Mushroom poisoning has always been a threat to human health. There are a large number of reports about ingestion of poisonous mushrooms every year around the world. It attracts the attention of researchers, especially in the aspects of toxin composition, toxic mechanism and toxin application in poisonous mushroom. Inocybe is a large genus of mushrooms and contains toxic substances including muscarine, psilocybin, psilocin, aeruginascin, lectins and baeocystin. In order to prevent and remedy mushroom poisoning, it is significant to clarify the toxic effects and mechanisms of these bioactive substances. In this review article, we summarize the chemistry, most known toxic effects and mechanisms of major toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms, especially muscarine, psilocybin and psilocin. Their available toxicity data (different species, different administration routes) published formerly are also summarized. In addition, the treatment and medical application of these toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms are also discussed. We hope that this review will help understanding of the chemistry and toxicology of Inocybe mushrooms as well as the potential clinical application of its bioactive substances to benefit human beings.
- MeSH
- Agaricales chemistry metabolism physiology MeSH
- Lectins chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Muscarine chemistry poisoning toxicity MeSH
- Organophosphorus Compounds chemistry toxicity MeSH
- Mushroom Poisoning etiology therapy MeSH
- Psilocybin analogs & derivatives chemistry poisoning toxicity MeSH
- Tryptamines chemistry toxicity MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
x
- Keywords
- muscazone, stizolobic acid,
- MeSH
- Amanita * chemistry pathogenicity MeSH
- Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic MeSH
- Betalains MeSH
- Toxins, Biological MeSH
- Hallucinations chemically induced MeSH
- Isoxazoles MeSH
- Ibotenic Acid MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Muscimol MeSH
- Muscarine MeSH
- Mushroom Poisoning physiopathology MeSH
- Oxazoles MeSH
- Polysaccharides MeSH
- Vanadium MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
This paper presents a method for the simultaneous determination of α-amanitin, β-amanitin and muscarine in human urine by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high-resolution TOF mass spectrometry. The method can be used for a diagnostics of mushroom poisonings. Different SPE cartridges were tested for sample preparation, namely hydrophilic modified reversed-phase (Oasis HLB) and polymeric weak cation phase (Strata X-CW). The latter gave better results and therefore it was chosen for the subsequent method optimization and partial validation. In the course of validation, limits of detection, linearity, intraday and interday precisions and recoveries were evaluated. The obtained LOD values of α-amanitin and β-amanitin were 1ng/mL and of muscarine 0.09ng/mL. The intraday and interday precisions of human urine spiked with α-amanitin (10ng/mL), β-amanitin (10ng/mL) and muscarine (1ng/mL) ranged from 6% to 10% and from 7% to 13%, respectively. The developed method was proved to be a relevant tool for the simultaneous determination of the studied mushroom toxins in human urine after mushroom poisoning.
- MeSH
- Amanitins urine MeSH
- Chromatography, Liquid methods MeSH
- Solid Phase Extraction MeSH
- Mass Spectrometry methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Limit of Detection MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Muscarine urine MeSH
- Mushroom Poisoning diagnosis urine MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Forensic Toxicology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Keywords
- Aclidinium bromid (tropany),
- MeSH
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- alpha 1-Antitrypsin MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive * diagnosis drug therapy complications MeSH
- Pulmonary Heart Disease drug therapy complications prevention & control MeSH
- Phenotype MeSH
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Cardiovascular Diseases complications prevention & control therapy MeSH
- Smoking adverse effects MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Muscarine * antagonists & inhibitors administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Musculoskeletal Diseases complications prevention & control therapy MeSH
- Airway Obstruction * drug therapy prevention & control therapy MeSH
- Hypertension, Pulmonary drug therapy complications prevention & control MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires standards utilization MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Tropanes * administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
The CE-ESI-MS/MS method for the identification, separation and determination of mushroom toxins, namely ibotenic acid, muscimol and muscarine, was developed. It proved to be sensitive and thus useful for the real sample analysis with omitting the labor and time consuming pretreatment step. The CE-ESI-MS/MS method was applied on the spiked human urine. The analytical characteristics of the proposed method, such as limits of detection, linearity and repeatability of the peak area and the migration time, were evaluated. The RSD of the migration time and peak area were from 0.93% to 1.60% and from 2.96% to 3.42%, respectively. The obtained LOD values were at the nanomolar concentration level, therefore the developed method is sufficient for the determination and quantification of studied toxins in human urine after mushroom intoxication.
- MeSH
- Agaricales chemistry MeSH
- Urinalysis methods MeSH
- Electrophoresis, Capillary MeSH
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization MeSH
- Ibotenic Acid analysis urine MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Limit of Detection MeSH
- Muscimol analysis urine MeSH
- Muscarine analysis urine MeSH
- Osmosis MeSH
- Mushroom Poisoning urine MeSH
- Reproducibility of Results MeSH
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Keywords
- ACLIDINIUM BROMID,
- MeSH
- Muscarinic Antagonists administration & dosage pharmacokinetics pharmacology adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Administration, Inhalation MeSH
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive * drug therapy MeSH
- Long-Term Care MeSH
- Double-Blind Method MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Muscarine * antagonists & inhibitors administration & dosage pharmacokinetics adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) core is critical in the control of motivated behaviors. The muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) modulating the excitatory inputs into the NAc core have been reported to impact such behaviors. Recent studies suggest that ventral and dorsal regions of the NAc core seem to be innervated by distinct populations of glutamatergic projection neurons. To further examine mAChRs modulation of these glutamatergic inputs to the NAc core, we employed intracellular recordings in rat NAc coronal slice preparation to characterize: 1) the effects of muscarine, an mAChRs agonist, on membrane properties of the NAc core neurons; 2) depolarizing synaptic potentials (DPSP) elicited by ventral and dorsal focal electrical stimuli; and 3) paired-pulse response with paired-pulse stimulation. Here we report that the paired-pulse ratio (PPR) elicited by dorsal stimuli was greater than that elicited by ventral stimuli. Bath application of muscarine (1-30 microM) decreased both ventral and dorsal DPSP in a concentration-dependent manner, with no effect on electrophysiological properties of NAc core neurons. Muscarine at 30 microM also elicited larger depression of dorsal DPSP than ventral DPSP. Moreover, muscarine increased the PPR of both dorsal and ventral DPSP. These data indicate that the glutamatergic afferent fibers traversing the dorsal and ventral NAc are separate, and that differential decrease of distinct afferent excitatory neurotransmission onto NAc core neurons may be mediated by presynaptic mechanisms.
- MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Membrane Potentials physiology MeSH
- Muscarine pharmacology MeSH
- Synaptic Transmission physiology MeSH
- Nucleus Accumbens physiology MeSH
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley MeSH
- Receptors, Muscarinic physiology MeSH
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Závěrečná zpráva o řešení grantu Interní grantové agentury MZ ČR
60 s. : il., tab. ; 21 cm
Postatou projektu je vývoj analytických metod umožňujících průkaz a stanovení obsahových, biologicky účinných látek muchomůrky zelené, tygrované a červené v krvi, moči, popř. žaludečním obsahu intoxikovaných pacientů. Nedílnou součástí je vypracování extrakční metody pro izolaci toxinů muchomůrek z biologického materiálu s následnou identifikací a kvantifikací těchto látek chromatografickými metodami LC-MS a HPLC-DAD.; The aim of the project is to develop suitable analytical methods for identification and determination of the toxins of the Amanita phalloides, Amanita pantherina and Amanita muscaria in blood, urine and gastric content of intoxicated patients. To fulfilthe aim, appropriate extraction method for isolation of relevant toxins from biological matrices together with sensitive and specific chromatographic methods (HPLC-DAD, LC-MS) will be elaborated.
- MeSH
- Amanitins analysis blood urine MeSH
- Chromatography, Liquid MeSH
- Phalloidine analysis blood urine MeSH
- Clinical Laboratory Techniques methods utilization MeSH
- Ibotenic Acid analysis blood urine MeSH
- Muscimol analysis blood urine MeSH
- Muscarine analysis blood urine MeSH
- Mycotoxins isolation & purification MeSH
- Mushroom Poisoning diagnosis MeSH
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry MeSH
- Conspectus
- Farmacie. Farmakologie
- NML Fields
- toxikologie
- NML Publication type
- závěrečné zprávy o řešení grantu IGA MZ ČR
A LC-MS method for determination of muscarine and amatoxins in urine and blood serum was developed and validated. The analysis was carried out using an LC/MS quadrupole device equipped with electrospray. The separation of muscarine, -amanitin, -amanitin, phalloidin and phallacidin was performed on analytical columns in the gradient mode. The applicability of the method has been demonstrated by analyzing clinical samples.
