Polydopamine (PDA), also known as synthetic melanin, is widely used as a biomimetic anchoring layer for the modification of various solid substrates. PDA is utilized for a wide range of biomedical, sensing and tribological applications, even though the polymer's precise covalent structure has not been completely revealed yet. Even more, it is not evident to which extent the chemical nature of the substrate, on which the layer is formed, influences and predetermines the covalent structure of resulting PDA. In this contribution, we have studied the growth of PDA using various surface-sensitive techniques such as spectroscopic ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We supplemented grazing angle attenuated total reflection FTIR spectroscopy with multivariate statistical analysis to further gain analytical power. We have particularly focused on the effects of polymerization time and substrate on the PDA structure. We found notable differences in the chemical composition of PDA formed on gold and on surfaces terminated with oxides/reactive hydroxides such as silicon and N-dopped-TiO2 in the early stages of the layer formation. At the later stages of layer formation, a merely unified chemical structure was observed independently on the type of substrate.
- MeSH
- indoly * MeSH
- polymerizace MeSH
- polymery * MeSH
- povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Stroke is despite of progressive improvements in treatment and reperfusion strategies one of the most devastating human pathology. However, as quality of acute health care improves and more people survive ischemic attack, healthcare specialists have to solve new challenges to preserve reasonable quality of life to these patients. Thus, novel approaches which prevents comorbidities of stroke and improve quality of life of stroke survivors in general has to be developed and experimentally tested. The aim of the present paper was to establish reliable rat model of middle cerebral occlusion and set of methods allowing selection of animals suitable for long-term experiments. We have compared mortality rates, cerebral blood flow and extension of ischemic lesion induced by intraluminal filament in three widely used outbred rat strains. We have additionally used an animal 18F-DG PET scans to verify its reliability in noninvasive detection of ischemic infarct in acute period (24 h after MCAO) for selecting animals eligible for long survival experiments. Our data clearly indicates that high variability between rat strains might negatively influence stroke induction by intraluminal thread occlusion of middle cerebral artery. Most reliable outbred rat strain in our hands was Sprague-Dawley where maximal reduction of cerebral blood flow and extensive ischemic lesion was observed. Contrary, Wistar rats exhibited higher mortality and Long-Evans rats significantly smaller or no ischemic region in comparison to Sprague-Dawley. Additionally, we have confirmed a positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose as suitable method to assess extension of ischemic region in acute period after the experimental arterial occlusion in rats.
- MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- infarkt arteria cerebri media diagnostické zobrazování genetika patofyziologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mozkový krevní oběh fyziologie MeSH
- potkani Long-Evans MeSH
- potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- pozitronová emisní tomografie metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s (PAOx) represent a class of emerging polymers that can substitute or even outperform poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) standard in various applications. Despite the great advances in PAOx research, there is still a gap in the direct experimental comparison of antifouling properties between PAOx and the golden standard PEO when exposed to blood. Motivated by this, we developed a straightforward protocol for the one-pot PAOx polymerization and surface coating by a "grafting to-" approach. First, we synthesized a library of hydrophilic poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)s (PMeOx) and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)s (PEtOx) with molar mass ranging from 1.5 to 10 kg/mol (DP = 16-115). The PAOx living chains were directly terminated by amine and hydroxyl groups of polydopamine (PDA) anchor layer providing the highest so far reported grafting densities ranging from 0.2 to 2.1 chains/nm2. In parallel, PEO chains providing the same degree of polymerization (molar mass from 1.2 to 5 kg/mol, DP = 28-116) bearing thiol groups were grafted to PDA. The thickness, surface-related parameters, covalent structure, and antifouling properties of the resulting polymer brushes were determined via various surface sensitive techniques. The comparison of the synthesized PAOx and PEO brushes led us to the conclusion that at the same surface-related parameters, PMeOx brushes show significantly better antifouling character when challenged against human blood plasma.
- MeSH
- hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce účinky léků MeSH
- krevní plazma účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulová hmotnost MeSH
- oxazoly chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- polyaminy chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- polyethylenglykoly chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- polymerizace MeSH
- polymery chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- povrchové vlastnosti účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Vydanie prvé 154 stran ; 23 cm
Publikace se zabývá problematikou psychosociální pomoci traumatizovanému dítěti.
- MeSH
- psychické trauma MeSH
- psychologie MeSH
- psychoterapie MeSH
- výchova dítěte MeSH
- vývoj dítěte MeSH
- Publikační typ
- populární práce MeSH
- Konspekt
- Vývojová psychologie. Individuální psychologie
- NLK Obory
- psychoterapie
- NLK Publikační typ
- kolektivní monografie
The discovery of a universal genetic code utilized by all existing organisms became the backbone of biology. The coding capacity underwent changes during evolution, but its main fluctuation results from its different reading and regulation. The genetic code thus represents a sort of receptacle of living organism evolution. In this article, we propose an analogy between the genetic code and a broader Platonic hypodoché, a concept that Alfred North Whitehead used to explain various aspects of science.
- MeSH
- biologické modely * MeSH
- genetický kód * MeSH
- molekulární evoluce * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) have been found to regulate many diverse functions, ranging from motivation and feeding to spatial navigation, an important and widely studied type of cognitive behavior. Systemic administration of non-selective antagonists of mAChRs, such as scopolamine or atropine, have been found to have adverse effects on a vast majority of place navigation tasks. However, many of these results may be potentially confounded by disruptions of functions other than spatial learning and memory. Although studies with selective antimuscarinics point to mutually opposite effects of M1 and M2 receptors, their particular contribution to spatial cognition is still poorly understood, partly due to a lack of truly selective agents. Furthermore, constitutive knock-outs do not always support results from selective antagonists. For modeling impaired spatial cognition, the scopolamine-induced amnesia model still maintains some limited validity, but there is an apparent need for more targeted approaches such as local intracerebral administration of antagonists, as well as novel techniques such as optogenetics focused on cholinergic neurons and chemogenetics aimed at cells expressing metabotropic mAChRs.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- aktivní transport MeSH
- astrocyty MeSH
- biologický transport MeSH
- endotel MeSH
- epilepsie etiologie MeSH
- hematoencefalická bariéra * anatomie a histologie fyziologie patologie účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikroglie MeSH
- mozek anatomie a histologie fyziologie MeSH
- neurony MeSH
- pericyty MeSH
- systémy cílené aplikace léků MeSH
- zánět imunologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Although animals often learn and monitor the spatial properties of relevant moving objects such as conspecifics and predators to properly organize their own spatial behavior, the underlying brain substrate has received little attention and hence remains elusive. Because the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) participates in conflict monitoring and effort-based decision making, and ACC neurons respond to objects in the environment, it may also play a role in the monitoring of moving cues and exerting the appropriate spatial response. We used a robot avoidance task in which a rat had to maintain at least a 25cm distance from a small programmable robot to avoid a foot shock. In successive sessions, we trained ten Long Evans male rats to avoid a fast-moving robot (4cm/s), a stationary robot, and a slow-moving robot (1cm/s). In each condition, the ACC was transiently inactivated by bilateral injections of muscimol in the penultimate session and a control saline injection was given in the last session. Compared to the corresponding saline session, ACC-inactivated rats received more shocks when tested in the fast-moving condition, but not in the stationary or slow robot conditions. Furthermore, ACC-inactivated rats less frequently responded to an approaching robot with appropriate escape responses although their response to shock stimuli remained preserved. Since we observed no effect on slow or stationary robot avoidance, we conclude that the ACC may exert cognitive efforts for monitoring dynamic updating of the position of an object, a role complementary to the dorsal hippocampus.
- MeSH
- cingulární gyrus účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- muscimol farmakologie MeSH
- neurony účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- podněty MeSH
- potkani Long-Evans MeSH
- pozornost účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- prostorové chování účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- reakční čas fyziologie MeSH
- receptory GABA-A - agonisté farmakologie MeSH
- učení vyhýbat se účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Since their introduction in 1970's platinum complexes represent one of the most significant groups of chemotherapeutics. These drugs represented by Cisplatin and Oxaliplatin complexes exhibit high efficiency against many solid tumors. Serious side effects such as neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and gradual initiation cell resistance limit the use of platinum drugs in cancer treatment. Current research aims to mitigate these side effects through the introduction 4th generation platinum cytostatics and through the preparation of advanced dosage forms allowing for target delivery of current cytostatics. In this review, currently developed and clinically tested transport systems, prepared for the target delivery of platinum cytostatics either via active or passive transport, are summarized.
- MeSH
- antitumorózní látky chemie terapeutické užití MeSH
- cisplatina * chemie terapeutické užití MeSH
- cytostatické látky * chemie terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- micely MeSH
- nádory farmakoterapie MeSH
- nanočástice MeSH
- platina * chemie terapeutické užití MeSH
- systémy cílené aplikace léků * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
