There are two key sources of data that contribute to biomedicine research: surveillance and questionnaires and interviews. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA) defines surveillance as the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data, essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice, closely integrated with the timely dissemination to those who need to know. The three things to keep in mind about surveillance systems are that they are ongoing (collecting information only once is not a surveillance system), the data collected are used (analyzed and interpreted) and finally, surveillance data is disseminated. There are several tangible applications of surveillance as a tool. For example, surveillance data can be used to establish public health priorities, aid in determining resource allocation and assess or evaluate public health programs. Surveillance data originate from many sources; therefore, standardization of surveillance practices is an ongoing challenge.For epidemiologists specifically, surveillance data can be used to determine a baseline for the detection of epidemics or for early detection of epidemics. This is clearly the positive meaning and impact of this system collecting sensitive population data. However, expression surveillance means in effect, supervision or control. The subsequent resulting regulations are the subject of reflection in this article.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 epidemiology MeSH
- Epidemiological Monitoring * MeSH
- Medical Informatics methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Paternalism MeSH
- Artificial Intelligence * MeSH
- Legal Epidemiology MeSH
- Government MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- Geographicals
- China MeSH
- MeSH
- Mental Disorders MeSH
- Codes of Ethics MeSH
- Ethics, Research MeSH
- Ethics, Medical MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Personal Autonomy MeSH
- Paternalism ethics MeSH
- Psychiatry * ethics MeSH
- Stereotyping MeSH
- Physician-Patient Relations ethics MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- MeSH
- Personhood MeSH
- Philosophy, Medical * history MeSH
- Hermeneutics MeSH
- Informed Consent ethics standards psychology MeSH
- Physicians history psychology MeSH
- Ethics, Medical history MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Human Rights * history trends legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Personal Autonomy MeSH
- Paternalism ethics MeSH
- Delivery of Health Care * history methods trends MeSH
- Liability, Legal history economics MeSH
- Physician-Patient Relations ethics MeSH
- Legislation, Medical history classification trends MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- MeSH
- Philosophy, Medical history MeSH
- Interpersonal Relations history MeSH
- Ethics, Medical history education MeSH
- Sociology, Medical methods standards trends MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Personal Autonomy * MeSH
- Paternalism * ethics MeSH
- Placebo Effect MeSH
- Delivery of Health Care * history organization & administration trends MeSH
- Sick Role ethics MeSH
- Psychology, Social history methods trends MeSH
- Professional-Patient Relations ethics MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- MeSH
- Diagnostic Techniques, Obstetrical and Gynecological ethics standards MeSH
- Consent Forms standards utilization legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Gynecologic Surgical Procedures methods legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Gynecology * ethics methods legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Informed Consent * history ethics legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Human Rights standards legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Personal Autonomy MeSH
- Paternalism ethics MeSH
- Parturition physiology psychology MeSH
- Obstetric Surgical Procedures methods legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Obstetrics * ethics methods legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Abortion, Legal standards legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Sterilization methods legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Pregnancy physiology MeSH
- Infertility, Female complications prevention & control therapy MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Pregnancy physiology MeSH
- Female MeSH
- MeSH
- Anesthesiology * methods standards legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Mental Competency psychology legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Human Experimentation standards legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Consent Forms standards utilization legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Informed Consent * history legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Clinical Studies as Topic MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Human Rights legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Minors MeSH
- Analgesics, Opioid administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Personal Autonomy MeSH
- Paternalism MeSH
- Third-Party Consent legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Physician-Patient Relations * ethics MeSH
- Proxy psychology legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- MeSH
- Consent Forms standards utilization legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Informed Consent * legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Internet utilization legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Quality of Health Care standards legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Human Rights MeSH
- Nursing * MeSH
- Personal Autonomy MeSH
- Paternalism ethics MeSH
- Information Dissemination methods legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Nurse-Patient Relations * ethics MeSH
- Nurses psychology supply & distribution MeSH
- Health Status MeSH
- Health Communication methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- MeSH
- Bioethics MeSH
- Personhood MeSH
- Codes of Ethics * MeSH
- Ethics, Research MeSH
- Informed Consent * standards legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Communication MeSH
- Ethics, Medical * history education MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Human Rights MeSH
- Personal Autonomy MeSH
- Paternalism MeSH
- Jurisprudence MeSH
- Models, Psychological MeSH
- Physician-Patient Relations ethics MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- MeSH
- History of Medicine MeSH
- Codes of Ethics history legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Hippocratic Oath * MeSH
- Ethics, Medical * history MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Human Rights history standards legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Morals MeSH
- Personal Autonomy MeSH
- Paternalism ethics MeSH
- Patient Rights * standards legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Physician-Patient Relations ethics MeSH
- Legislation, Medical history ethics standards MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- MeSH
- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures history trends utilization MeSH
- Living Wills ethics trends legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Information Literacy history MeSH
- Information Systems history trends utilization MeSH
- Informed Consent * history ethics legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Patients * history classification legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Paternalism ethics MeSH
- Decision Making ethics MeSH
- Third-Party Consent ethics legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Patient Education as Topic MeSH
- Physician-Patient Relations * ethics MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
