INTRODUCTION: Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) is a well-recognized cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) due to the tubulointerstitial inflammation. The aim of this study was to explore the clinical features, outcomes, and responses to corticosteroid treatment in patients with ATIN. METHODS: Patients with biopsy-proven ATIN, who were diagnosed between 1994 and 2016 at the Department of Nephrology, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, and General University Hospital in Prague, were included in the study. Patient demographics, the aetiological and clinical features, the treatment given, and the outcome at 1 year of follow-up were extracted from patient records. RESULTS: A total of 103 ATIN patients were analysed, of which 68 had been treated with corticosteroids. There was no significant difference in the median serum creatinine 280 (169-569) μmol/L in the conservatively managed group versus 374 (249-558) μmol/L in the corticosteroid-treated group, p = 0.18, and dependence on dialysis treatment at baseline at the time of biopsy (10.3 vs. 8.6%). During the 1 year of follow-up, those ATIN patients who had been treated with corticosteroids did better and showed greater improvement in kidney function, determined as serum creatinine difference from baseline and from 1 month over 1-year period (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This single-centre retrospective cohort study supports the beneficial role of the administration of corticosteroid therapy in the management of ATIN.
- MeSH
- dialýza ledvin * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- hormony kůry nadledvin terapeutické užití MeSH
- intersticiální nefritida * farmakoterapie diagnóza MeSH
- kreatinin MeSH
- ledviny patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Atypický (komplementem mediovaný) hemolyticko-uremický syndrom (aHUS) je vzácné onemocnění s vysokým rizikem závažného orgánového postižení a smrti. Řadí se mezi trombotické mikroangiopatie a je charakterizován kombinací neimunitní hemolytické anemie, konsumpční trombocytopenie a poškození endotelu s následnou poruchou mikrocirkulace vedoucí k ischemickému poškození cílových orgánů, zejména ledvin. Laboratorní a klinické charakteristiky trombotických mikroangiopatií však splňuje celá řada stavů různé etiologie, což značně ztěžuje diferenciální diagnostiku tohoto onemocnění. Příčinou aHUS je geneticky podmíněné či získané narušení rovnováhy mezi aktivátory a regulátory alternativní dráhy komplementu, vedoucí k její trvalé aktivaci, tvorbě terminálních lytických komplexů a orgánovému postižení. U více než 50 % nemocných s aHUS je možné identifikovat mutaci v genech pro komplementární faktory, asi u 5–10 % pak nacházíme protilátky proti složkám komplementu (resp. faktoru H). U nositelů mutací může díky inkompletní genetické penetranci klinické onemocnění propuknout až v přítomnosti spouštěčů amplifikace komplementu, jako jsou např. infekce, operace či těhotenství. Identifikace kauzální mutace není pro diagnózu aHUS nezbytná, je ale důležitá pro stanovení prognózy, rizika relapsu při přerušení léčby či po transplantaci ledviny. Prognóza tohoto onemocnění se v posledních letech dramaticky zlepšila díky možnosti specifické léčby spočívající v podávání inhibitorů C5 složky komplementu, přesto zůstává limitována zejména rychlou a správnou diagnostikou a včasným zahájením léčby. Dosud nevyřešenými otázkami jsou také délka léčby, podmínky jejího ukončení či přerušení a také další sledování pacientů po prodělané atace tohoto vzácného onemocnění.
Atypical (or complement-mediated) haemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare disease with a high risk of severe organ damage and death. As a representative of thrombotic microangiopathies, it is defined by microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and endothelial cell damage resulting in ischemic target organ injury, especially kidney failure. A variety of clinical scenarios can have the features of thrombotic microangiopathies thus impeding the differential diagnosis of the underlying condition. aHUS is caused by a genetic or acquired defect in the regulation of the alternative complement pathway resulting in its persistent activation, formation of terminal membrane attacking complexes, microvascular endothelial damage and ischemic organ injury. Roughly 50% of patients have rare germline variants in complement genes, detection of antibodies against complement factors (CFH) is much less common. In carriers of these genetic mutations, due to the incomplete genetic penetrance of aHUS, a clinically significant disease often requires a complement-amplifying trigger such as infection, surgery or pregnancy. Identification of germline variants is not necessary for the diagnosis of aHUS; however, it is important for the estimation of prognosis and risk of relapse after treatment termination or kidney transplant. Thanks to new specific treatment options represented by complement inhibitors, the prognosis of patients with aHUS has improved rapidly, however, it remains dependent on rapid and correct diagnostics and early treatment initiation. Further discussed and unsolved questions relate to treatment duration and the possibility of its termination as well as further management and follow-up of patients after the episode of aHUS.
- Klíčová slova
- eculizumab,
- MeSH
- atypický hemolyticko-uremický syndrom * diagnóza patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- humanizované monoklonální protilátky aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- inhibitory komplementu terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace genetika MeSH
- plazmaferéza MeSH
- renální insuficience etiologie MeSH
- trombotické mikroangiopatie klasifikace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Most patients with anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease present with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, and more than half develop ESKD. Currently, no tools are available to aid in the prognostication or management of this rare disease. In one of the largest assembled cohorts of patients with anti-GBM disease (with 174 patients included in the final analysis), the authors demonstrated that the renal risk score for ANCA-associated vasculitis is transferable to anti-GBM disease and the renal histology is strongly predictive of renal survival and recovery. Stratifying patients according to the percentage of normal glomeruli in the kidney biopsy and the need for RRT at the time of diagnosis improves outcome prediction. Such stratification may assist in the management of anti-GBM disease. BACKGROUND: Prospective randomized trials investigating treatments and outcomes in anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease are sparse, and validated tools to aid prognostication or management are lacking. METHODS: In a retrospective, multicenter, international cohort study, we investigated clinical and histologic parameters predicting kidney outcome and sought to identify patients who benefit from rescue immunosuppressive therapy. We also explored applying the concept of the renal risk score (RRS), currently used to predict renal outcomes in ANCA-associated vasculitis, to anti-GBM disease. RESULTS: The final analysis included 174 patients (out of a total of 191). Using Cox and Kaplan-Meier methods, we found that the RRS was a strong predictor for ESKD. The 36-month renal survival was 100%, 62.4%, and 20.7% in the low-risk, moderate-risk, and high-risk groups, respectively. The need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) at diagnosis and the percentage of normal glomeruli in the biopsy were independent predictors of ESKD. The best predictor for renal recovery was the percentage of normal glomeruli, with a cut point of 10% normal glomeruli providing good stratification. A model with the predictors RRT and normal glomeruli ( N ) achieved superior discrimination for significant differences in renal survival. Dividing patients into four risk groups led to a 36-month renal survival of 96.4% (no RRT, N ≥10%), 74.0% (no RRT, N <10%), 42.3% (RRT, N ≥10%), and 14.1% (RRT, N <10%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that the RRS concept is transferrable to anti-GBM disease. Stratifying patients according to the need for RRT at diagnosis and renal histology improves prediction, highlighting the importance of normal glomeruli. Such stratification may assist in the management of anti-GBM disease. PODCAST: This article contains a podcast at https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/JASN/2023_02_27_JASN0000000000000060.mp3.
- MeSH
- ANCA-asociované vaskulitidy * MeSH
- antirenální glomerulonefritida * MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- ledviny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- náhrada funkce ledvin MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Activity and chronicity of kidney involvement in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) can be currently reliably evaluated only by kidney biopsy. In this study, we measured a panel of serum and urinary biomarkers collected at the time of kidney biopsy and hypothesized that they could reflect specific histopathological parameters in the biopsy and help to predict prognosis. METHODS: We examined a cohort of 45 patients with AAV and 10 healthy controls. Biomarker levels (DKK-3, CD163, EGF, PRO-C6 and C3M) were measured in this study by ELISA. Biopsies were scored with a scoring system for AAV (focal x crescentic x sclerotic x mixed class) and interstitial fibrosis was quantified. RESULTS: Levels of urinary DKK-3, CD163, EGF, PRO-C6 and C3M significantly differed among biopsy classes in AAV, with urinary DKK-3 and PRO-C6 levels being highest in the sclerotic class and lowest in the focal class, urinary CD163 levels highest in the crescentic class and urinary C3M levels highest in the focal class. Moreover, the urinary biomarkers were able to discriminate focal biopsy class from the other classes. Urinary DKK-3, EGF, PRO-C6 and C3M levels measured at the time of biopsy were also significantly related to the extent of fibrosis and to the final kidney function at the end of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This small pilot study suggests that selected urinary biomarkers of fibrosis and inflammation may reflect changes in the kidney biopsy and be prognostic of kidney outcome in patients with AAV.
- MeSH
- ANCA-asociované vaskulitidy * patologie MeSH
- biologické markery moč MeSH
- epidermální růstový faktor MeSH
- fibróza MeSH
- ledviny patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- protilátky proti cytoplazmě neutrofilů * MeSH
- zánět patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Renal fibrosis is the hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is characterized by an imbalanced extracellular matrix remodelling. Endotrophin (ETP) is a signalling molecule released from collagen type VI (COL VI). ETP can be measured by the PRO-C6 assay, which quantifies the levels of COL VI formation. ETP levels were previously associated with mortality and disease progression in patients with CKD. We hypothesized that serum and urinary ETP levels correlate with the degree of interstitial fibrosis in kidney biopsies from patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) and patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). METHODS: We examined a cohort of 49 IgAN and 47 AAV patients. A validation cohort of 85 IgAN patients was included. ETP was measured in serum (S-ETP) and urine (U-ETP/Cr) samples, taken on the same day before renal biopsy was performed, using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay PRO-C6. The biopsies were evaluated for interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy according to the Banff and MEST-C scores. RESULTS: S-ETP and U-ETP/Cr levels correlated with kidney function, increased CKD severity, correlated with the extent of interstitial fibrosis and gradually increased with increasing degree of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. ETP outperformed the known fibrosis biomarker Dickkopf-3 for discrimination of patients with high fibrotic burden. The association of S-ETP and U-ETP/Cr with the level of kidney fibrosis was confirmed in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that high levels of circulating and excreted ETP are not only indicative of lower kidney function, but also reflect the burden of fibrosis in the kidneys.
- MeSH
- ANCA-asociované vaskulitidy * komplikace patologie MeSH
- atrofie komplikace patologie MeSH
- chronická renální insuficience * komplikace MeSH
- fibróza MeSH
- IgA nefropatie * patologie MeSH
- kolagen typ VI MeSH
- ledviny patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- peptidové fragmenty MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
