The aim of this study was to determine the effects of xylanase and flaxseed the performance of chickens, digesta viscosity, nutrient retention, fatty acid profile in muscle, tibia strength and interrelations of these factors in broiler chickens fed a wheat-based diet. Seven hundred and twenty one-day-old Ross 308 cockerels were assigned to four treatments according to the contents of flaxseed (0 and 80 g/kg) and xylanase (0 and 0.1 g/kg) in the diet. Xylanase significantly decreased the intake of feed (p < 0.001), decreased feed conversion (p < 0.001), and reduced mortality (p = 0.050). In addition, xylanase significantly increased the retention of all nutrients (p = 0.010 -<0.001) except crude fibre, the fat content in breast meat (p = 0.029) and liver (p = 0.019) and the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in meat (p = 0.002). Flaxseed supplementation did not influence performance but decreased the retention of dry matter (p = 0.016), crude protein (p = 0.012), organic matter (p = 0.016) and nitrogen-free extract (p = 0.008). Xylanase in combination with flaxseed increased the content of n-3 fatty acids in the breast meat (p = 0.006). The lowest n-6/n-3 ratio (p = 0.001) was detected in the flaxseed and flaxseed combined with xylanase groups. Significant interaction effects of flaxseed and xylanase on tibia strength (p = 0.030) and tibia ash content (p = 0.009) were detected. The administration of xylanase or flaxseed alone increased tibia strength. Compared with the control diet, the addition of flaxseed to the diet increased the digesta viscosity (p = 0.043) in the ileum, whereas the addition of xylanase decreased the level of this indicator. It can be concluded that xylanase is an enzyme suitable for increasing nutrient availability, and in the case of its addition to a flaxseed diet, it can reduce the antinutritional effect of flaxseed by reducing the viscosity of the digesta and increasing the content of health-promoting n-3 PUFAs.
- MeSH
- Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases * metabolism MeSH
- Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena MeSH
- Bone Density drug effects MeSH
- Animal Feed * analysis MeSH
- Chickens * MeSH
- Flax * chemistry MeSH
- Polysaccharides * pharmacology MeSH
- Dietary Supplements * analysis MeSH
- Tibia drug effects MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Linseed represents a rich source of nutritional, functional and health-beneficial compounds. Nevertheless, the chemical composition and content of bioactive compounds may be quite variable and potentially affected by various factors, including genotype and the environment. In this study, the proximate chemical composition, lignans content and antioxidant potential of six experimentally grown linseed cultivars were assessed and compared. A diagonal cultivation trial in the University of South Bohemia Experimental Station in České Budějovice, Czech Republic, was established in three subsequent growing seasons (2018, 2019 and 2020). The results showed that the cultivar and growing conditions influenced most studied parameters. The lack of precipitation in May and June 2019 negatively affected the seed yield and the level of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside but did not decrease the crude protein content, which was negatively related to the oil content. The newly developed method for lignans analysis allowed the identification and quantification of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside and matairesinol. Their content correlated positively with the total polyphenol content and antioxidant assays (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity), indicating the significant contribution to the biofunctional properties of linseed. On the other hand, we did not detect minor linseed lignans, pinoresinol and lariciresinol. The results of this study showed the importance of cultivar and growing conditions factors on the linseed chemical composition and the lignans content, determining its nutritional and medicinal properties.
BACKGROUND: Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is grown for fiber and seed in many countries. Flax cultivars differ in the oil composition and, depending on the ratio of fatty acids, are used in pharmaceutical, food, or paint industries. It is known that genes of SAD (stearoyl-ACP desaturase) and FAD (fatty acid desaturase) families play a key role in the synthesis of fatty acids, and some alleles of these genes are associated with a certain composition of flax oil. However, data on genetic polymorphism of these genes are still insufficient. RESULTS: On the basis of the collection of the Institute for Flax (Torzhok, Russia), we formed a representative set of 84 cultivars and lines reflecting the diversity of fatty acid composition of flax oil. An approach for the determination of full-length sequences of SAD1, SAD2, FAD2A, FAD2B, FAD3A, and FAD3B genes using the Illumina platform was developed and deep sequencing of the 6 genes in 84 flax samples was performed on MiSeq. The obtained high coverage (about 400x on average) enabled accurate assessment of polymorphisms in SAD1, SAD2, FAD2A, FAD2B, FAD3A, and FAD3B genes and evaluation of cultivar/line heterogeneity. The highest level of genetic diversity was observed for FAD3A and FAD3B genes - 91 and 62 polymorphisms respectively. Correlation analysis revealed associations between particular variants in SAD and FAD genes and predominantly those fatty acids whose conversion they catalyze: SAD - stearic and oleic acids, FAD2 - oleic and linoleic acids, FAD3 - linoleic and linolenic acids. All except one low-linolenic flax cultivars/lines contained both the substitution of tryptophan to stop codon in the FAD3A gene and histidine to tyrosine substitution in the FAD3B gene, while samples with only one of these polymorphisms had medium content of linolenic acid and cultivars/lines without them were high-linolenic. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic polymorphism of SAD and FAD genes was evaluated in the collection of flax cultivars and lines with diverse oil composition, and associations between particular polymorphisms and the ratio of fatty acids were revealed. The achieved results are the basis for the development of marker-assisted selection and DNA-based certification of flax cultivars.
- MeSH
- Fatty Acid Desaturases genetics MeSH
- DNA, Plant MeSH
- Genetic Heterogeneity MeSH
- Genetic Variation * MeSH
- alpha-Linolenic Acid metabolism MeSH
- Flax enzymology genetics metabolism MeSH
- Fatty Acids metabolism MeSH
- Mixed Function Oxygenases genetics metabolism MeSH
- Genes, Plant MeSH
- Sequence Analysis, DNA MeSH
- Amino Acid Substitution MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- MeSH
- Food Analysis MeSH
- Flax * MeSH
- Dairy Products MeSH
- Nutritive Value MeSH
- Food Technology MeSH
- Food Industry MeSH
- Food MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
A plant selection system based on the phosphomannose isomerase gene (pmi) as a selectable marker is often used to avoid selection using antibiotic resistance. Nevertheless, pmi gene is endogenous in several plant species and therefore difficult to use in such cases. Here we evaluated and compared Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Linum usitatissimum breeding line AGT-952 (without endogenous pmi gene) and Nicotiana tabacum var. WSC-38 (with endogenous pmi gene). Transformation was evaluated for vectors bearing transgenes that have the potential to be involved in improved phytoremediation of contaminated environment. Tobacco regenerants selection resulted in 6.8% transformation efficiency when using a medium supplemented with 30 g/L mannose with stepwise decrease of the sucrose concentration. Similar transformation efficiency (5.3%) was achieved in transformation of flax. Relatively low selection efficiency was achieved (12.5% and 34.8%, respectively). The final detection of efficient pmi selection was conducted using PCR and the non-endogenous genes; pmi transgene for flax and todC2 transgene for tobacco plants.
- MeSH
- Agrobacterium genetics MeSH
- Transformation, Bacterial genetics MeSH
- Biodegradation, Environmental MeSH
- Plants, Genetically Modified genetics MeSH
- Culture Media chemistry MeSH
- Flax drug effects genetics MeSH
- Mannose-6-Phosphate Isomerase genetics MeSH
- Mannose metabolism pharmacology MeSH
- Selection, Genetic MeSH
- Nicotiana drug effects genetics MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Cíl studie: Zhodnotit efekt jednotlivých metod, používaných v těhotenství jako prevence poranění hráze, na výskyt porodního poranění u primipar. Typ studie: Retrospektivní studie. Název a sídlo pracoviště: Nemocnice Český Krumlov, a.s. Metodika: V období od února 2014 do listopadu 2015 bylo 315 primipar s jednočetným těhotenstvím po vaginálním porodu pomocí dotazníku tázáno, zda v těhotenství používaly některou z metod prevence poranění perinea (vaginální dilatační balonky EPI-NO a Aniball, masáž hráze, přírodní metody – čaj z maliníku a lněné semínko). Efekt metod byl hodnocen podle výskytu intaktní hráze, ruptury perinea a epiziotomie v jednotlivých skupinách proti skupině kontrolní, která žádnou z těchto metod nepoužívala. Sledovali jsme též rozdíl ve výskytu spontánních a vaginálních operačních porodů v uvedených skupinách. Výsledky: Používání vaginálních dilatačních balonků (VDB) před porodem signifikantně zvýšilo počet žen, které porodily s intaktní hrází oproti kontrolní skupině (43,1 % vs. 14,1 %, (p < 0,001). Prokázali jsme zde i statisticky významné snížení počtu epiziotomií (29,3 % vs. 57,7 %, p < 0,001). U masáže hráze, čaje z maliníku ani lněného semínka nebyl prokázán statisticky významný efekt na prevenci poranění perinea. Prokázali jsme též snížení rizika operačního vaginálního porodu u žen užívajících VDB oproti kontrolní skupině (p = 0,02). Závěr: Používání vaginálního dilatačního balonku v těhotenství představuje pro rodičku jednoznačný benefit, pokud jde o poranění hráze při porodu. Snižuje též pravděpodobnost vaginálního operačního porodu.
Objective: To determine the effect of antepartal methods on the prevention of birth injuries in primiparous women. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Nemocnice Český Krumlov, a.s. Methods: Between February 2014 and November 2015 were 315 primiparous women questioned after a vaginal delivery on the use of methods of birth injury prevention (vaginal dilatators EPI-NO and Aniball, perineal massage, natural methods – raspberry-leaf tea or linseed). Consecutively, the rates of intact perineum, perineal tears and episiotomies among respective methods were compared with the control group using no preventive method. The effects of the methods were tested on the occurrence of spontaneous or vaginal operative delivery. Results: There was a significantly higher number of women with intact perineum after the use of vaginal dilatators (43.1% vs.14.1% in control group (p < 0.001). We also found a significant reduction of episiotomies in this group (29.3% vs. 57.7%, p < 0.001). There was no significant effect of perineal massage, raspberry-leaf tea or linseed on perineum injury prevention. A lower occurrence of vaginal operative delivery was also confirmed in the group of women using vaginal dilatators (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Significant benefit of the use of the antepartal vaginal dilatators in the reduction of birth injuries was shown as well as of the occurrence of vaginal operative delivery.
- Keywords
- vaginální dilatační balonek,
- MeSH
- Dilatation methods MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Episiotomy * history classification methods MeSH
- Phytotherapy methods MeSH
- Data Interpretation, Statistical MeSH
- Obstetric Labor Complications MeSH
- Flax MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Massage methods MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Perineum injuries MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
- Retrospective Studies MeSH
- Rubus MeSH
- Rupture * prevention & control MeSH
- Pregnancy MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Pregnancy MeSH
- Female MeSH
Nano-scale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been conceived for cost-efficient degradation of chlorinated pollutants in soil as an alternative to e.g permeable reactive barriers or excavation. Little is however known about its efficiency in degradation of the ubiquitous environmental pollutant DDT and its secondary effects on organisms. Here, two types of nZVI (type B made using precipitation with borohydride, and type T produced by gas phase reduction of iron oxides under H2) were compared for efficiency in degradation of DDT in water and in a historically (>45 years) contaminated soil (24 mg kg(-1) DDT). Further, the ecotoxicity of soil and water was tested on plants (barley and flax), earthworms (Eisenia fetida), ostracods (Heterocypris incongruens), and bacteria (Escherichia coli). Both types of nZVI effectively degraded DDT in water, but showed lower degradation of aged DDT in soil. Both types of nZVI had negative impact on the tested organisms, with nZVI-T giving least adverse effects. Negative effects were mostly due to oxidation of nZVI, resulting in O2 consumption and excess Fe(II) in water and soil.
- MeSH
- Water Pollutants, Chemical chemistry toxicity MeSH
- DDT chemistry toxicity MeSH
- Ecotoxicology MeSH
- Escherichia coli drug effects MeSH
- Hordeum drug effects MeSH
- Crustacea drug effects MeSH
- Oxygen metabolism MeSH
- Soil Pollutants chemistry toxicity MeSH
- Flax drug effects MeSH
- Oligochaeta drug effects MeSH
- Soil MeSH
- Environmental Restoration and Remediation MeSH
- Iron chemistry toxicity MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important crop for the production of oil and fiber. In vitro manipulations of flax are used for genetic improvement and breeding while improvements in adventitious root formation are important for biotechnological programs focused on regeneration and vegetative propagation of genetically valuable plant material. Additionally, flax hypocotyl segments possess outstanding morphogenetic capacity, thus providing a useful model for the investigation of flax developmental processes. Here, we investigated the crosstalk between hydrogen peroxide and auxin with respect to reprogramming flax hypocotyl cells for root morphogenetic development. Exogenous auxin induced the robust formation of adventitious roots from flax hypocotyl segments while the addition of hydrogen peroxide further enhanced this process. The levels of endogenous auxin (indole-3-acetic acid; IAA) were positively correlated with increased root formation in response to exogenous auxin (1-Naphthaleneacetic acid; NAA). Histochemical staining of the hypocotyl segments revealed that hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase, but not superoxide, were positively correlated with root formation. Measurements of antioxidant enzyme activities showed that endogenous levels of hydrogen peroxide were controlled by peroxidases during root formation from hypocotyl segments. In conclusion, hydrogen peroxide positively affected flax adventitious root formation by regulating the endogenous auxin levels. Consequently, this agent can be applied to increase flax regeneration capacity for biotechnological purposes such as improved plant rooting.
- MeSH
- Antioxidants metabolism MeSH
- Biotechnology MeSH
- Hypocotyl drug effects growth & development metabolism MeSH
- Plant Roots drug effects growth & development metabolism MeSH
- Indoleacetic Acids metabolism MeSH
- Naphthaleneacetic Acids pharmacology MeSH
- Flax drug effects growth & development metabolism MeSH
- Hydrogen Peroxide metabolism pharmacology MeSH
- Cellular Reprogramming drug effects MeSH
- Plant Growth Regulators metabolism pharmacology MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Keywords
- Linum usitatissimum L., len setý, Linum crepitans (Boenn.) Dumort., Linum humile Mill., Flachs (něm.), Flax (angl.), Lin (franc.),
- MeSH
- Phytotherapy * MeSH
- alpha-Linolenic Acid * therapeutic use MeSH
- Linoleic Acid * therapeutic use MeSH
- Lactation MeSH
- Plants, Medicinal * MeSH
- Drug Interactions * MeSH
- Flax * chemistry MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Lignans * therapeutic use MeSH
- Seeds * MeSH
- Pregnancy MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Pregnancy MeSH
- Female MeSH
