Mastocytosis is a clonal hematopoietic disorder characterized by proliferation of abnormal mast cells in various organs including the skin, digestive system, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. We report on a 75-year-old woman presenting with abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea, myalgia, and weight loss. Abdominal CT showed hepatosplenomegaly with heterogeneous splenic parenchyma, lymphadenopathy, and osteopenia with areas of osteosclerosis but no primary tumour. An 18F-FDG PET/CT revealed an overall low metabolic activity of the lesions with a diffuse bone marrow involvement raising suspicion of a haematological neoplasm. Subsequently, bone marrow and peripheral blood examinations confirmed the diagnosis of aggressive systemic mastocytosis.
- MeSH
- fluorodeoxyglukosa F18 * MeSH
- kostní dřeň diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- PET/CT MeSH
- pozitronová emisní tomografie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- systémová mastocytóza * diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
Východiska: Maligní plicní nádory patří v současnosti dle četnosti k nejčastějším zhoubným onemocněním. Mezenchymální nádory plic jsou však velmi vzácné. Dle literárních dat představují necelých 0,5 % všech maligních plicních nádorů. Jednou ze vzácných variant je plicní epiteloidní hemangioendoteliom. Případ: Prezentujeme případ 45letého muže s několikaměsíční anamnézou narůstající dušnosti, s bolestí břicha a zad. Zobrazovacími metodami bylo zjištěno postižení skeletu páteře. PET/CT s 18F-fluorodeoxyglukózou (FDG) prokázalo rozsáhlý FDG-avidní maligní proces postihující hrudník, dutinu břišní i skelet. Rozsah a charakter infiltrace v PET/CT obraze nebyly typické pro žádnou z častějších onkologických diagnóz. Svým plošným šířením zejména v pravém hemithoraxu a na povrchu jater onemocnění nejvíce připomínalo maligní mezoteliom. PET/CT vyšetření nedetekovalo jasné primární tumorózní ložisko, umožnilo však lokalizovat místo vhodné k bioptické verifikaci procesu. Biopsií infiltrovaného 7. žebra vpravo pod CT kontrolou byl zjištěn epiteloidní hemangioendoteliom. I přes časné zahájení systémové léčby pacient umírá na respirační insuficienci se syndromem horní duté žíly a progredujícím fluidothoraxem 15 dní po stanovení diagnózy. Závěr: Vzhledem k extrémně raritnímu výskytu epiteloidního hemangioendoteliomu a jeho heterogenním projevům není možné určit správnou diagnózu pouze na základě klinických projevů, laboratorních vyšetření či nálezů v zobrazovacích metodách. Rozhodující význam pro určení diagnózy má histopatologické vyšetření. Ze stejného důvodu nebyla dosud vypracována doporučení pro systémovou léčbu mnohočetného postižení.
Background: At present, lung cancer ranks among the most frequent malignant diseases. However, according to literature data, mesenchymal lung tumors are very rare, representing less than 0.5% of all malignant lung tumours. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the lungs belongs to this group of uncommon entities. Case report: We present a case of a 45-year-old male with a history of increasing dyspnoea and abdominal and back pains, developing over the past several months. Vertebral lesions were found on imaging studies. PET/CT following 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose administration (FDG) showed a large FDG-positive malignant infiltration affecting the thorax, abdominal cavity, and bones. The extension and other characteristics of the mass on PET/CT did not correspond to any of the common oncologic diseases. With its spread in a plaque-like form predominantly in the right hemithorax and on the surface of the liver, the disease closely resembled malignant mesothelioma. The primary tumour origin could not be clearly identified on PET/CT scans but they allowed us to choose a suitable site to obtain tissue for pathologic examination. Based on a CT-guided bone biopsy of the 7th right rib, the diagnosis was concluded as epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. Despite an early initiation of systemic treatment, the patient succumbed to the disease only 15 days after the diagnosis, due to superior vena cava syndrome and progressive pleural effusion leading to respiratory insufficiency. Conclusions: Given the extremely low prevalence of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma and its heterogeneous manifestation, it is impossible to base the diagnosis solely on disease symptoms, laboratory findings, and imaging modalities. In this respect, pathologic examination has a crucial role. For the same reason, there is a lack of recommendations for the standard-of-care systemic therapy of metastatic disease.
Vzhledem k vysoké diagnostické přesnosti je 18F-FDG PET/CT často využívanou metodou pro vstupní staging a kontrolní vyšetření u pacientů s maligním melanomem. Ve většině případů primární tumor i jeho metastázy vykazují vysokou metabolickou aktivitu, pomocí 18F-FDG PET/CT jsou tak detekovány i drobné léze na hranici rozlišení. V roce 2010 došlo k významnému posunu v léčbě maligního melanomu - byla zahájena etapa využívání moderní imunoterapie. Jednou z prvních účinných látek z této kategorie byl ipilimumab. Uvádíme případ pacientky s recidivujícím metastatickým melanomem s přetrvávající zvýšenou akumulací 18F-fluorodeoxyglukózy (18F-FDG) v dutině břišní. Tento nález se neměnil ani během léčby ipilimumabem, nepodařilo se ho identifikovat ani při revizi dutiny břišní. Až při opakovaných 18F-FDG PET/CT vyšetřeních se podařilo nalézt korelát v asymptomatickém polypu tlustého střeva, který byl během koloskopie odstraněn. Výsledkem histologického vyšetření byl adenokarcinom in situ ve vilózním adenomu.
Given its high diagnostic accuracy, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) has often been used as initial staging and follow-up imaging in patients with malignant melanoma. In the majority of cases, the primary tumour and its metastases show high metabolic activity, and even small subclinical lesions can thus be detected by 18F-FDG PET/CT scanning. In 2010, an important step forward was made in the treatment of malignant melanoma - the era of modern immunotherapy began, and ipilimumab represented one of the first effective drugs. Herein, we present a case of a women with recurrent, metastatic melanoma with persistent increased 18F-FDG accumulation in the abdominal cavity. The lesion could not be identified on exploratory laparotomy and remained unchanged during ipilimumab treatment. Surprisingly, repeated PET/CT examination localized the FDG uptake to an asymptomatic colon polyp histologically corresponding to adenocarcinoma in situ arising in villous adenoma.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- imunoterapie metody MeSH
- ipilimumab farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- kolorektální nádory * diagnostické zobrazování terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- melanom * diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- PET/CT metody MeSH
- polypy tlustého střeva diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Altered fractionation radiotherapy and concomitant chemoradiotherapy represent commonly used intensification strategies in the management of locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (LA-SCCHN). This meta-analysis compares compliance, safety, and efficacy between two single-agent cisplatin schedules given concurrently with altered fractionation radiotherapy. METHODS: We systematically searched for prospective trials of patients with LA-SCCHN who received post-operative or definitive altered fractionation concurrent chemoradiotherapy. High-dose cisplatin once every three to four weeks (100 mg/m2, 2 doses) was compared with a weekly low-dose protocol (≤50 mg/m2, ≥4 doses). The primary outcome was overall survival. The secondary endpoints comprised treatment adherence, acute and late toxicities, and objective response rate. RESULTS: Twelve studies with 1373 patients treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy were included. Compared to the weekly low-dose cisplatin regimen, the three- to four-weekly high-dose cisplatin regimen improved overall survival (p=.0185), was more compliant with respect to receiving all planned cycles of cisplatin (71% versus 95%, p=.0353), and demonstrated less complications in terms of severe (grade 3-4) acute mucositis and/or stomatitis (75% versus 40%, p=.0202) and constipation (8% versus 1%, p=.0066), toxic deaths (4%, versus 1%, p=.0168), 30-day mortality (8% versus 3%, p=.0154), and severe late subcutaneous fibrosis (21% versus 2%, p<.0001). Overall and complete response rates were similar between both chemotherapy schedules. CONCLUSION: In chemoradiotherapy incorporating altered fractionation, two cycles of high-dose cisplatin with a three to four week interval are superior to weekly low-dose schedules. Further studies should identify those who might derive the greatest benefit from this intensified approach.
- MeSH
- chemoradioterapie * MeSH
- cisplatina aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory hlavy a krku farmakoterapie radioterapie MeSH
- protinádorové látky aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- metaanalýza MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- systematický přehled MeSH
Úvod: Erdheimova-Chesterova nemoc (ECD) je vzácné onemocnění ze skupiny histiocytárních chorob. Cílem práce bylo porovnat 18F-FDG PET/CT nálezy u pacientů s touto chorobou v ČR Metody: V ČR bylo provedeno celkem 44 18F-FDG PET/CT vyšetření u 6 pacientů s touto nemocí. Ve stagingových vyšetřeních 6 pacientů jsme hodnotili akumulaci 18F-FDG v místech obvyklého postižení, a to ve skeletu, mozku, v orbitě, paranasálních dutinách, periaortálně, v srdci, v plicích, perirenálně a na kůži. Výsledky: U všech pacientů bylo patrné 18F-FDG avidní postižení skeletu, u 5 z nich s maximem na dolních končetinách. U 5 ze 6 osob bylo zobrazeno postižení maxilárních dutin. U 4 ze 6 nemocných bylo patrno vaskulární postižení a perirenální postižení. U 2 ze 6 pacientů bylo patrné 18F-FDG avidní postižení kůže a rovněž hypofýzy. U 1 ze 6 osob bylo patrné i postižení retrobulbárně a postižení srdce. U žádného ze 6 pacientů jsme nepozorovali postižení plic. Závěr: U všech 6 pacientů bylo 18F-FDG avidní postižení skeletu hlavní a pravidelnou částí PET/CT obrazu Erheimovy-Chesterovy nemoci. I další nálezy 18F-FDG avidního postižení (kardiovaskulární, CNS, paranasálních dutin, orbit, kůže, perirenálně) tak potvrzují známá pozorovaní u ECD.
Introduction: Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare unit of histiocytic diseases. The goal of our work was to assess 18F-FDG PET/CT presentation of this disease in patients from the Czech Republic. Methods: We analyzed overall 44 18F-FDG PET/CT examinations in 6 patients with this disease. We assessed 18F-FDG accumulation in staging examinations of these 6 patients at usual localizations, i.e. bones, brain, orbit, paranasal sinuses, periaortal space, heart, lungs, perirenal space and skin. Results: Bone 18F-FDG accumulation was detected in all patients; in 5 mostly in lower extremities. Maxillar sinuses were involved in 5/6 patients. Vascular and perirenal involvement was detected in 4/6 patients. Two patients had involved skin and hypophysis, one patient also orbits and heart. Lung involvement was not detected in any patient. Conclusions: 18F-FDG avid involvement of skeleton was the main and regular characteristic of PET/CT presentation of Erdheim-Chester disease. Also other localizations of 18F-FDG avid involvement (cardiovascular, CNS, paranasal sinuses, orbitis, skin, perirenal space) confirm known observations in ECD.
- MeSH
- cetuximab farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- chemoradioterapie metody MeSH
- cisplatina farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- imunoterapie metody MeSH
- klinická studie jako téma MeSH
- kongresy jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery MeSH
- nádory hlavy a krku * terapie MeSH
- protinádorové látky farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- protokoly protinádorové kombinované chemoterapie MeSH
- taxoidy farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- zprávy MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) ligand/receptor axis has been implicated in pathogenesis of malignant diseases including squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Overexpression of c-MET has been reported as a common molecular abnormality in SCCHN, although its prognostic and predictive value remains to be validated. METHODS: We systematically searched literature for studies evaluating c-MET expression on immunohistochemistry in newly diagnosed, non-metastatic SCCHN. The c-MET expressing cases were classified into three categories according to predefined cut-off values for positivity. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of c-MET expression and its relationship with selected clinicopathological variables. RESULTS: Twenty-eight studies with 2019 cases were included. Relative frequencies of c-MET expression above cut-off levels I, II, and III were 81.8%, 63.8%, and 46.2%, respectively. Differences between these three values were statistically significant (p<1.0×10-6). Above cut-off level II, c-MET positivity was associated with worse overall survival (p=4.0×10-6), positive nodal status (p=1.0×10-4), higher disease stage (p=7.0×10-4), older age (p=2.1×10-3), disease recurrence (p=2.0×10-2), and primary tumour localization in the oral cavity (p=2.3×10-2). Above cut-off level III, c-MET positivity was associated with worse disease-free or progression-free survival (p=9.0×10-6), p16 negativity (p=2.4×10-4), worse overall survival (p=4.0×10-4), positive epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status (p=7.2×10-4), and larger primary tumours (p=4.6×10-3). CONCLUSION: In SCCHN, immunohistochemical overexpression of c-MET above cut-off levels III and particularly II was associated with inferior survival outcomes and advanced disease. Moreover, it represents a promising predictive biomarker for c-MET targeting, yet the optimal scoring method remains to be defined.
- MeSH
- analýza přežití MeSH
- epitelo-mezenchymální tranzice MeSH
- imunohistochemie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory hlavy a krku genetika patologie patofyziologie MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- protoonkogenní proteiny c-met genetika fyziologie MeSH
- spinocelulární karcinom genetika patologie patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- metaanalýza MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: Locoregionally advanced, recurrent, and metastatic squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN) remain difficult to treat disease entities, in which systemic treatment often forms an integral part of their management. Immunotherapy is based on functional restoration of the host immune system, helping to counteract various tumour evasion strategies. Broadly, immunotherapeutic approaches encompass tumour-specific antibodies, cancer vaccines, cytokines, adoptive T-cell transfer, and immune-modulating agents. Until 2015, the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor cetuximab, a tumour-specific antibody, represented the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved targeted therapy for SCCHN. Subsequently, in 2016, the results from two prospective trials employing the immune-modulating antibodies nivolumab and pembrolizumab heralded a new era of anticancer treatment. DISCUSSION: Nivolumab and pembrolizumab are monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), an 'immune checkpoint' receptor. Found on the surface of T-cells, PD-1 negatively regulates their activation and can thus be exploited during carcinogenesis. The second-line phase III trial CheckMate-141 randomly assigned 361 patients with recurrent and/or metastatic SCCHN in a 2:1 ratio to receive either single-agent nivolumab (3 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks) or standard monotherapy (methotrexate, docetaxel, or cetuximab). Nivolumab improved the objective response rate (13% versus 6%) and median overall survival (OS; 7.5 versus 5.1 months, p = 0.01) without increasing toxicity. Exploratory biomarker analyses indicated that patients treated with nivolumab had longer OS than those given standard therapy, regardless of tumour PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) expression or p16 status. In the non-randomised, multicohort phase Ib study KEYNOTE-012, treatment with pembrolizumab achieved comparable results. Importantly, most of the responding patients had a long-lasting response. CONCLUSION: Based on recent results, nivolumab and pembrolizumab have been approved by the FDA as new standard-of-care options for the second-line treatment of recurrent and/or metastatic SCCHN. Generally well tolerated, these novel drugs demonstrated modest response rates, with tumour regressions usually being durable, even in platinum-resistant/refractory cases. The next step will be to extend the observed benefit to first-line treatment, currently dominated by the EXTREME regimen (platinum/5-fluorouracil/cetuximab), and to the locoregionally advanced setting, where concurrent chemoradiation with cisplatin is standard. Regimens combining immunotherapy with other modalities will probably further improve outcomes.
- MeSH
- imunoterapie * metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory hlavy a krku terapie MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- spinocelulární karcinom terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Three-weekly high-dose cisplatin (100 mg/m2) is considered the standard systemic regimen given concurrently with postoperative or definitive radiotherapy in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (LA-SCCHN). However, due to unsatisfactory patient tolerance, various weekly low-dose schedules have been increasingly used in clinical practice. The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy, safety, and compliance between these two approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We systematically searched literature for prospective trials of patients with LA-SCCHN who received postoperative or definitive conventionally fractionated concurrent chemoradiation. Radiation doses were usually 60-66 gray (Gy) in the postoperative setting and 66-70 Gy in the definitive setting. Standard, three-weekly high-dose cisplatin (100 mg/m2, 3 doses) was compared with the weekly low-dose protocol (≤50 mg/m2, ≥6 doses). The primary endpoint was overall survival. Secondary outcomes comprised response rate, acute and late adverse events, and treatment compliance. RESULTS: Fifty-two studies with 4,209 patients were included in two separate meta-analyses according to the two clinical settings. There was no difference in treatment efficacy as measured by overall survival or response rate between the chemoradiation settings with low-dose weekly and high-dose three-weekly cisplatin regimens. In the definitive treatment setting, the weekly regimen was more compliant and significantly less toxic with respect to severe (grade 3-4) myelosuppression (leukopenia p = .0083; neutropenia p = .0024), severe nausea and/or vomiting (p < .0001), and severe nephrotoxicity (p = .0099). Although in the postoperative setting the two approaches were more equal in compliance and with clearly less differences in the cisplatin-induced toxicities, the weekly approach induced more grade 3-4 dysphagia (p = .0026) and weight loss (p < .0001). CONCLUSION: In LA-SCCHN, current evidence is insufficient to demonstrate a meaningful survival difference between the two dosing regimens. Prior to its adoption into routine clinical practice, the low-dose weekly approach needs to be prospectively compared with the standard three-weekly high-dose schedule. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Given concurrently with conventional radiotherapy in locally advanced head and neck cancer, high-dose three-weekly cisplatin has often been replaced with weekly low-dose infusions to increase compliance and decrease toxicity. The present meta-analysis suggests that both approaches might be equal in efficacy, both in the definitive and postoperative settings, but differ in toxicity. However, some toxicity data can be influenced by unbalanced representation, and the conclusions are not based on adequately sized prospective randomized studies. Therefore, low-dose weekly cisplatin should not be used outside clinical trials but first prospectively studied in adequately sized phase III trials versus the high-dose three-weekly approach.
- MeSH
- adherence pacienta statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- chemoradioterapie škodlivé účinky metody MeSH
- cisplatina aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- dávka záření MeSH
- frakcionace dávky záření MeSH
- klinické zkoušky jako téma MeSH
- leukopenie chemicky indukované epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory hlavy a krku mortalita patologie terapie MeSH
- nauzea chemicky indukované epidemiologie MeSH
- neutropenie chemicky indukované epidemiologie MeSH
- rozvrh dávkování léků MeSH
- spinocelulární karcinom mortalita patologie terapie MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvracení chemicky indukované epidemiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- metaanalýza MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- MeSH
- bronchoalveolární laváž MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- glukokortikoidy aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- histiocytóza z Langerhansových buněk * diagnostické zobrazování patologie terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
- pozitronová emisní tomografie MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- protinádorové látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH