BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis of schizophrenia could improve the outcomes and limit the negative effects of untreated illness. Although participants with schizophrenia show aberrant functional connectivity in brain networks, these between-group differences have a limited diagnostic utility. Novel methods of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analyses, such as machine learning (ML), may help bring neuroimaging from the bench to the bedside. Here, we used ML to differentiate participants with a first episode of schizophrenia-spectrum disorder (FES) from healthy controls based on resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). METHOD: We acquired resting-state functional MRI data from 63 patients with FES who were individually matched by age and sex to 63 healthy controls. We applied linear kernel support vector machines (SVM) to rsFC within the default mode network, the salience network and the central executive network. RESULTS: The SVM applied to the rsFC within the salience network distinguished the FES from the control participants with an accuracy of 73.0% (p = 0.001), specificity of 71.4% and sensitivity of 74.6%. The classification accuracy was not significantly affected by medication dose, or by the presence of psychotic symptoms. The functional connectivity within the default mode or the central executive networks did not yield classification accuracies above chance level. CONCLUSIONS: Seed-based functional connectivity maps can be utilized for diagnostic classification, even early in the course of schizophrenia. The classification was probably based on trait rather than state markers, as symptoms or medications were not significantly associated with classification accuracy. Our results support the role of the anterior insula/salience network in the pathophysiology of FES.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- konektom metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mozková kůra diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- schizofrenie diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- support vector machine * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Knowledge of the T2 age dependence is of importance for MRS clinical studies involving subject groups with a wide age range. A number of studies have focused on the age dependence of T2 values in the human brain, with rather conflicting results. The aim of this study was to analyze the age dependence of T2 values of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr) and choline (Cho) in the human brain using data acquired at 3T and 4T and to assess the influence of the macromolecule (MM) baseline handling on the obtained results. Two distinct groups of young and elderly controls have been measured at 3T (TE = 30-540 ms, 9 young and 11 elderly subjects) and 4T (TE = 10-180 ms, 18 young and 14 elderly subjects) using single-voxel spectroscopy. In addition, MM spectra were measured from two subjects using the inversion-recovery technique at 4T. All spectra were processed with LCModel using basis sets with different MM signals (measured or simulated) and also with MM signals included for a different TE range. Individual estimated T2 values were statistically analyzed using the R programming language for the age dependence of T2 values as well as the influence of the MM baseline handling. A significant decrease of T2 values of NAA and Cr in elderly subjects compared with young subjects was confirmed. The same trend was observed for Cho. Significantly higher T2 values calculated using the measured MM baseline for all studied metabolites at 4T were observed for both young and elderly subjects. To conclude, while the handling of MM and lipid signals may have a significant effect on estimated T2 values, we confirmed the age dependence of T2 values of NAA and Cr and the same trend for Cho in the human brain. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- cholin metabolismus MeSH
- kreatin metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina aspartová analogy a deriváty metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- počítačové zpracování signálu MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Age-related hearing loss (presbycusis) is caused mainly by the hypofunction of the inner ear, but recent findings point also toward a central component of presbycusis. We used MR morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with a 3T MR system with the aim to study the state of the central auditory system in a group of elderly subjects (>65years) with mild presbycusis, in a group of elderly subjects with expressed presbycusis and in young controls. Cortical reconstruction, volumetric segmentation and auditory pathway tractography were performed. Three parameters were evaluated by morphometry: the volume of the gray matter, the surface area of the gyrus and the thickness of the cortex. In all experimental groups the surface area and gray matter volume were larger on the left side in Heschl's gyrus and planum temporale and slightly larger in the gyrus frontalis superior, whereas they were larger on the right side in the primary visual cortex. Almost all of the measured parameters were significantly smaller in the elderly subjects in Heschl's gyrus, planum temporale and gyrus frontalis superior. Aging did not change the side asymmetry (laterality) of the gyri. In the central part of the auditory pathway above the inferior colliculus, a trend toward an effect of aging was present in the axial vector of the diffusion (L1) variable of DTI, with increased values observed in elderly subjects. A trend toward a decrease of L1 on the left side, which was more pronounced in the elderly groups, was observed. The effect of hearing loss was present in subjects with expressed presbycusis as a trend toward an increase of the radial vectors (L2L3) in the white matter under Heschl's gyrus. These results suggest that in addition to peripheral changes, changes in the central part of the auditory system in elderly subjects are also present; however, the extent of hearing loss does not play a significant role in the central changes.
- MeSH
- centrální poruchy sluchu patologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- nervová vlákna myelinizovaná patologie MeSH
- presbyakuze patologie patofyziologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- sluchová dráha patologie MeSH
- sluchové korové centrum patologie MeSH
- stárnutí patologie fyziologie MeSH
- zobrazování difuzních tenzorů MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of calorie-restricted vegetarian and conventional diabetic diets alone and in combination with exercise on insulin resistance, visceral fat and oxidative stress markers in subjects with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A 24-week, randomized, open, parallel design was used. Seventy-four patients with Type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n = 37), which received a vegetarian diet, or the control group (n = 37), which received a conventional diabetic diet. Both diets were isocaloric, calorie restricted (-500 kcal/day). All meals during the study were provided. The second 12 weeks of the diet were combined with aerobic exercise. Participants were examined at baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks. Primary outcomes were: insulin sensitivity measured by hyperinsulinaemic isoglycaemic clamp; volume of visceral and subcutaneous fat measured by magnetic resonance imaging; and oxidative stress measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Analyses were by intention to treat. RESULTS: Forty-three per cent of participants in the experimental group and 5% of participants in the control group reduced diabetes medication (P < 0.001). Body weight decreased more in the experimental group than in the control group [-6.2 kg (95% CI -6.6 to -5.3) vs. -3.2 kg (95% CI -3.7 to -2.5); interaction group × time P = 0.001]. An increase in insulin sensitivity was significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group [30% (95% CI 24.5-39) vs. 20% (95% CI 14-25), P = 0.04]. A reduction in both visceral and subcutaneous fat was greater in the experimental group than in the control group (P = 0.007 and P = 0.02, respectively). Plasma adiponectin increased (P = 0.02) and leptin decreased (P = 0.02) in the experimental group, with no change in the control group. Vitamin C, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione increased in the experimental group (P = 0.002, P < 0.001 and P = 0.02, respectively). Differences between groups were greater after the addition of exercise training. Changes in insulin sensitivity and enzymatic oxidative stress markers correlated with changes in visceral fat. CONCLUSIONS: A calorie-restricted vegetarian diet had greater capacity to improve insulin sensitivity compared with a conventional diabetic diet over 24 weeks. The greater loss of visceral fat and improvements in plasma concentrations of adipokines and oxidative stress markers with this diet may be responsible for the reduction of insulin resistance. The addition of exercise training further augmented the improved outcomes with the vegetarian diet.
- MeSH
- biologické markery metabolismus MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu krev dietoterapie MeSH
- dieta vegetariánská MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- glykovaný hemoglobin metabolismus MeSH
- inzulinová rezistence fyziologie MeSH
- krevní glukóza metabolismus MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oxidační stres fyziologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
Východisko: Obezita po renální transplantaci je významný rizikový iaktor pro rozvoj kardiovaskulárních komplikací. Cfle: Zhodnocení subkutánní a viscerální distribuce tukové tkáně pomocí sekvenčního MR vyšetření a zhodnocení výsledů po dietologicko-edukační léčbě. Metodika-. Po dobu 9 měsíců bylo v prospektivní nietabolické studii sledováno 25 obézních nemocných (M12/F13,BMl>30kg/m2, 36-78 roků), kteří byli 12 měsíců po 1. kadaverózní transplantaci. Nemocným byla vyšetřena tuková tkáň pomocí MR-spektroskopie na začátku a na konci sledování. Současně bylo provedeno i vyšetření antropometrické a stanoveny parametry lipidového a sacharidového metabolismu. Výsiedky. Na konci sledovaného údobí byl zjištěn významný úbytek tukové tkáně především v oblasti viscerální (p < 0,001). Tělesná hmotnost klesla o 13 %. BMI o 20 % subkutánní tuk o 10,9% a viscerální o 31,2 %. Snížily se i hodnoty glykémie nalačno a triacylglycerolů (p < 0,05). Byla zjištěna negativní korelace mezi úbytkem viscerálního a subkutánního tuku (r = - 0,52 až -0,63, p < 0,001). Závěrv. Abdominální obezita po transplantaci ledviny by měla být časně a přesně diagnostikována a jako rizikový faktor úspěšně léčena.
Background: Obesity after renal transplantation represents high risk factor for cardiovascular events Aim: To asses the distribution and volume of subcutaneous and visceral fat tissue by MR images and anthropometry. Methods: In prospective metabolic study, for a period of 9 months, 25 obese renal transplant patients (M12/F13, BMI ≥ 30kg/m 2 , 36–78 years) 12 months after first cadaveric renal transplantation were monitored. Fat tissue was studied by MRI before and aft er the controlled loss of weight. At the same time basic anthropometry and selected parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolis m were performed. Results: At the end of the follow- up, significant decreased of fat tissue, mainly in visceral fat was found (p < 0.001). Body weight decrease was 13.2 %, BMI 20 %, subcutaneous fat 10.9 % and visceral 31.2 %. Slight, but significant decrease was found in fasti ng glycaemia and triglycerides (p < 0.05). There were significant negative correlations between decrease of visceral and subcutane ous fat (r = from -0.52 to -0.63, p < 0.001) Conclusion: Visceral form of obesity after renal transplantation should be early identified and as high risk factor successfully treated.
- MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- Hallervordenův-Spatzův syndrom genetika metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- neparametrická statistika MeSH
- železo metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
