BACKGROUND: The neurofilament light chain (NfL) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum as a marker of neuronal damage may be a potential biomarker of neuropsychiatric involvement in SLE (NPSLE). METHODS: 80 patients with SLE were included.We obtained paired serum and CSF samples from 48 patients (NPSLE n=32, non-NPSLE n=16) and 31 controls. The serum and CSF levels of NfL were determined using ELISA. RESULTS: Patients with NPSLE demonstrated significantly higher levels of serum NfL compared with the non-NPSLE group (mean 31.68±36.63 pg/mL vs mean 16.75±12.48 pg/mL, respectively, p<0.05) and with controls (mean 10.74±4.36 pg/mL, p<0.01). Notably, CSF NfL concentrations in patients with NPSLE showed an upward trend (mean 1600±2852 pg/mL) in contrast to non-NPSLE patients (mean 393.4±191.9 pg/mL) and controls (mean 509.7±358.5 pg/mL). Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between serum and CSF NfL levels in patients with NPSLE (R=0.8686, p<0.01). Elevated serum triacylglycerol concentrations, C reactive protein and organ damage were linked to increased serum (p=0.002; p<0.001; p=0.036) and CSF (p=0.008; p=0.007; p<0.001) NfL concentrations. In addition, we established a significant correlation between intrathecal NfL concentrations and interleukin-6 levels in the CSF of patients with NPSLE (R=0.5118, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The serum NfL levels may be a readily available marker of neuropsychiatric involvement in SLE.

• MeSH
• biologické markery * krev   mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• ELISA MeSH
• interleukin-6 krev   mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• neurofilamentové proteiny * krev   mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• vaskulitida centrálního nervového systému při lupus erythematodes * krev   mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• dimethyl fumarát * farmakokinetika   farmakologie   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• infekce etiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• komorbidita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfopenie chemicky indukované   MeSH
• progresivní multifokální leukoencefalopatie etiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza * farmakoterapie   komplikace   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patients with ongoing seizures are usually not allowed to drive. The prognosis for seizure freedom is favorable in patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) with antibodies against NMDA receptor (NMDAR), leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1), contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2), and the gamma-aminobutyric-acid B receptor (GABABR). We hypothesized that after a seizure-free period of 3 months, patients with AIE have a seizure recurrence risk of <20% during the subsequent 12 months. This would render them eligible for noncommercial driving according to driving regulations in several countries. METHODS: This retrospective multicenter cohort study analyzed follow-up data from patients aged 15 years or older with seizures resulting from NMDAR-, LGI1-, CASPR2-, or GABABR-AIE, who had been seizure-free for ≥3 months. We used Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimates for the seizure recurrence risk at 12 months for each antibody group and tested for the effects of potential covariates with regression models. RESULTS: We included 383 patients with NMDAR-, 440 with LGI1-, 114 with CASPR2-, and 44 with GABABR-AIE from 14 international centers. After being seizure-free for 3 months after an initial seizure period, we calculated the probability of remaining seizure-free for another 12 months (KM estimate) as 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85-0.92) for NMDAR, 0.84 (CI 0.80-0.88) for LGI1, 0.82 (CI 0.75-0.90) for CASPR2, and 0.76 (CI 0.62-0.93) for GABABR. DISCUSSION: Taking a <20% recurrence risk within 12 months as sufficient, patients with NMDAR-AIE and LGI1-AIE could be considered eligible for noncommercial driving after having been seizure-free for 3 months.

• MeSH
• autoprotilátky * krev   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• encefalitida * imunologie   MeSH
• Hashimotova nemoc imunologie   krev   MeSH
• intracelulární signální peptidy a proteiny * imunologie   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• membránové proteiny * imunologie   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• proteiny nervové tkáně * imunologie   MeSH
• proteiny imunologie   MeSH
• receptory GABA-B * imunologie   MeSH
• receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu imunologie   MeSH
• recidiva * MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• záchvaty etiologie   imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH

Ocrelizumab, jako monoklonální protilátka proti CD 20 lymfocytům, je jedním ze zástupců vysoce účinné léčby (HET - high efficacy therapy). Změna paradigmatu léčby roztroušené sklerózy z eskalační na indukční strategii (HET jako první léčba) spolu s novými indikačními omezeními úhrady vede k rozšíření spektra pacientů, kterým můžeme tuto léčbu nabídnout již v počátku onemocnění. Více studií potvrdilo, že nasazení HET v časných fázích nemoci zlepšuje u indikovaných pacientů prognózu nejen potlačením zánětlivé aktivity, ale i zpomalením progrese. Zároveň však stále existují otázky ohledně individuální odpovědi pacientů na tuto terapii a možných zejména dlouhodobých nežádoucích účincích. Cílem článku je poskytnout pohled na stávající znalosti, aktuální výzvy a budoucí perspektivy v používání ocrelizumabu.

Ocrelizumab, as a monoclonal antibody against CD 20 lymphocytes, is one of the representatives of high efficacy therapy (HET). The paradigm shift in the treatment of multiple sclerosis from an escalation to an induction strategy (HET as first-line therapy), together with new indication restrictions on reimbursement, has led to a broadening of the spectrum of patients to whom we can offer this treatment early in the course of the disease. Multiple studies have confirmed that the use of HET in the early stages of the disease improves the prognosis of indicated patients not only by suppressing inflammatory activity but also by slowing progression. At the same time, however, there are still questions about the individual response of patients to this therapy and the possible long-term side effects in particular. The aim of this article is to provide an insight into the current knowledge, current challenges and future perspectives in the use of ocrelizumab.

• Klíčová slova
• ocrelizumab,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky farmakologie   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

V současné době se mění pohled na léčbu roztroušené sklerózy. U indikovaných pacientů je cílem nasazení vysoce účinné léčby v rané fázi nemoci. Zvyšuje se počet pacientů na této léčbě i spektrum léčiv. Ofatumumab je jedním z vysoce účinných léků. Jde o monoklonální protilátku proti CD20 lymfocytům s prokázanou vysokou a rychlou účinností v potlačení zánětlivé aktivity, ale částečně i progrese onemocnění bez relapsů. Byť je dobře tolerován, což umožňuje aplikaci pacientem v domácím prostředí, stále se jedná o lék působící selektivní imunosupresi s potenciálními nežádoucími účinky, a tedy nutností farmakovigilance. Cílem článku je upozornit neurology na praktické aspekty léčby.

The view of multiple sclerosis treatment is changing. The aim is to provide patients with highly effective treatment at an early stage of the disease. The number of patients on HET is growing, as is the range of drugs available, which now includes ofatumumab. Ofatumumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets CD20 lymphocytes. It has been shown to be highly and rapidly effective in suppressing inflammatory activity and, to some extent, disease progression without relapse. Although it is well tolerated and can be administered by the patient at home, it is still a selective immunosuppressive drug with potential side effects and thus the need for pharmacovigilance. The aim of this article is to alert neurologists to the practical aspects of treatment.

• Klíčová slova
• ofatumumab,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Refractory epilepsy may have an underlying autoimmune etiology. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of neural autoantibodies in a multicenter national prospective cohort of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy undergoing epilepsy surgery utilizing comprehensive clinical, serologic, and histopathological analyses. METHODS: We prospectively recruited patients undergoing epilepsy surgery for refractory focal epilepsy not caused by a brain tumor from epilepsy surgery centers in the Czech Republic. Perioperatively, we collected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and/or serum samples and performed comprehensive commercial and in-house assays for neural autoantibodies. Clinical data were obtained from the patients' medical records, and histopathological analysis of resected brain tissue was performed. RESULTS: Seventy-six patients were included, mostly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-lesional cases (74%). Mean time from diagnosis to surgery was 21 ± 13 years. Only one patient (1.3%) had antibodies in the CSF and serum (antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase 65) in relevant titers; histology revealed focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) III (FCD associated with hippocampal sclerosis [HS]). Five patients' samples displayed CSF-restricted oligoclonal bands (OCBs; 6.6%): three cases with FCD (one with FCD II and two with FCD I), one with HS, and one with negative histology. Importantly, eight patients (one of them with CSF-restricted OCBs) had findings on antibody testing in individual serum and/or CSF tests that could not be confirmed by complementary tests and were thus classified as nonspecific, yet could have been considered specific without confirmatory testing. Of these, two had FCD, two gliosis, and four HS. No inflammatory changes or lymphocyte cuffing was observed histopathologically in any of the 76 patients. SIGNIFICANCE: Neural autoantibodies are a rare finding in perioperatively collected serum and CSF of our cohort of mostly MRI-lesional epilepsy surgery patients. Confirmatory testing is essential to avoid overinterpretation of autoantibody-positive findings.

• MeSH
• autoprotilátky MeSH
• epilepsie * epidemiologie   chirurgie   komplikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• malformace mozkové kůry * komplikace   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• refrakterní epilepsie * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   komplikace   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) refers to a heterogenous group of inflammatory CNS diseases. Subgroups with specified neural autoantibodies are more homogeneous in presentation, trigger factors, outcome, and response to therapy. However, a considerable fraction of patients has AE features but does not harbor detectable autoantibodies and is referred to as antibody-negative AE. Our aim was to describe clinical features, trigger factors, treatments, and outcome of a cohort of comprehensively tested antibody-negative AE patients. METHODS: This retrospective monocentric study recruited adult patients whose serum and/or CSF was sent to our tertiary center for neural antibody testing between 2011 and 2020, who entered the diagnostic algorithm as possible antibody-negative AE and had the following: (1) probable antibody-negative AE, definite antibody-negative acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), or definite autoimmune limbic encephalitis (LE) according to diagnostic criteria; (2) available data on MRI of the brain, CSF, and EEG; and (3) stored serum and/or CSF samples. These samples were reanalyzed using a comprehensive combination of cell-based and tissue-based assays. RESULTS: Of 2,250 patients tested, 33 (1.5%) were classified as possible antibody-negative AE. Of these, 5 were found to have antibodies by comprehensive testing, 5 fulfilled the criteria of probable AE (3F:2M, median age 67, range 42-67), 4 of definite autoimmune LE (2F:2M, median age 45.5, range 27-60 years), one of definite antibody-negative ADEM, 2 of Hashimoto encephalopathy, one had no samples available for additional testing, and 15 had no further categorization. Of 10 probable/definite AE/LE/ADEM, one had a malignancy and none of them received an alternative diagnosis until the end of follow-up (median 18 months). In total, 80% (8/10) of patients received immunotherapy including corticosteroids, and 6/10 (60%) patients received rituximab, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, plasma exchange, or IV immunoglobulins. Five (50%) patients improved, one (10%) stabilized, one (10%) worsened, and 3 (30%) died. All deaths were considered to be related to encephalitis. We did not observe differences of immunotherapy-treated patients in likelihood of improvement with or without nonsteroidal immunotherapy (with 2/6, without 1/2). DISCUSSION: Antibody-negative AE should be diagnosed only after comprehensive testing. Diagnostic effort is important because many patients benefit from immunotherapy and some have malignancies.

• MeSH
• autoimunitní nemoci nervového systému * diagnóza   terapie   MeSH
• autoprotilátky MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• encefalitida * diagnóza   terapie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory * MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• kongresy jako téma MeSH
• neuromyelitis optica MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza diagnóza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• zprávy MeSH

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1) encephalitis are important types of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) with significant morbidity. In this study, we used a proteomic approach in search of novel clinically relevant biomarkers in these types of encephalitides. METHODS: Swedish and Czech tertiary neuroimmunology centers collaborated in this retrospective exploratory study. Fifty-eight cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of 28 patients with AE (14 definite NMDAR, 14 with definite LGI1 encephalitis) and 30 controls were included. CSF samples were analyzed using proximity extension assay technology (Olink Target 96 Inflammation panel). For each CSF sample, 92 proteins were measured. Clinical variables were retrospectively collected, and correlations with protein levels were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Patients and controls differed significantly in the following 18 biomarkers: TNFRSF9, TNFRSF12, TNFRSF14, TNFβ, TNFα, IL7, IL10, IL12B, IFNγ, CD5, CD6, CASP8, MMP1, CXCL8, CXCL10, CXCL11, IL20RA, and sirtuin 2 (SIRT2). In LGI1 encephalitis, no clinically useful association was found between biomarkers and clinical variables. In the NMDAR encephalitis group, SIRT2, TNFβ, and CD5 were significantly associated with ovarian teratoma. For SIRT2, this was true even for the first patients' CSF sample (SIRT2 without vs. with tumor, mean ± SD = 2.2 ± 0.29 vs. 2.88 ± 0.48; p = 0.007, 95% confidence interval = -1.15 to -0.22; r statistic in point-biserial correlation (rpb) = 0.66, p = 0.011). SIRT2 was positively correlated with age (rpb = 0.39, p = 0.018) and total hospital days (r = 0.55, p = <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: SIRT2 should be investigated as a biomarker of paraneoplastic etiology in NMDAR encephalitis.

• MeSH
• autoprotilátky MeSH
• biologické markery mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• encefalitida s protilátkami proti NMDA receptorům * mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• proteomika MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• sirtuin 2 MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Monoklonální protilátky proti CD20+ lymfocytům představují vysoce účinnou léčbu roztroušené sklerózy rychlým potlačením aktivity podmíněné hlavně zánětlivými ději. Progresivní složka onemocnění představuje terapeuticky obtížnější problém - dochází ke kompartmentalizaci zánětu za hematoencefalickou bariéru, zánět se stává difuzní, úlohu hrají degenerativní procesy. Byť nejlepší účinek léčby je při jejím co nejčasnějším zahájení, u části pacientů může být přítomna progrese od počátku onemocnění, nebo jsou diagnostikováni v pokročilé fázi choroby. Deplece CD20+ lymfocytů může i u těchto pacientů progresi oddálit anebo zpomalit. Cílem článku je shrnout patofyziologii, možnosti ovlivnění progrese deplecí B lymfocytů, výsledky klinických studií a budoucí směry léčby progresivní roztroušené sklerózy.

Monoclonal antibodies against CD20+ lymphocytes represent a highly effective treatment of multiple sclerosis by rapidly suppressing activity conditioned mainly by inflammatory processes. The progressive component of the disease presents a therapeutically more difficult problem - inflammation compartmentalizes beyond the blood-brain barrier, inflammation becomes diffuse, and degenerative processes play a role. Although the best effect of treatment is when it is started as early as possible, some patients may have progression from the beginning of the disease or are diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease. Depletion of CD20+ lymphocytes may delay or slow progression in these patients. The aim of this article is to summarize the pathophysiology, the possibilities of influencing the progression of B lymphocyte depletion, the results of clinical trials and future directions in the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis.

• Klíčová slova
• ocrelizumab,
• MeSH
• B-lymfocyty * účinky léků   MeSH
• humanizované monoklonální protilátky aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• klinická studie jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza * etiologie   farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH