Daydreaming, a form of spontaneous and self-generated mental process, may lead to the disintegration of attention from the immediate external environment. In extreme cases, patients may develop maladaptive daydreaming comorbid with dissociation. The examination of dissociative alterations frequently occurs within the framework of complex cognitive processes. While dissociation may be a neurological and psychological dysfunction of integration, transient dissociative occurrences, i.e., momentary dissociation may signify a dynamic interplay between attentional division and orientation within the sensory cortex. Furthermore, previous studies have recorded the interactivity of attention by stimuli onset with P3 event-related potentials and the active suppression of distractor positivity. In this context, during auditory and visual mismatch negativity, the sensory cortex may interact with attentional orientation. Additionally, distractor positivity during task-relevant stimuli may play a crucial role in predicting momentary dissociation since sensory cortices share cerebral correlates with attentional fluctuations during mental imagery. Thus, this theoretical review investigated the cerebral activities associated with attentional orientation and may be extended to mindfulness. By integrating these findings, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of dissociative states which may lead to a resolution for dissociative psychopathology.
- MeSH
- disociační poruchy * patofyziologie MeSH
- elektroencefalografie metody MeSH
- evokované potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pozornost * fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important cellular hallmark of aging and neurodegeneration. Platelets are a useful model to study the systemic manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction. To evaluate the age dependence of mitochondrial parameters, citrate synthase activity, respiratory chain complex activity, and oxygen consumption kinetics were assessed. The effect of cognitive impairment was examined by comparing the age dependence of mitochondrial parameters in healthy individuals and those with neuropsychiatric disease. The study found a significant negative slope of age-dependence for both the activity of individual mitochondrial enzymes (citrate synthase and complex II) and parameters of mitochondrial respiration in intact platelets (routine respiration, maximum capacity of electron transport system, and respiratory rate after complex I inhibition). However, there was no significant difference in the age-related changes of mitochondrial parameters between individuals with and without cognitive impairment. These findings highlight the potential of measuring mitochondrial respiration in intact platelets as a means to assess age-related mitochondrial dysfunction. The results indicate that drugs and interventions targeting mitochondrial respiration may have the potential to slow down or eliminate certain aging and neurodegenerative processes. Mitochondrial respiration in platelets holds promise as a biomarker of aging, irrespective of the degree of cognitive impairment.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Atopická dermatitida je zánětlivé kožní onemocnění spojené se zvýšeným rizikem výskytu celé řady komorbidit, včetně duševních poruch, které mohou negativně ovlivňovat průběh kožního onemocnění. Mezi nejčastější psychické komorbidity patří depresivní porucha, úzkostná porucha, porucha pozornosti a hyperaktivita, autismus; je přítomna zvýšená suicidální aktivita (suicidální myšlenky či sebepoškození v suicidálním úmyslu). Patofyziologie je multifaktoriální, v současné době přibývá evidence o zapojení více imunitních mechanismů, důležitou roli hraje stres, spánková deprivace a další socioekonomické a behaviorální faktory. Z hlediska průběhu a prognózy atopické dermatitidy je třeba psychické komorbidity včas rozpoznat. K detekci lze využít i jednoduché instrumenty v podobě autoevaluačních škál. Léčba by měla probíhat ve spolupráci s psychiatry a psychology s využitím cílených psychofarmak či psychoterapie. Nadějí v léčbě atopické dermatitidy jsou monoklonální protilátky zaměřené proti prozánětlivým cytokinům, které by mohly přinést úlevu pacientům i v oblasti psychického zdraví.
Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease associated with an increased risk of a number of comorbidities, including mental disorders, which can worsen the course of the skin disease. The most common mental comorbidities include depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder, autism and increased suicidal activity (suicidal thoughts or self-harm in suicidal ideation). Pathophysiology is multifactorial, currently there is increasing evidence of the involvement of multiple immune mechanisms, stress, sleep deprivation and other socioeconomic and behavioral factors play an important role. Concerning the course and prognosis of atopic dermatitis, mental comorbidities must be recognized in time. Simple instruments in the form of selfevaluation scales can be used for detection. Treatment should take place in collaboration with psychiatrists and psychologists using targeted psychotropic drugs or psychotherapy. Hope in the treatment of atopic dermatitis are monoclonal antibodies directed against pro-inflammatory cytokines, which could bring relief to patients also in the area of mental health.
- MeSH
- antidepresiva farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- anxiolytika farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- atopická dermatitida * patofyziologie psychologie MeSH
- duševní poruchy * diagnóza etiologie farmakoterapie MeSH
- komorbidita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- poruchy iniciace a udržování spánku etiologie farmakoterapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND Studies show neurological differences between patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy controls. Furthermore, it is possible that poor timing is linked with impairments in neural circuitry. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that there is a difference in time perception between adults with severe ADHD symptomatology and adults with no ADHD symptomatology. MATERIAL AND METHODS Previously, we collected data from a more extensive set of participants (n=1518) concerning the prevalence of ADHD in adulthood. We recruited participants from 3 groups defined by increasing ADHD severity out of this participant pool. Each participant was presented with 2 experimental tasks (in counterbalanced order): duration estimation and duration discrimination. RESULTS In general, we did not find any specific differences in time perception related to the severity of ADHD. Regarding duration estimation, we found that the difference between the actual and estimated durations increased with the actual duration (F(1, 7028.00)=2685.38, P<0.001). Although the differences between groups were not significant, the group×duration interaction was (F[1, 7028.00]=10.86, P<0.001), with a very small effect size (ηp2<0.001, 95% CI [0.00, 0.01]). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that although individuals may demonstrate increased ADHD symptomatology, they may not have objectively more significant difficulties in time perception tasks than their counterparts with mild symptomatology. Nonetheless, time perception should be further studied because, as qualitative research suggests, participants with more severe ADHD symptomatology subjectively perceive more significant differences in time management in real life.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hyperkinetická porucha * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- vnímání času * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Depresivní porucha představuje významný rizikový faktor pro vznik a rozvoj kardiovaskulárních onemocnění, je třeba ji včasně diagnostikovat a adekvátně léčit. V současné době je evidentní, že depresivní potíže u kardiovaskulárně nemocných lze léčit účinně a bezpečně, a dokonce zmírnit zátěž nemocných dalšími komplikacemi. Lékem volby jsou antidepresiva typu SSRI, lze ale využít i přípravky SNRI, případně další moderní antidepresiva se specifickými mechanismy působení. Při léčbě je nutné mít na paměti kardiovaskulárně bezpečné dávkování užívaných léčiv, individuální rizikové faktory pro prolongaci QT intervalu a rozvoj závažných komorových arytmií a pravidelné kontroly elektrokardiogramu či krevního tlaku. Nelze zapomenout na zdravý životní styl, vhodnou skladbu stravy a zdravý spánek, které jsou nedílnou součástí společné patogeneze deprese a kardiovaskulárních chorob.
Depressive disorder is important risk factor for onset and development of cardiovascular diseases. It must be diagnosed and treated early and adequately. Now its evident that depressive symptoms in patients with cardiovascular diseases can be treated effectively and safety and that they can decrease burden of patients with other complications. The first choice of treatment are SSRI antidepressants, but SNRI or other modern antidepressants with specific mechanisms of action can be also used. During the treatment is necessary use the safety dosage of antidepressants, think of individual risk factors for QT prolongation and severe ventricular arrhythmias and monitoring of electrocardiogram or blood pressure regularly. Healthy lifestyle, food and sleep are integral parts of pathogenesis of depression and cardiovascular diseases.
BACKGROUND: Adolescents are most at risk of engaging in violent interaction. Targeting violence risk and protective factors is essential for correctly understanding and assessing their role in potential violence. We aimed to use the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) tool within the sample of adolescents to capture violence risk and protective factors and personality variables related to risk and protective factors. We further aimed to identify which violence risk and protective factors were positively or negatively related to violence within personal history and if any personality traits are typical for violent and non-violent adolescents. Identifying broader or underlying constructs within the SAVRY tool factor analysis can enable appropriate therapeutic targeting. METHODS: We used the Czech standardized version of the SAVRY tool. The study sample comprised 175 men and 226 women aged 12-18 years divided into two categories according to the presence or absence of violence in their personal history. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare numerical variables between the two groups. SAVRY factor analysis with varimax rotation was used to determine the item factors. We administered the High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ) to capture adolescents' personality characteristics. RESULTS: In our sample, there were 151 participants with violence in their personal histories and 250 non-violent participants. Non-violent adolescents had higher values for all six SAVRY protective factors. The strongest protective factor was P3, Strong attachment and bonds across gender or a history of violence. Using factor analysis, we identified three SAVRY internal factors: social conduct, assimilation, and maladaptation. The SAVRY protective factors were significantly positively related to several factors in the HSPQ questionnaire. CONCLUSION: The results highlight the significance of protective factors and their relationship with violence prevalence. HSPQ diagnostics could be helpful in clinically targeting personality-based violence risks and protective factors. The therapeutic focus should be on tension, peer rejection, and anxiety. It is also essential to foster positive attitudes toward authority, prosocial behavior, and attitudes toward school. These strategies can help strengthen protective factors of the SAVRY.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
