BACKGROUND: Although people with HIV might be at risk of severe outcomes from infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus 2019 [COVID-19]), regional and temporal differences in SARS-CoV-2 testing in people with HIV across Europe have not been previously described. METHODS: We described the proportions of testing, positive test results, and hospitalizations due to COVID-19 between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2021 in the EuroSIDA cohort and the factors associated with being tested for SARS-CoV-2 and with ever testing positive. RESULTS: Of 9012 participants, 2270 (25.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 24.3-26.1) had a SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test during the study period (range: 38.3% in Northern to 14.6% in Central-Eastern Europe). People from Northern Europe, women, those aged <40 years, those with CD4 cell count <350 cells/mm3, and those with previous cardiovascular disease or malignancy were significantly more likely to have been tested, as were people with HIV in 2021 compared with those in 2020. Overall, 390 people with HIV (4.3%, 95% CI 3.9-4.8) tested positive (range: 2.6% in Northern to 7.1% in Southern Europe), and the odds of testing positive were higher in all regions than in Northern Europe and in 2021 than in 2020. In total, 64 people with HIV (0.7%, 95% CI 0.6-0.9) were hospitalized, of whom 12 died. Compared with 2020, the odds of positive testing decreased in all regions in 2021, and the associations with cardiovascular disease, malignancy, and use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate disappeared in 2021. Among study participants, 58.9% received a COVID-19 vaccine (range: 72.0% in Southern to 14.8% in Eastern Europe). CONCLUSIONS: We observed large heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 testing and positivity and a low proportion of hospital admissions and deaths across the regions of Europe.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * epidemiologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• HIV infekce * farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• hospitalizace * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počet CD4 lymfocytů MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• testování na COVID-19 statistika a číselné údaje   metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV infection is an important intervention for control of the HIV epidemic. The incidence of HIV infection is increasing in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Therefore, we investigated the change in PrEP use in CEE over time. METHODS: The Euroguidelines in Central and Eastern Europe (ECEE) Network Group was initiated in February 2016 to compare standards of care for HIV and viral hepatitis infections in CEE. Data on access to PrEP were collected from 23 countries through online surveys in May-June 2017 (76 respondents) and in November 2018-May 2019 (28 respondents). RESULTS: About 34.2% of respondents stated that tenofovir/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) was licensed for use in their country in 2017, and 66.7% that it was licensed for use in 2018 (P = 0.02). PrEP was recommended in national guidelines in 39.5% of responses in 2017 and 40.7% in 2018 (P = 0.378). About 70.7% of respondents were aware of "informal" PrEP use in 2017, while 66.6% were aware of this in 2018 (P = 0.698). In 2018, there were 53 centres offering PreP (the highest numbers in Poland and Romania), whereas six countries had no centres offering PreP. The estimated number of HIV-negative people on PreP in the region was 4500 in 2018. Generic TDF/FTC costs (in Euros) ranged from €10 (Romania) to €256.92 (Slovakia), while brand TDF/FTC costs ranged from €60 (Albania) to €853 (Finland). CONCLUSIONS: Although the process of licensing TDF/FTC use for PrEP has improved, this is not yet reflected in the guidelines, nor has there been a reduction in the "informal" use of PrEP. PrEP remains a rarely used preventive method in CEE countries.

• MeSH
• emtricitabin aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• HIV infekce prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• látky proti HIV aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• preexpoziční profylaxe metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• tenofovir aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• Covid 19,
• Publikační typ
• abstrakt z konference MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate the long-term response to antiretroviral treatment (ART) based on atazanavir/ritonavir (ATZ/r)-, darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r)-, and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)-containing regimens. METHODS: Data were analysed for 5678 EuroSIDA-enrolled patients starting a DRV/r-, ATZ/r- or LPV/r-containing regimen between 1 January 2000 and 30 June 2013. Separate analyses were performed for the following subgroups of patients: (1) ART-naïve subjects (8%) at ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (PI/r) initiation; (2) ART-experienced individuals (44%) initiating the new PI/r with a viral load (VL) ≤500 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL; and (3) ART-experienced patients (48%) initiating the new PI/r with a VL >500 copies/mL. Virological failure (VF) was defined as two consecutive VL measurements >200 copies/mL ≥24 weeks after PI/r initiation. Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox models were used to compare risks of failure by PI/r-based regimen. The main analysis was performed with intention-to-treat (ITT) ignoring treatment switches. RESULTS: The time to VF favoured DRV/r over ATZ/r, and both were superior to LPV/r (log-rank test; P < 0.02) in all analyses. Nevertheless, the risk of VF in ART-naïve patients was similar regardless of the PI/r initiated after controlling for potential confounders. The risk of VF in both treatment-experienced groups was lower for DRV/r than for ATZ/r, which, in turn, was lower than for LPV/r-based ART. CONCLUSIONS: Although confounding by indication and calendar year cannot be completely ruled out, in ART-experienced subjects the long-term effectiveness of DRV/r-containing regimens appears to be greater than that of ATZ/r and LPV/r.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• HIV infekce farmakoterapie   MeSH
• látky proti HIV terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• vysoce aktivní antiretrovirová terapie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

• Publikační typ
• abstrakt z konference MeSH

BACKGROUND: The HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) population remains a global concern whose treatment is effective, though not yet optimal. Immune based therapies have thus far been disappointing and still need to be explored further. Based on published data suggesting that the functions of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL) can be improved by histamine, we investigated the effect of histamine in vitro on HIV-1 specific CD8+ T lymphocytes in HIV+ subjects. RESULTS: 60 HIV+ subjects were included in the study. We evaluated CTL function by IFNγ (interferon gamma) production (using the enzyme-linked immunospot assay (Elispot), BD Bioscience). Changes in the production of IFNγ after incubation with histamine were compared with the levels of total IgE (immunoglobulin E, measured using a Dade Behring analyzer), because histamine is endogenously released through IgE. Activation of HIV-specific CTL by histamine occurs via H2R (histamine receptors). Thus we attempted to block this activation using cimetidine (antagonist H2R). CONCLUSIONS: We found an increase in IFNγ production after the activation of HIV-1 specific CD8+ T lymphocytes by histamine (this elevation was blocked by cimetidine), furthermore, we demonstrated a negative correlation between the production of IFNγ and levels of total IgE.

• MeSH
• CD8-pozitivní T-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• histamin imunologie   MeSH
• HIV infekce imunologie   MeSH
• HIV-1 imunologie   MeSH
• imunoglobulin E biosyntéza   imunologie   MeSH
• interferon gama biosyntéza   imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Toxocariasis is a parasitic infection caused by Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati. It is distributed worldwide. Liver is the main organ affected by Toxocara infection, typically with multiple eosinophilic infiltrates. Liver abscess formation is a very rare condition. METHOD: The authors report on a case of Toxocariasis infection with abscess formation in the right liver lobe. The diagnosis was made upon patient's history, clinical examination, use of ultrasonography, computed tomography and especially upon positive serologic test and hypereosinophilia. After unsuccessful conservative treatment (Mebendazole, antibiotics and corticoids), right hepatectomy was performed. RESULTS: The postoperative course was complicated by biliary fistula in the resection area. The complication was successfully managed by temporary stent implantation to the left hepatic duct. Six months after the operation, the patient is with no complications. CONCLUSION: Liver abscess formation is a rare condition associated with Toxocara infection. It is still a matter of debate whether liver abscess results from severe parasitic infection or whether human toxocariasis is a predisposing cause of pyogenic liver abscess formation. Liver resection is the only treatment option when sepsis fails to respond to conservative treatment (Fig. 5, Ref. 22).

• MeSH
• absces jater diagnóza   parazitologie   terapie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• toxokaróza diagnóza   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• centrální nervový systém MeSH
• diagnostické techniky a postupy MeSH
• epidemiologie statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• klinické laboratorní techniky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) patří mezi herpesviry. Vyskytuje se ubikvitně u lidí amnoha dalších savců. CMV způsobuje charakteristický cytopatický efekt, kdy dochází k významnému zvětšení buněk obsahujících intranukleární a cytoplazmatické inkluze. Virus se přenáší přímým kontaktem a sekrety. Nozokomiální infekce mohou vznikat po transfuzích krve nebo transplantacích. Vylučování viru přetrvává delší dobu po infekci. CMV je nejběžnějším původcem kongenitální infekce, postihující 1–2 % dětí. Infekce plodu může vést k předčasnému porodu. Infekce jsou většinou benigní, jen u malé části dětí vznikne nemoc v rozsahu od jednostranného postižení sluchu až po život ohrožující multiorgánové onemocnění. Průkaz infekceCMV se provádí stanovenímspecifických protilátek, kultivací viru nebo pomocí polymerázové řetězové reakce z moči, slin, krve, mozkomíšního moku. K léčení kongenitální CMV infekce byl poslední dobou použit ganciklovir. Jedinou spolehlivou metodou prevence by byla imunizace, ale účinná vakcína dosud není k dispozici. Autoři popisují tři případy kongenitální CMV infekce.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) belongs to the herpesvirus family. Its distribution is ubiquitous in man and many other mammals. CMV causes a typical cytopathic effect with enlargement of the cells that contain intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions. CMV is spread directly or by a contact with secretions. Nosocomial transmission can occur during blood transfusion or organ transplantation. Virus excretion after infection continues for a long time. CMV is the most frequent cause of congenital infections (1–2 % children). A foetal infection can lead to a preterm labour. Most of CMV congenital infections are benign, only a small proportion of children develop a disease with sensorineural hearing loss or a life threatening multiorgan disease. The diagnosis can be done on the basis of identification of specific antibodies, virus cultivation and PCR from urine, saliva, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid. An antiviral drug ganciclovir can be used for treatment. Anti-CMV vaccines are under the development. Three cases of a congenital CMV infection are described in the paper.

• MeSH
• cytomegalovirové infekce diagnóza   přenos   vrozené   MeSH
• Cytomegalovirus patogenita   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• ganciklovir aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• imunoglobulin M krev   MeSH
• infekční komplikace v těhotenství diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• prenatální diagnóza metody   MeSH
• příznaky a symptomy MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• antioxidancia aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• imunita MeSH
• infekční nemoci etiologie   farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• nádory farmakoterapie   imunologie   MeSH
• stárnutí MeSH
• virové nemoci etiologie   imunologie   MeSH
• volné radikály imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH