang G., Jieshan Q., Wang B., Sun Z., ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2019, 7, 6813.

Niu X., Zhu Q., Jiang S., Zhang Q., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2020, 11, 9579. PubMed

Liu P., Huang Z., Yang S., Du J., Zhang Y., Cao R., Chen C., Li L., Chen T., Wang G., Rao D., Zheng X., Hong X., ACS Catal. 2022, 12, 8139.

Zhang Y., Wang Q., Yang S., Wang H., Rao D., Chen T., Wang G., Lu J., Zhu J., Wei S., Zheng X., Zeng J., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2112452.

Hu B., Wang B.‐H., Chen L., Bai Z.‐J., Zhou W., Guo J.‐K., Shen S., Xie T.‐L., Au C.‐T., Jiang L.‐L., Yin S.‐F., ACS Catal. 2022, 12, 11860.

Zheng J., Lu L., Lebedev K., Wu S., Zhao P., McPherson I. J., Wu T.‐S., Kato R., Li Y., Ho P.‐L., Li G., Bai L., Sun J., Prabhakaran D., Taylor R. A., Soo Y.‐L., Suenaga K., Tsang S. C. E., Chem. Catal. 2021, 1, 162.

Wu S., Chen Z., Yue W., Mine S., Toyao T., Matsuoka M., Xi X., Wang L., Zhang J., ACS Catal. 2021, 11, 4362.

Zhang S., Zhao Y., Shi R., Zhou C., Waterhouse G. I. N., Wu L.‐Z., Tung C.‐H., Zhang T., Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1901973.

Liu J., Li F., Lu J., Li R., Wang Y., Wang Y., Zhang X., Fan C., Zhang R., J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2021, 603, 17. PubMed

Liu X., Luo Y., Ling C., Shi Y., Zhan G., Li H., Gu H., Wei K., Guo F., Ai Z., Zhang L., Appl. Catal., B 2022, 301, 120766.

Wang T., Li B., Liu H., Zhang X., Hocking R. K., Sun C., Appl. Surf. Sci. 2022, 572, 151417.

Guo X.‐W., Chen S.‐M., Wang H.‐J., Zhang Z.‐M., Lin H., Song L., Lu T.‐B., J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 19831.

Ren G., Zhao J., Zhao Z., Li Z., Wang L., Zhang Z., Li C., Meng X., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, 202314408. PubMed

Shang S., Xiong W., Yang C., Johannessen B., Liu R., Hsu H.‐Y., Gu Q., Leung M. K. H., Shang J., ACS Nano 2021, 15, 9670. PubMed

Li J., Liu P., Tang Y., Huang H., Cui H., Mei D., Zhong C., ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 2431.

He T., Zhao Z., Liu R., Liu X., Ni B., Wei Y., Wu Y., Yuan W., Peng H., Jiang Z., Zhao Y., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 6057. PubMed

He T., Zhao Y., Chem. Catal. 2023, 3, 100795.

Iriawan H., Andersen S. Z., Zhang X., Comer B. M., Barrio J., Chen P., Medford A. J., Stephens I. E. L., Chorkendorff I., Shao‐Horn Y., Nat. Rev. Methods Primers 2021, 1, 56.

Kibsgaard J., Nørskov J. K., Chorkendorff I., ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4, 2986.

Andersen S. Z., Čolić V., Yang S., Schwalbe J. A., Nielander A. C., McEnaney J. M., Enemark‐Rasmussen K., Baker J. G., Singh A. R., Rohr B. A., Statt M. J., Blair S. J., Mezzavilla S., Kibsgaard J., Vesborg P. C. K., Cargnello M., Bent S. F., Jaramillo T. F., Stephens I. E. L., Nørskov J. K., Chorkendorff I., Nature 2019, 570, 504. PubMed

Minabe T., Tryk D. A., Sawunyama P., Kikuchi Y., Hashimoto K., Fujishima A., J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 2000, 137, 53.

Gaya U. I., Abdullah A. H., J. Photochem. Photobiol., C 2008, 9, 1.

Shang Y., Xu X., Gao B., Wang S., Duan X., Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50, 5281. PubMed

Wu X., Sun S., Wang R., Huang Z., Shen H., Zhao H., Jing G., J. Hazard. Mater. 2023, 454, 131434. PubMed

Xu T., Zheng H., Zhang P., J. Hazard. Mater. 2020, 388, 121746. PubMed

Zhao Z., Zhang W., Liu W., Li Y., Ye J., Liang J., Tong M., Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 742, 140642. PubMed

Zhao G., Li W., Zhang H., Wang W., Ren Y., Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 430, 132937.

Zhang J., Yang X., Xu G., Biswal B. K., Balasubramanian R., Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2309205. PubMed

Su L., Wang P., Ma X., Wang J., Zhan S., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 21261. PubMed

Rong P., Jiang Y.‐F., Wang Q., Gu M., Jiang X.‐L., Yu Q., J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10, 6231.

Vilé G., Sharma P., Nachtegaal M., Tollini F., Moscatelli D., Sroka‐Bartnicka A., Tomanec O., Petr M., Filip J., Pieta I. S., Zbořil R., Gawande M. B., Sol. RRL 2021, 5, 2100176.

Wang F., Wang Y., Feng Y., Zeng Y., Xie Z., Zhang Q., Su Y., Chen P., Liu Y., Yao K., Lv W., Liu G., Appl. Catal., B 2018, 221, 510.

Sun L., Feng Y., Ma K., Jiang X., Gao Z., Wang J., Jiang N., Liu X., Appl. Catal., B 2022, 306, 121106.

Chen J., Chen L., Wang X., Rao Z., Sun J., Chen A., Xie X., J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2022, 605, 674. PubMed

Liu X., Wang S., Yu W., Zhang J., Fang S., Zhang J., Qiu J., Kong F., Duan X., Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 446, 137426.

Lyu H., Li P., Tang J., Zou W., Wang P., Gao B., Dong L., Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 454, 140120.

Li K., Kang N., Li X., Wang Z., Wang N., Kuwahara Y., Lv K., Yamashita H., Appl. Catal., B 2024, 355, 124163.

Fujiwara K., Pratsinis S. E., Appl. Catal., B 2018, 226, 127.

Liu X., Ling C., Chen X., Gu H., Zhan G., Liang C., Wei K., Wu X., Wang K., Wang G., J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2024, 666, 12. PubMed

Saptal V. B., Ruta V., Bajada M. A., Vilé G., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, 202219306. PubMed

Bajada M. A., Di Liberto G., Tosoni S., Ruta V., Mino L., Allasia N., Sivo A., Pacchioni G., Vilé G., Nat. Synth. 2023, 2, 1092.

Li D., Zhao Y., Miao Y., Zhou C., Zhang L.‐P., Wu L.‐Z., Zhang T., Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2207793. PubMed

Yang J., Sun Z., Yan K., Dong H., Dong H., Cui J., Gong X., Han S., Huang L., Wen J., Green Chem. 2021, 23, 2756.

Zhou P., Chao Y., Lv F., Wang K., Zhang W., Zhou J., Chen H., Wang L., Li Y., Zhang Q., Gu L., Guo S., ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 9109.

Zhao X., Deng C., Meng D., Ji H., Chen C., Song W., Zhao J., ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 15178.

Huang S., Chang Y., Li Z., Cao J., Song Y., Gao J., Sun L., Hou J., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2211631.

Xiao X., Ruan Z., Li Q., Zhang L., Meng H., Zhang Q., Bao H., Jiang B., Zhou J., Guo C., Wang X., Fu H., Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2200612. PubMed

Xia Y., Zhu B., Li L., Ho W., Wu J., Chen H., Yu J., Small 2023, 19, 2301928. PubMed

Han C., Qi R., Sun R., Fan K., Johannessen B., Qi D.‐C., Cao S., Xu J., Appl. Catal., B 2023, 320, 121954.

He K., Huang Z., Chen C., Qiu C., Zhong Y. L., Zhang Q., Nano‐Micro Lett. 2023, 16, 23. PubMed PMC

Zhang X., Su H., Cui P., Cao Y., Teng Z., Zhang Q., Wang Y., Feng Y., Feng R., Hou J., Zhou X., Ma P., Hu H., Wang K., Wang C., Gan L., Zhao Y., Liu Q., Zhang T., Zheng K., Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 7115. PubMed PMC

Zhang S., He X., Ding Y., Shi Z., Wu B., Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2024, 204, 114821.

Rasmussen K. D., Wenzel H., Bangs C., Petavratzi E., Liu G., Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 11541. PubMed

An Adaptive Palladium Single-Atom Catalyst Enabling Reactivity Switching between Borylation and C-C Coupling

Pd single atoms on g-C3N4 photocatalysts: minimum loading for maximum activity

Platinum Single Atoms Strongly Promote Superoxide Formation in Titania-Based Photocatalysis - Platinum Nanoparticles Don't