Microbiology reference laboratories perform a crucial role within public health systems. This role was especially evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this Viewpoint, we emphasise the importance of microbiology reference laboratories and highlight the types of digital data and expertise they provide, which benefit national and international public health. We also highlight the value of surveillance initiatives among collaborative international partners, who work together to share, analyse, and interpret data, and then disseminate their findings in a timely manner. Microbiology reference laboratories have substantial impact at regional, national, and international levels, and sustained support for these laboratories is essential for public health in both pandemic and non-pandemic times.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * epidemiologie MeSH
- infekční nemoci MeSH
- laboratoře * ekonomika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiologie MeSH
- pandemie MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
- veřejné zdravotnictví MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
During metastasis, cancer cells navigate through harsh conditions, including various mechanical forces in the bloodstream, highlighting the need to understand the impact of mechanical and shear stresses on cancer cells. To overcome the current methodological limitations of such research, here we present a new device that replicates similar conditions by applying shear stress on cultured cells. The device provides a less complex, easily accessible alternative to traditional fluidics while generating fluid shear stress values comparable to those in human veins and capillaries. The device allows analyses of large cell numbers in standard cell culture flasks and incubators. Using this device to explore the shear stress-induced responses of various human cell lines, we discovered a previously unknown, reversible pre-cytokinetic block occurring in cells that lose anchorage during mitosis and are kept under constant shear stress. Notably, some cancer cell lines appear to bypass this unorthodox cell-cycle block, suggesting its role as a safety checkpoint to restrict the proliferation of cancer cells in the bloodstream and their overall spreading potential. These findings provide new insights into the diverse responses of normal and cancer cells to shear stress and highlight the potential of our technology for research on circulating tumor cells and metastatic spread.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mechanický stres * MeSH
- mitóza MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- nádorové cirkulující buňky patologie MeSH
- nádory patologie MeSH
- pevnost ve smyku MeSH
- proliferace buněk MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
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- MeSH
- Haemophilus influenzae * patogenita MeSH
- hemofilové infekce * epidemiologie mortalita prevence a kontrola MeSH
- hemofilové vakcíny MeSH
- hlášení nemocí normy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- surveillance populace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- grafy a diagramy MeSH
- tabulky MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In a highly vaccinated population, an increasing number of previously vaccinated measles cases can be expected. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of vaccination on the clinical course and immune response in relation to the current measles case definition. METHODS: The presence of fever, catarrhal symptoms, exanthema and complications, and specific IgM and IgG positivity were assessed in all 230 patients and compared in 193 patients with known vaccination status, divided into measles-containing vaccine (MCV) groups: MCV0 (85 patients), MCV1 (25 patients) and MCV2 (83 patients). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences between groups were found for catarrhal symptoms. Conjunctivitis and rhinitis were significantly less frequent in the MCV2 group (47% and 54%) compared to MCV0 (80% and 80%), p < 0.001 and p = 0.002 respectively. Typical exanthema was present in 74 (87%) MCV0 and 56 (67%) MCV2 patients, p = 0.005. Complications were most common in the MCV0 group (29%). ECDC clinical case criteria were met in 81 (95%) MCV0, 18 (72%) MCV1 and 59 (71%) MCV2 patients, p < 0.001. IgM were positive in 64 (83%) MCV0, 14 (74%) MCV1 and 36 (67%) MCV2 patients, differences were not statistically significant. There were highly significant differences in IgG between MCV0 and both vaccinated groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A redefinition of the clinical case classification is essential to better capture modified measles and to raise awareness among healthcare workers of the differences in measles in vaccinated patients.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- imunoglobulin G krev MeSH
- imunoglobulin M * krev MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- protilátky virové krev MeSH
- spalničková vakcína * aplikace a dávkování imunologie MeSH
- spalničky * prevence a kontrola imunologie MeSH
- vakcinace * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
BACKGROUND: The Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Consortium was established to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. We aimed to analyse the incidence and distribution of these diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the 2 years preceding the pandemic. METHODS: For this prospective analysis, laboratories in 30 countries and territories representing five continents submitted surveillance data from Jan 1, 2018, to Jan 2, 2022, to private projects within databases in PubMLST. The impact of COVID-19 containment measures on the overall number of cases was analysed, and changes in disease distributions by patient age and serotype or group were examined. Interrupted time-series analyses were done to quantify the impact of pandemic response measures and their relaxation on disease rates, and autoregressive integrated moving average models were used to estimate effect sizes and forecast counterfactual trends by hemisphere. FINDINGS: Overall, 116 841 cases were analysed: 76 481 in 2018-19, before the pandemic, and 40 360 in 2020-21, during the pandemic. During the pandemic there was a significant reduction in the risk of disease caused by S pneumoniae (risk ratio 0·47; 95% CI 0·40-0·55), H influenzae (0·51; 0·40-0·66) and N meningitidis (0·26; 0·21-0·31), while no significant changes were observed for S agalactiae (1·02; 0·75-1·40), which is not transmitted via the respiratory route. No major changes in the distribution of cases were observed when stratified by patient age or serotype or group. An estimated 36 289 (95% prediction interval 17 145-55 434) cases of invasive bacterial disease were averted during the first 2 years of the pandemic among IRIS-participating countries and territories. INTERPRETATION: COVID-19 containment measures were associated with a sustained decrease in the incidence of invasive disease caused by S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis during the first 2 years of the pandemic, but cases began to increase in some countries towards the end of 2021 as pandemic restrictions were lifted. These IRIS data provide a better understanding of microbial transmission, will inform vaccine development and implementation, and can contribute to health-care service planning and provision of policies. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Torsten Söderberg Foundation, Stockholm County Council, Swedish Research Council, German Federal Ministry of Health, Robert Koch Institute, Pfizer, Merck, and the Greek National Public Health Organization.
V programu surveillance České republiky bylo v roce 2022 nahlášeno 41 invazivních onemocnění způsobených Haemophilus influenzae. Do Národní referenční laboratoře pro hemofilové nákazy bylo odesláno k ověření 39 kmenů H. influenzae. Celková nemocnost byla 0,38/100 000 obyvatel, nejvyšší ve věkové skupině 65 let a více (1,18/100000 obyv.). V souvislosti sinvazivním onemocněním vyvolaným H. influenzae zemřelo jedenáct pacientů, celková smrtnost byla 26,8 %. Nejčastější klinickou formou byla sepse (24 onemocnění). V roce 2022 bylo hlášeno 5 závažných onemocnění (epiglotitid) způsobených H. influenzae b. V jednom případě se jednalo o sedmdesátiletého muže, dále tříleté dítě, které nebylo očkované a tři řádně proočkované děti, kde se jednalo o skutečné selhání vakcinace. Z klinického materiálu bylo izolováno 29 neopouzdřených a 10 opouzdřených kmenů H. influenzae. V roce 2022 bylo zaznamenáno nejvíce invazivních hemofilových onemocnění a zároveň i nejvyšší počet úmrtí na ně od roku 2009. V letech 2009–2022 bylo celkem zaznamenáno 314 invazivních hemofilových onemocnění. Nejvyšší věkově specifická nemocnost byla opakovaně zjištěna u dětí do jednoho roku věku a starších osob (65 let a více). Invazivní onemocnění způsobené H. influenzae bylo spojeno se smrtností v průměru 17,8 %. Ve sledovaném období byla nejvíce hlášena sepse (157 případů). Nejčastějším původcem byl neopouzdřený HiNT, který vyvolal 187 chorob (60 %). Identifikace 62 původců invazivních onemocnění (20 %) probíhala jen na úroveň H. influenzae bez další typizace.
In the Czech Republic surveillance programme, 41 invasive diseases caused by Haemophilus influenzae were reported in 2022. Thirty-nine strains of H. influenzae were sent to the National Reference Laboratory for Haemophilus Infections for verification. The overall morbidity rate was 0.38/100,000 inhabitants, highest in the 65 years and over age group (1.18/100,000 inhabitants). Eleven patients died due to invasive disease caused by H. influenzae, the overall fatality rate was 26.8%. The most common clinical form was sepsis (24 cases). In 2022, five serious illnesses (epiglottitis) caused by H. influenzae b were reported. Twenty-nine non-encapsulated and 10 encapsulated H. influenzae strains were isolated from the clinical material. The year 2022 recorded the highest number of invasive haemophilus diseases and also the highest number of deaths from them since 2009. A total of 314 invasive haemophilic diseases were recorded between 2009 and 2022. The highest age-specific morbidity was repeatedly found in children under one year of age and the elderly (65 years and over). Invasive disease caused by H. influenzae was associated with an average fatality rate of 17.8%. Sepsis was the most frequently reported infection during the study period (157 cases). The most frequent agent was unencapsulated HiNT, which was the cause of 187 cases (60%). 62 agents of invasive diseases (20%) were identified only to the H. influenzae level without further typing.
- MeSH
- Haemophilus influenzae * patogenita MeSH
- hemofilové infekce * epidemiologie mortalita prevence a kontrola MeSH
- hemofilové vakcíny MeSH
- hlášení nemocí normy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- surveillance populace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is currently the hemodialysis access with the longest life expectations for the patients. However, even the AVF is at risk for many complications, especially the development of stenosis. The latter can not only lead to inadequate hemodialysis but also lead to AVF thrombosis. Duplex Doppler ultrasonography is a very precise method, in the hands of experienced professionals, for the diagnosis of AVF complications. In this review, we summarize the ultrasound diagnostic criteria of significant stenoses and their indication for procedural therapy.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
