BACKGROUND: In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), changes in the peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets play an important role in disease progression and infectious complications. The impact of chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) on these changes has not been extensively studied METHODS: We used multi-color flow cytometry, to prospectively measure absolute and relative numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and their subsets in 45 patients with indolent untreated CLL, 86 patients indicated for first-line treatment, and 34 healthy controls. In 55 patients, we analyzed the impact of CIT RESULTS: CLL patients had a significant increase in most cell populations in comparison to controls. Progression of CLL was characterized by significantly elevated counts with the exception of a lower percentage of naïve T-cells. After treatment, the percentage of naïve T-cells further decreased at the expense of effector memory T-cells (TEM). In patients with indolent CLL, higher percentages of naïve CD4+ (p = 0.0026) and naïve CD8+ (p = 0.023) T-cells were associated with a longer time to first treatment (TTFT). The elevation of CD4+ central memory T-cells (TCM) (p = 0.27) and TEM (p = 0.003) counts and a higher percentage of CD4+ TEM (p = 0.0047), were linked with shorter TTFT. In treated patients, increased regulatory T-cells count was associated with shorter time to next treatment (TTNT) (p = 0.042), while higher CD4+ TCM count with shorter TTNT (p = 0.035) and shorter overall survival (p = 0.041). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that naïve cell depletion and CD4+ TCM and TEM increases are detrimental to CLL patients' prognosis.
BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have a higher risk of developing other malignancies (OMs) compared to the general population. However, the impact of CLL-related risk factors and CLL-directed treatment is still unclear and represents the focus of this work. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective international multicenter study to assess the incidence of OMs and detect potential risk factors in 19,705 patients with CLL, small lymphocytic lymphoma, or high-count CLL-like monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis, diagnosed between 2000 and 2016. Data collection took place between October 2020 and March 2022. FINDINGS: In 129,254 years of follow-up after CLL diagnosis, 3513 OMs were diagnosed (27.2 OMs/1000 person-years). The most common hematological OMs were Richter transformation, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Non-melanoma skin (NMSC) and prostate cancers were the most common solid tumors (STs).The only predictor for MDS and AML development was treatment with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide with/without rituximab (FC ± R) (OR = 3.7; 95% CI = 2.79-4.91; p < 0.001). STs were more frequent in males and patients with unmutated immunoglobulin heavy variable genes (OR = 1.77; 95% CI = 1.49-2.11; p < 0.001/OR = 1.89; 95% CI = 1.6-2.24; p < 0.001).CLL-directed treatment was associated with non-melanoma skin and prostate cancers (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.36-2.41; p < 0.001/OR = 2.11; 95% CI = 1.12-3.97; p = 0.021). In contrast, breast cancers were more frequent in untreated patients (OR = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.08-0.33; p < 0.001).Patients with CLL and an OM had inferior overall survival (OS) than those without. AML and MDS conferred the worst OS (p < 0.001). INTERPRETATION: OMs in CLL impact on OS. Treatment for CLL increased the risk for AML/MDS, prostate cancer, and NMSC. FCR was associated with increased risk for AML/MDS. FUNDING: AbbVie, and EU/EFPIAInnovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking HARMONY grant n° 116026.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Chronická lymfocytární leukemie (CLL) je nejčastější lymfoidní malignitou dospělých v euroamerické populaci a postihuje převážně starší osoby: medián věku v době diagnózy se pohybuje mezi 65 a 72 lety. V současnosti je naprostá většina nemocných diagnostikována v časném asymptomatickém stadiu nevyžadující léčbu. Mimořádným rysem CLL je různorodost prognózy: ani při dlouhodobém sledování zhruba 50 % nemocných neprogreduje a nikdy nedospějí k léčbě, která je zahajována pouze při známkách klinické aktivity. Prognostické faktory, zejména mutace a/nebo delece genu TP53, cytogenetické abnormality a mutační stav variabilní oblasti těžkého řetězce imunoglobulinu (IGHV), jsou velmi užitečné pro upřesnění prognózy jednotlivých pacientů. Tyto ukazatele mohou rovněž pomoci při volbě léčebného přístupu, stávají se tedy prediktivními faktory. Léčebný přístup k CLL za posledních 20 let prodělal vpravdě revoluční změny: od chemoterapie přes chemoimunoterapii přidáním anti-CD20 monoklonálních protilátek rituximabu či obinutuzumabu, které vedlo poprvé v historii léčby CLL k prodloužení celkového přežití až k novým, perorálním cíleným preparátům, zejména režimům založených na inhibitoru BCL-2 venetoklaxu s anti-CD20 protilátkou a inhibitorům Brutonovy tyrozinkinázy ibrutinibu a akalabrutinibu. Tyto cílené inhibitory jsou dnes považovány za standardní volbu u relabované/refrakterní CLL a u velké části nemocných vytlačily chemoimunoterapii též z léčby první linie. Chemoimunoterapii (zejména kombinaci fludarabin - cyklofosfamid - rituximab [FCR] u mladších zdatných nemocných bez komorbidit) lze stále zvážit jako léčebou alternativu u selektované skupiny dosud neléčených nemocných s biologicky velmi příznivou prognózou (mutovaný stav IGHV a příznivá cytogenetika, např. delece 13q).
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common lymphoid malignancy of adults in the Euro-American population and predominantly affects the elderly: the median age at diagnosis is between 65 and 72 years. Most patients are nowadays diagnosed at an early asymptomatic stage and do not require treatment. The heterogeneity of the prognosis of CLL is extraordinary. Even with long-term follow-up, about 50% of CLL patients do not progress and never require treatment, which is initiated only in case of the disease ́s clinical activity. Prognostic factors, especially TP53 gene deletion/mutation, other cytogenetic abnormalities, and mutation status of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV) are very useful in refining the prognosis of individual patients. These markers can also help to tailor the treatment, thus becoming predictive factors. The therapeutic approach to CLL has undergone truly revolutionary changes over the last 20 years: from chemotherapy to chemoimmunotherapy through addition of the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies rituximab or obinutuzumab, which for the first time in the history of CLL treatment has led to prolonged overall survival, to new, oral targeted agents, in particular regimens based on the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax with an anti-CD20 antibody and the Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors ibrutinib and acalabrutinib. These targeted inhibitors are now considered the standard choice for relapsed/refractory CLL and have largely replaced chemoimmunotherapy from first-line treatment in the vast majority of patients as well. Chemoimmunotherapy (especially the combination fludarabine-cyclophosphamide-rituximab [FCR] in younger fit patients without comorbidities) can still be considered as a treatment alternative in a selected group of previously untreated patients with a biologically highly very favourable prognosis (mutated IGHV gene and favourable cytogenetics, e.g. del 13q).
- Klíčová slova
- ibrutinib, obinutuzumab, venetoklax,
- MeSH
- antitumorózní látky aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- bicyklické sloučeniny heterocyklické aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- buněčná a tkáňová terapie metody MeSH
- chronická lymfatická leukemie * farmakoterapie genetika patologie MeSH
- cílená molekulární terapie metody MeSH
- inhibitory fosfoinositid-3-kinasy aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- inhibitory tyrosinkinasy aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- kombinovaná farmakoterapie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- proteinkinasa BTK antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- protinádorové látky imunologicky aktivní aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- protokoly antitumorózní kombinované chemoterapie aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- protoonkogenní proteiny c-bcl-2 antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- sulfonamidy aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Idelalisib (idela), a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, and ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, were the first oral targeted agents approved for relapsed/refractory (R/R) chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). However, no randomised trials of idelalisib plus rituximab (R-idela) versus ibrutinib have been conducted. Therefore, we performed a real-world retrospective analysis of patients with R/R CLL treated with R-idela (n = 171) or ibrutinib (n = 244). The median age was 70 versus 69 years, with a median of two previous lines. There was a trend towards higher tumour protein p53 (TP53) aberrations and complex karyotype in the R-idela group (53% vs. 44%, p = 0.093; 57% vs. 46%, p = 0.083). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly longer with ibrutinib (40.5 vs. 22.0 months; p < 0.001); similarly to overall survival (OS; median 54.4 vs. 37.7 months, p = 0.04). In multivariate analysis, only PFS but not OS remained significantly different between the two agents. The most common reasons for treatment discontinuation included toxicity (R-idela, 39.8%; ibrutinib, 22.5%) and CLL progression (27.5% vs. 11.1%). In conclusion, our data show significantly better efficacy and tolerability of ibrutinib over R-idela in patients with R/R CLL treated in routine practice. The R-idela regimen may still be considered a reasonable option in highly selected patients without a suitable treatment alternative.
- MeSH
- chronická lymfatická leukemie * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- recidiva MeSH
- registrace MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- rituximab MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have a high risk of poor outcomes related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This multicenter cohort study evaluated the impact of COVID-19 infection on the population of CLL patients in the Czech Republic. Between March 2020 and May 2021, 341 patients (237 males) with CLL and COVID-19 disease were identified. The median age was 69 years (range 38-91). Out of the 214 (63%) patients with the history of therapy for CLL, 97 (45%) were receiving CLL-directed treatment at diagnosis of COVID-19: 29% Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi), 16% chemoimmunotherapy (CIT), 11% Bcl-2 inhibitor, and 4% phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor. Regarding the severity of COVID-19, 60% pts required admission to the hospital, 21% pts were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), and 12% received invasive mechanical ventilation. The overall case fatality rate was 28%. Major comorbidities, age over 72, male gender, CLL treatment in history, CLL-directed treatment at COVID-19 diagnosis were associated with increased risk of death. Of note, concurrent therapy with BTKi compared to CIT was not associated with better outcome of COVID-19.
- MeSH
- chronická lymfatická leukemie * farmakoterapie epidemiologie MeSH
- COVID-19 * komplikace MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fosfatidylinositol-3-kinasy MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- testování na COVID-19 MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
