Marsh rosemary (Ledum palustre, Ericaceae) has been widely used in the traditional medicine of various regions worldwide, and as insect repellent. Little is known on its essential oil insecticidal potential. This study explored the insecticidal effects of the essential oil obtained from L. palustre growing in Poland on selected insect pests and vectors. GC-MS analysis evidenced an uncommon chemotype characterized by ascaridole (35.3% as sum of cis-ascaridole and isoascaridole) and p-cymene (25.5%). The essential oil was effective against Culex quinquefasciatus, Spodoptera littoralis and Musca domestica, showing LC50/LD50 of 66.6 mg L-1, 117.2 μg larva-1 and 61.4 μg adult-1, respectively. It was not toxic to non-target Eisenia fetida earthworms and moderately toxic to Daphnia magna microcrustaceans, over the positive control α-cypermethrin. The essential oil cytotoxicity on human keratinocytes and fibroblasts showed high IC50 values (71.3 and 84.4 μg mL-1, respectively). Comet assay data highlighted no DNA damages. Based on our findings, this essential oil, characterized by the ascaridole/p-cymene chemotype, could be a candidate for the formulation of botanical insecticides; large-scale production of green insecticides by this rare species may be assured by ex situ cultivation and biotechnological techniques.
- MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- Culex účinky léků MeSH
- Culicidae účinky léků MeSH
- cymeny analýza farmakologie MeSH
- Daphnia účinky léků MeSH
- insekticidy analýza farmakologie MeSH
- keratinocyty cytologie účinky léků MeSH
- komáří přenašeči účinky léků MeSH
- kometový test MeSH
- larva účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monoterpeny s cyklohexanovým kruhem analýza farmakologie MeSH
- moucha domácí účinky léků MeSH
- můry účinky léků MeSH
- oleje prchavé analýza farmakologie MeSH
- Oligochaeta účinky léků MeSH
- peroxidy analýza farmakologie MeSH
- pyrethriny analýza farmakologie MeSH
- repelenty proti hmyzu analýza farmakologie MeSH
- rozmarýn chemie MeSH
- Spodoptera účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Polsko MeSH
The bioavailability of metals can be influenced not only by soil properties but also by other species living at polluted sites. However, in laboratory experiments, usually only one test species is used to estimate bioavailability. In this study, a two-species approach was applied to assess the impact of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus on the bioavailability of cadmium and lead to the springtail Folsomia candida using natural soils from a gradient of metal pollution. Earthworms were kept in half of the soil replicates for 4 weeks. Subsequently, the uptake and elimination kinetics of cadmium and lead in F. candida exposed for 21 days to the soils was determined. Earthworm activity affected soil properties but did not significantly affect metal uptake rate constants in springtails. The slightly higher uptake due to the presence of earthworms, which was consistent in all tested soils and for both metals, suggests that further research is needed on the role of species interactions in affecting metal bioavailability in soil.
- MeSH
- ampicilin analogy a deriváty chemie MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- členovci chemie účinky léků MeSH
- kadmium chemie farmakologie MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- Oligochaeta účinky léků MeSH
- olovo chemie farmakologie MeSH
- půda MeSH
- znečištění životního prostředí MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Acute toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO-NP, mean particle size diameter of 10 nm) powder and water-soluble salt of zinc (ZnCl2) to annelid Enchytraeus crypticus was tested using an agar-based nutrient-enriched medium with the addition of kaolin and humic acids (HA). Adults of the E. crypticus were cultivated in pure agar and in three types of modified exposure media containing different proportions of model soil constituents. Potworms were exposed to zinc in both forms (1-1000 mg kg-1 of agar) for 96 h. In experiments with ZnCl2, toxicity of zinc was the highest in pure agar followed by agar with HA and agar with kaolin and HA and the lowest toxicity was observed in agar with kaolin. The corresponding LC50 values were 13.2, 28.8, 39.4, and 75.4 mg kg-1 respectively. In contrast, zinc in the form of ZnO-NPs was most toxic in the presence of HA followed by pure agar, agar with kaolin, and kaolin with HA. In this case, LC50 values were 15.8, 43.5, 111, and 122 mg kg-1 respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the smallest agglomerates occurred in the presence of kaolin, where ZnO-NPs were sealed in a kaolin shell. This effect reduced the bioavailability and toxicity of the NPs. In contrast, larger agglomerates were observed in the presence of HA but a larger amount of zinc was dispersed in the volume of agar.
- MeSH
- agar analýza MeSH
- chloridy toxicita MeSH
- kovové nanočástice toxicita MeSH
- kultivační média analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu toxicita MeSH
- Oligochaeta účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- oxid zinečnatý toxicita MeSH
- sloučeniny zinku toxicita MeSH
- testy akutní toxicity metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), together with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), represent highly toxic and persistent organic environmental pollutants, especially due to their capability for bioaccumulation in fatty tissues. To observe the environmentally relevant effect of these compounds on earthworms, two soils naturally contaminated with PCDD/Fs and PAHs were used in our experiments. We focused on the role of CuZn- and Mn-superoxide dismutases. We assembled a full-length sequences of these molecules from Eisenia andrei earthworm and confirmed their activity. We demonstrated the significant reduction of CuZn-SOD on both mRNA and enzyme activity levels and increased levels of reactive oxygen species in earthworms kept in PCDD/F-polluted soil, which corresponds to the observed histopathologies of the earthworm intestinal wall and adjacent chloragogenous tissue. The results show an important role of CuZn-SOD in earthworm tissue damage caused by PCDD/Fs present in soil. We did not detect any significant changes in the mRNA expression or activity of Mn-SOD in these earthworms. In earthworms maintained in PAH-polluted soil the activity of both CuZn-SOD and Mn-SOD significantly increased. No histopathological changes were detected in these worms, however significant decrease of coelomocyte viability was observed. This reduced viability was most likely independent of oxidative stress.
- MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu toxicita MeSH
- Oligochaeta anatomie a histologie účinky léků enzymologie MeSH
- polychlorované dibenzodioxiny toxicita MeSH
- polychlorované dibenzofurany toxicita MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky toxicita MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- superoxiddismutasa 1 genetika metabolismus MeSH
- superoxiddismutasa genetika metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Aphids are an important agricultural pest that not only damage plants by suction, but can also transmit a number of economically important plant viruses. Protection against aphids is based on the use of synthetic insecticides. However, these products can be dangerous for non-target organisms. Therefore, it is important to develop new, environmentally safe plant protection methods.In this study, we have tested an essential oil (EO) obtained from Foeniculum vulgare for the mortality of Myzus persicae, an important polyphagous pest, its natural predator Harmonia axyridis, and Eisenia fetida as a representative of soil organisms. The EO, with its major compounds trans-anethole (67.9%) and fenchone (25.5%), was found to provide excellent efficacy against M. persicae (LC50 = 0.6 and LC90 = 2.4 mL L-1) while not causing any significant mortality of the tested non-target organisms. On the contrary, application of an insecticide based on the active substance alpha-cypermethrin not only caused mortality in the aphids, but also had a fatal negative effect on both the non-target organisms we tested, resulting in their high mortality.Our results indicate very high prospects for using the essential oil from F. vulgare in the development of environmentally safe botanical insecticides designed for plant protection against aphids.
- MeSH
- brouci účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- dezinsekce * MeSH
- Foeniculum chemie MeSH
- insekticidy * toxicita MeSH
- larva účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- mšice * růst a vývoj MeSH
- oleje prchavé * toxicita MeSH
- Oligochaeta účinky léků MeSH
- potravní řetězec MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Two types of nano-scale zero-valent iron (nZVI-B prepared by borohydride reduction and nZVI-T produced by thermal reduction of iron oxide nanoparticles in H2) and a micro-scale ZVI (mZVI) were compared for PCB degradation efficiency in water and soil. In addition, the ecotoxicity of nZVI-B and nZVI-T particles in treated water and soil was evaluated on bacteria, plants, earthworms, and ostracods. All types of nZVI and mZVI were highly efficient in degradation of PCBs in water, but had little degradation effect on PCBs in soil. Although nZVI-B had a significant negative impact on the organisms tested, treatment with nZVI-T showed no negative effect, probably due to surface passivation through controlled oxidation of the nanoparticles.
- MeSH
- Bacteria účinky léků MeSH
- korýši účinky léků MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu toxicita MeSH
- nanočástice MeSH
- Oligochaeta účinky léků MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- polychlorované bifenyly chemie MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí * MeSH
- železo chemie farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Sewage sludge is an important amendment that enriches soils with organic matter and provides plants with nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. However, knowledge on the fate and effects of organic pollutants present in the sludge on soil organisms is limited. In the present study, the uptake of triclosan, galaxolide, and tonalide in the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta was measured 1 wk after amendment of agricultural soil with sewage sludge, while elimination kinetics were assessed over a 21-d period after transferring worms to clean soil. After 1-wk exposure, earthworms had accumulated 2.6 ± 0.6 μg g-1 galaxolide, 0.04 ± 0.02 μg g-1 tonalide, and 0.6 ± 0.2 μg g-1 triclosan. Both synthetic musks were efficiently excreted and below the limit of quantification after 3 and 14 d of depuration for tonalide and galaxolide, respectively. Triclosan concentrations, on the other hand, did not decrease significantly over the depuration period, which may lead to the transfer of triclosan in the food web. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2068-2073. © 2017 SETAC.
- MeSH
- benzopyrany analýza metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- dezinficiencia analýza metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza toxicita MeSH
- odpadní vody chemie MeSH
- Oligochaeta účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- potravní řetězec MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- tetrahydronaftaleny analýza metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- toxikokinetika MeSH
- triclosan analýza metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
A proper soil risk assessment needs to estimate the processes that affect the fate and the behaviour of a contaminant, which are influenced by soil biotic and abiotic components. For this reason, the measurement of biomarkers in soil bioindicator organisms, such as earthworms, has recently received increasing attention. In this study, the earthworm Eisenia andrei was used to assess the pollutant-induced stress syndrome after exposure to sublethal concentrations of Cd (10 or 100 μg g(-1)) in OECD soil, after 14 d of exposure. Cadmium bioaccumulation and potential biomarkers such as catalase (CAT), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA), phenoloxidase (PO), metallothioneins (MTs) and genotoxic damage were determined. Results suggested that the exposure to 10 and 100 μg g(-1) Cd significantly increased Cd bioaccumulation, MTs and MDA; 100 μg g(-1) Cd contamination evidenced significantly higher values of H2O2 content and PO activity; CAT activity was inhibited at the higher concentration while GST and Comet assay did not show any significant differences from the control. Rank-based biomarker index showed that both different contaminated soils had an effect on the earthworms and allowed to validate the ecotoxicological relevance of this battery of biomarkers for a promising integrated multi-marker approach in soil monitoring and assessment.
- MeSH
- biologické markery analýza metabolismus MeSH
- ekotoxikologie metody MeSH
- glutathiontransferasa analýza metabolismus MeSH
- kadmium metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- katalasa analýza metabolismus MeSH
- kometový test MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- malondialdehyd analýza metabolismus MeSH
- metalothionein analýza metabolismus MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- Oligochaeta účinky léků genetika metabolismus MeSH
- peroxid vodíku analýza MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Nano-scale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been conceived for cost-efficient degradation of chlorinated pollutants in soil as an alternative to e.g permeable reactive barriers or excavation. Little is however known about its efficiency in degradation of the ubiquitous environmental pollutant DDT and its secondary effects on organisms. Here, two types of nZVI (type B made using precipitation with borohydride, and type T produced by gas phase reduction of iron oxides under H2) were compared for efficiency in degradation of DDT in water and in a historically (>45 years) contaminated soil (24 mg kg(-1) DDT). Further, the ecotoxicity of soil and water was tested on plants (barley and flax), earthworms (Eisenia fetida), ostracods (Heterocypris incongruens), and bacteria (Escherichia coli). Both types of nZVI effectively degraded DDT in water, but showed lower degradation of aged DDT in soil. Both types of nZVI had negative impact on the tested organisms, with nZVI-T giving least adverse effects. Negative effects were mostly due to oxidation of nZVI, resulting in O2 consumption and excess Fe(II) in water and soil.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu chemie toxicita MeSH
- DDT chemie toxicita MeSH
- ekotoxikologie MeSH
- Escherichia coli účinky léků MeSH
- ječmen (rod) účinky léků MeSH
- korýši účinky léků MeSH
- kyslík metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu chemie toxicita MeSH
- len účinky léků MeSH
- Oligochaeta účinky léků MeSH
- půda MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí MeSH
- železo chemie toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The study compared the ability of various chemical methods (XAD, β-hydroxypropylcyclodextrin - HPCD) and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME)) to mimic earthworm uptake from two similar soils containing either spiked or aged p,p´-DDE, thus representing two extreme scenarios with regard to the length of pollutant-soil contact time and the way of contamination. The extent of bioaccumulation was assessed at fixed exposure periods (10 and 21 days) and at equilibrium derived from uptake curves by multiple-point comparison or kinetic modeling. The decision on the best chemical predictor of biological uptake differed. The degree of bioaccumulation at equilibrium was best predicted by XAD while HPCD rather reflected the extent of accumulation derived after 21 days when, however, steady-state was not reached for spiked p,p´-DDE. SPME seemed to underestimate the uptake of aged p,p´-DDE, probably of the fraction taken up via soil particles. Thus, the degree of predictability seems to be associated with the capability of the chemical method to mimic the complex earthworm uptake via skin and intestinal tract as well as with the quality of biological data where the insufficient length of exposure period appears to be the major concern.
- MeSH
- beta-cyklodextriny chemie MeSH
- dichlordifenyldichlorethylen analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza MeSH
- mikroextrakce na pevné fázi metody MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- Oligochaeta účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- polystyreny chemie MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- znečištění životního prostředí analýza MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
