Pituitary adenomas (PA) represent the most common type of sellar neoplasm. Extracting relevant information from radiological images is essential for decision support in addressing various objectives related to PA. Given the critical need for an accurate assessment of the natural progression of PA, computer vision (CV) and artificial intelligence (AI) play a pivotal role in automatically extracting features from radiological images. The field of "Radiomics" involves the extraction of high-dimensional features, often referred to as "Radiomic features," from digital radiological images. This survey offers an analysis of the current state of research in PA radiomics. Our work comprises a systematic review of 34 publications focused on PA radiomics and other automated information mining pertaining to PA through the analysis of radiological data using computer vision methods. We begin with a theoretical exploration essential for understanding the theoretical background of radionmics, encompassing traditional approaches from computer vision and machine learning, as well as the latest methodologies in deep radiomics utilizing deep learning (DL). Thirty-four research works under examination are comprehensively compared and evaluated. The overall results achieved in the analyzed papers are high, e.g., the best accuracy is up to 96% and the best achieved AUC is up to 0.99, which establishes optimism for the successful use of radiomic features. Methods based on deep learning seem to be the most promising for the future. In relation to this perspective DL methods, several challenges are remarkable: It is important to create high-quality and sufficiently extensive datasets necessary for training deep neural networks. Interpretability of deep radiomics is also a big open challenge. It is necessary to develop and verify methods that will explain to us how deep radiomic features reflect various physics-explainable aspects.

• MeSH
• adenom * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• deep learning MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory hypofýzy * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu metody   MeSH
• radiomika MeSH
• strojové učení MeSH
• umělá inteligence MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is used for the treatment of residual/recurrent nonfunctional pituitary adenoma (NFPA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors related to long-term tumor control and delayed endocrinopathies following SRS. METHODS: This retrospective, multicenter study included patients with recurrent/residual NFPA treated with single-fraction SRS; they were then divided into two arms. The first arm included patients with at least 5 years of radiographic follow-up and all patients with local tumor progression. The second arm included patients with at least 5 years of endocrinological follow-up and all patients who developed endocrinopathy. Study endpoints were tumor control and new or worsening hypopituitarism after SRS and were analyzed using Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier methodology. RESULTS: There were 360 patients in the tumor control arm (median age 52.7 [IQR 42.9-61] years, 193 [53.6%] males) and 351 patients in the hypopituitarism arm (median age 52.5 [IQR 43-61] years, 186 [53.0%] males). The median follow-up in the tumor control evaluation group was 7.95 (IQR 5.7-10.5) years. Tumor control rates at 5, 8, 10, and 15 years were 93% (95% CI 90%-95%), 87% (95% CI 83%-91%), 86% (95% CI 82%-90%), and 69% (95% CI 59%-81%), respectively. The median follow-up in the endocrinopathy evaluation group was 8 (IQR 5.9-10.7) years. Pituitary function preservation rates at 5, 8, 10, and 15 years were 83% (95% CI 80%-87%), 81% (95% CI 77%-85%), 78% (95% CI 74%-83%), and 71% (95% CI 63%-79%), respectively. A margin dose > 15 Gy (HR 0.8, 95% CI 0.7-0.9; p < 0.001) and a delay from last resection to SRS > 1 year (HR 0.9, 95% CI 0.7-0.9; p = 0.04) were significant factors related to tumor control in multivariable analysis. A maximum dose to the pituitary stalk ≤ 10 Gy (HR 1.1, 95% CI 1.09-1.2; p < 0.001) was associated with pituitary function preservation. New visual deficits after SRS occurred in 7 (1.94%) patients in the tumor control group and 8 (2.3%) patients in the endocrinopathy group. Other new cranial nerve deficits post-SRS occurred in 4 of 160 patients with data in the tumor control group and 3 of 140 patients with data in the endocrinopathy group. CONCLUSIONS: SRS affords favorable and durable tumor control for the vast majority of NFPAs. Post-SRS hypopituitarism occurs in a minority of patients, but this risk increases with time and warrants long-term follow-up.

• MeSH
• adenom * chirurgie   radioterapie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hypopituitarismus etiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokální recidiva nádoru * MeSH
• nádory hypofýzy * chirurgie   radioterapie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• radiochirurgie * metody   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• reziduální nádor MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the possibility of predicting the minimum size of septal resection for safe tumor extraction in transnasal paraseptal pituitary adenoma resection from preoperative computed tomography scans. METHODS: A retrospective CT scan analysis was performed on 20 patients who underwent endoscopic pituitary surgery at the University Hospital in Ostrava. Virtual insertion of the straight instrument into the sphenoid cavity was simulated using a CT scan. The minimum septal resection size was predicted and compared to various diameters in the nasal cavity. The results were then compared with cadaveric dissections, in which septal resections were performed at 1 cm and 2 cm distances from the anterior sphenoid wall. The association between cadaver dissections and CT scan results was studied. RESULTS: A total of 20 patients who underwent endoscopic transnasal surgery for pituitary adenoma between the years 2020 and 2021 were enrolled in the study. The mean virtual posterior septal size resection needed to reach the medial edge of the ICA with the straight instrument, without infracturing the nasal septum, was 13.2 mm. In cadavers with a 1 cm posterior septal resection, the medial edge of the ICA was reached with the straight instrument. In 2 cm resections, it was possible to reach beyond the lateral edge of the ICA. CONCLUSION: There is no significant correlation between the minimum septal size resection and measured diameters in the nasal cavity. According to our study, a 1 cm resection is sufficient for a non-extended pituitary tumor extraction. More extensive septal resections allow for better maneuverability and overview in the surgical field.

• MeSH
• adenom * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   patologie   MeSH
• endoskopie metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory hypofýzy * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   patologie   MeSH
• nosní dutina diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   patologie   MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This study aims to develop a fully automated imaging protocol independent system for pituitary adenoma segmentation from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans that can work without user interaction and evaluate its accuracy and utility for clinical applications. We trained two independent artificial neural networks on MRI scans of 394 patients. The scans were acquired according to various imaging protocols over the course of 11 years on 1.5T and 3T MRI systems. The segmentation model assigned a class label to each input pixel (pituitary adenoma, internal carotid artery, normal pituitary gland, background). The slice segmentation model classified slices as clinically relevant (structures of interest in slice) or irrelevant (anterior or posterior to sella turcica). We used MRI data of another 99 patients to evaluate the performance of the model during training. We validated the model on a prospective cohort of 28 patients, Dice coefficients of 0.910, 0.719, and 0.240 for tumour, internal carotid artery, and normal gland labels, respectively, were achieved. The slice selection model achieved 82.5% accuracy, 88.7% sensitivity, 76.7% specificity, and an AUC of 0.904. A human expert rated 71.4% of the segmentation results as accurate, 21.4% as slightly inaccurate, and 7.1% as coarsely inaccurate. Our model achieved good results comparable with recent works of other authors on the largest dataset to date and generalized well for various imaging protocols. We discussed future clinical applications, and their considerations. Models and frameworks for clinical use have yet to be developed and evaluated.

• MeSH
• adenom * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• nádory hypofýzy * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• neuronové sítě MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu metody   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This study aims to review the current literature on methods of preoperative prediction of pituitary adenoma consistency. Pituitary adenoma consistency may be a limiting factor for successful surgical removal of tumors. Efforts have been made to investigate the possibility of an accurate assessment of the preoperative consistency to allow for safer and more effective surgery planning. We searched major scientific databases and systematically analyzed the results. A total of 54 relevant articles were identified and selected for inclusion. These studies evaluated methods based on either MRI intensity, enhancement, radiomics, MR elastometry, or CT evaluation. The results of these studies varied widely. Most studies used the average intensity of either T2WI or ADC maps. Firm tumors appeared hyperintense on T2WI, although only 55% of the studies reported statistically significant results. There are mixed reports on ADC values in firm tumors with findings of increased values (28%), decreased values (22%), or no correlation (50%). Multiple contrast enhancement-based methods showed good results in distinguishing between soft and firm tumors. There were mixed reports on the utility of MR elastography. Attempts to develop radiomics and machine learning-based models have achieved high accuracy and AUC values; however, they are prone to overfitting and need further validation. Multiple methods of preoperative consistency assessment have been studied. None demonstrated sufficient accuracy and reliability in clinical use. Further efforts are needed to enable reliable surgical planning.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory hypofýzy * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) provides a safe and effective therapeutic modality for patients with pituitary adenomas. The mechanism of delayed endocrine deficits based on targeted radiation to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis remains unclear. Radiation to normal neuroendocrine structures likely plays a role in delayed hypopituitarism after SRS. In this multicenter study by the International Radiosurgery Research Foundation (IRRF), the authors aimed to evaluate radiation tolerance of structures surrounding pituitary adenomas and identify predictors of delayed hypopituitarism after SRS for these tumors. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of patients with pituitary adenomas who underwent single-fraction SRS from 1997 to 2019 at 16 institutions within the IRRF. Dosimetric point measurements of 14 predefined neuroanatomical structures along the hypothalamus, pituitary stalk, and normal pituitary gland were made. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the impact of doses to critical structures on clinical, radiographic, and endocrine outcomes. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 521 pituitary adenomas treated with SRS. Tumor control was achieved in 93.9% of patients over a median follow-up period of 60.1 months, and 22.5% of patients developed new loss of pituitary function with a median treatment volume of 3.2 cm3. Median maximal radiosurgical doses to the hypothalamus, pituitary stalk, and normal pituitary gland were 1.4, 7.2, and 11.3 Gy, respectively. Nonfunctioning adenoma status, younger age, higher margin dose, and higher doses to the pituitary stalk and normal pituitary gland were independent predictors of new or worsening hypopituitarism. Neither the dose to the hypothalamus nor the ratio between doses to the pituitary stalk and gland were significant predictors. The threshold of the median dose to the pituitary stalk for new endocrinopathy was 10.7 Gy in a single fraction (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.17-2.68, p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: SRS for the treatment of pituitary adenomas affords a high tumor control rate with an acceptable risk of new or worsening endocrinopathy. This evaluation of point dosimetry to adjacent neuroanatomical structures revealed that doses to the pituitary stalk, with a threshold of 10.7 Gy, and doses to the normal gland significantly increased the risk of post-SRS hypopituitarism. In patients with preserved pre-SRS neuroendocrine function, limiting the dose to the pituitary stalk and gland while still delivering an optimal dose to the tumor appears prudent.

• MeSH
• adenom * patologie   radioterapie   MeSH
• hypopituitarismus * etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory hypofýzy * diagnostické zobrazování   etiologie   radioterapie   MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• radiochirurgie * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Fusiform dilatation of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is reported as a possible complication of craniopharyngioma resection in childhood. Here, the authors describe such a complication in an adult patient who presented with acute symptomatic thrombosis 7 months after surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 45-year-old woman presented with left hemispheric stroke due to a thrombotic supraclinoid occlusion of the terminal ICA (so called "T" occlusion). Successful revascularisation was achieved with mechanical thrombectomy. Beside recanalization of the M1 middle cerebral artery segment and ICA, an irregular filling of the fusiform aneurysm of the communicating segment of the left ICA was observed. The patient recovered after mechanical thrombectomy with no clinical sequelae. Due to the persistent filling of the aneurysm sac, a flow diverter stent was deployed across the diseased vessel segment two weeks later. The patient underwent resection of the craniopharyngioma from ipsilateral pterional craniotomy 7 months ago. Five years later the patient works full time as a nurse with no regrowth of the craniopharyngioma and no aneurysm reperfusion. RESULTS: This case, together with four other previously reported cases, documents that fusiform aneurysm as a complication of the craniopharygioma resection is not restricted to the childhood population but may also rarely occur in adults. As the patient suffered from acute symptomatic thrombosis which required treatment under the protocol for acute large vessel occlusions, we decided to treat the aneurysm with the flow diverter stent.

• MeSH
• aneurysma * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• endovaskulární výkony * MeSH
• kraniofaryngeom * chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory hypofýzy * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• stenty MeSH
• trombektomie MeSH
• trombóza * MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approaches are broadly used nowadays for a vast spectrum of pathologies sited in the anterior and middle cranial fossa. The usage of neuronavigation systems (neuronavigation) in these surgeries is crucial for improving orientations deeply inside the skull and increasing patient safety. METHODS: The aim of this study was to assess the use of optical neuronavigation, together with an intraoperative O-arm O2 imaging system, in a group of patients with hypophyseal adenoma that underwent a transnasal transsphenoidal surgery, and correlate the accuracy and its deviation during the navigational process against the use of conventional neuronavigation that uses preoperative MRI and CT scans. The overall group consisted of six patients, between 39 and 78 years old, with a diagnosis of hypophyseal adenoma. Patients were treated with an endoscopic transsphenoidal technique and all of them underwent preoperative MRI and CT scans of the brain. These images were used in the neuronavigation system StealthStation S7® during the surgery, where we defined two bony anatomical landmarks, such as a vomer or the origin of an intrasphenoidal septum, in each operated patient. The tip of the navigational instrument, under endoscopic control, pointed to these landmarks and the distance between the tip and the bony structure was measured on the neuronavigation system. Afterwards, intraoperative 3D x-ray imaging was performed via the mobile system O-arm O2® system with automatic transfer into the navigational system. Under endoscopic guidance, we localized the identical bony anatomical landmarks used in the previous measurement and re-measured the distance between the tip and bony landmark in images acquired by the O-arm. The results of both measurements were statistically compared. RESULTS: The mean error of accuracy during conventional neuronavigation with usage of preoperative CT and MRI scans was 2.65 mm. During the neuronavigation, with utilization of intraoperative 3D O-arm images, the mean error of accuracy 0 mm. These mean errors of accuracy (both measurement methods were compared by nonparametric Wilcoxon test) had a statistically significant difference (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: Based on this preliminary clinical study, we conclude that the O-arm is capable of providing intraoperative x-ray 3D images in sufficient spatial resolution in a clinically feasible acquisition. The mean error of accuracy during intraoperative navigation, based on 3D O-arm scans at the skull base, is significantly lower compared to the usage of navigation using conventional presurgical CT and MRI images. This suggests the suitability of this method for utilization during endoscopic endonasal skull base approaches.

• MeSH
• adenom * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• baze lební * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• chirurgie s pomocí počítače * metody   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hypofýza * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• nádory hypofýzy * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• neuronavigace metody   MeSH
• peroperační doba MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• transanální endoskopická chirurgie * metody   MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Cíl: Ačkoliv použití endoskopu při transsfe-noidálním přístupu kadenomům hypofýzy výrazně vylepšilo přehled v operačním poli, stále nejsme schopni dokonale vizualizovat supraselámía paraselární prostory. Formou retrospektivní studie prezentujeme naše zkušenosti s prováděním intraoperační magnetické rezonance v konvenční vyšetřovně při endoskopických endonazálních resekcích adenomů hypofýzy. Soubora metodika: Od března 2008 do února 2013 jsme na našem pracovišti operovali endoskopicky endonazálně celkem 50 pacientů s adenomem hypofýzy. První skupinu 25 pacientů bez a druhou skupinu rovněž 25 pacientů již s využitím intraoperačního vyšetření magnetickou rezonancí v konvenční vyšetřovně. Hodnotili jsme nejen četnost radikálních resekcív obou skupinách, ale i prodloužení výkonu ve druhé skupině, vývoj očních a endokrinologických příznaků v obou skupinách a samozřejmě výskyt komplikací. Výsledky: Intraoperační vyšetření magnetickou rezonancí bylo úspěšně provedeno u všech pacientů z druhé skupiny bez komplikací spojených s transportem pacienta nebo provedením vyšetření. Průměrná délka výkonu se prodloužila z 205 na 238 minut (hraničně statisticky nevýznamné). Radikální resekci adenomu jsme dosáhli u sedmi pacientů (28 %) z první skupiny a u 16 pacientů (64 %) z druhé skupiny (statisticky významný rozdíl). Mezi oběma skupinami jsme nezaznamenali statisticky významné rozdíly ve výskytu diabetů insipidu, ve zlepšení perimetru po operaci ani ve výskytu intraoperační a pooperační likvorey. Závěry: Studie potvrdila přínos intraoperační magnetické rezonance ke zvýšení rozsahu resekce adenomů hypofýzy při endonazálním přístupu bez zvýšení počtu pooperačních komplikací. Navíc ukázala, že při příznivé stavební konfiguraci je provádění tohoto vyšetření u endonazálních výkonů bezpečné i v konvenční vyšetřovně.

Aim: Although the usage of an endoscope during the transsphenoidal approach to pituitary adenomas significantly extended the surgeon ́s field of view, we are still not able to visualize suprasellarand parasellar spaces. We are presenting our experience with intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging in traditional MRI suite during endoscopic endonasal pituitary adenoma resection in a form of a retrospective study. Methods: From March 2008 to February 2013 we performed endoscopic endonasal pituitary adenoma resection on 50 patients at our department. Surgical outcomes were compared between the first 25 patients (no iMRI) and the second 25 patients with whom iMRI was used. We evaluated not only the number of total resections in both groups, but also the prolongation of the time of the surgery in the second group. We also evaluated the progression of ophthalmic and endocrinological symptoms in both groups and the rate of complications. Results: Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging was successfully performed on all of the patients within the second group without any complications connected with the transport of the patient orthe execution of the procedure. The average length of the surgery was prolonged from 205 to 238 minutes (marginally statistically insignificant). We achieved total adenoma resection in seven cases (28%) in the first group and in 16 cases (64%) in the second group (statistically significant difference). Within both of the groups, we did not detect any statistically significant differences in diabetes insipidus occurrence, in postoperative visualfield improvement, and not even in intraoperative and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak. Conclusion: The possibility of monitoring the extent of the pituitary adenoma resection during endonasal approach with an intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging significantly improves the results of the surgery. In case of favourable building layout, performing this procedure in traditional MRI suite is safe.

• Klíčová slova
• radikální resekce,
• MeSH
• adenom diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• chirurgie nosu metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * metody   ošetřování   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• nádory hypofýzy * chirurgie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• peroperační péče metody   MeSH
• reziduální nádor epidemiologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• resekce nádoru, makroadenom,
• MeSH
• adrenokortikotropní hormon fyziologie   MeSH
• akromegalie etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• antagonisté dopaminu terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Cushingův syndrom chirurgie   etiologie   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• gigantismus etiologie   MeSH
• kontraindikace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• nádory hypofýzy * chirurgie   diagnostické zobrazování   klasifikace   komplikace   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• neurochirurgické výkony MeSH
• předčasná puberta MeSH
• prolaktinom patofyziologie   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• radiochirurgie MeSH
• růstový hormon fyziologie   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH